Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:21:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A sociedade contemporânea tem sua operacionalidade constituída sob uma realidade paradoxal e arriscada. Nesse contexto, assomam nos debates sociais discussões acerca dos riscos advindos da rápida evolução da comunicação biotecnológica. O estabelecimento de comunicações especializadas é característica da sociedade funcionalmente diferenciada, logo, concomitantemente aos notórios desenvolvimentos da biotecnologia, esse âmbito comunicativo produz riscos aos quais a sociedade será inegavelmente submetida. Esse fato potencializa os desafios de Direito, eis que a prática jurídica permanece atrelada a observações dogmáticas, patrimonialistas e universalistas, evidenciando uma completa incapacidade de reação frente à problemática do risco biotecnológico. Dessa maneira, o questionamento sob o qual se assenta a pesquisa diz respeito justamente à possibilidade de delimitação de critérios jurídicos hábeis à gestão de tal risco, evidenciando, com isso, possibilidades construtivistas para o Direito. Apoiando-se no método / The contemporary society has her functionality constituted under a paradoxical and risky reality. In that context, they appear in the social debates discussions concerning the risks happened of the fast evolution of the biotechnological communication. The establishment of specialized communications is characteristic of the functionally differentiated society, therefore, concomitantly to the well-known developments of the biotechnology, that communicative ambit produces risks to the which the society will be undeniably submitted. That fact potentiates the challenges of Law, suddenly the juridical practice stays harnessed to dogmatic, patrimonialist and universalist observations, evidencing a complete incapacity of reaction front to the problem of the biotechnological risk. In this way, the question under which settles the research says respect exactly to the possibility of delimitation of skilled juridical criteria to the administration of the biotechnological risk, evidencing, with that, constructivists po

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-16T15:57:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO ROBERTO RAMOS ALVES_.pdf: 2400818 bytes, checksum: 2743c0b2bd263e228daf641b91ba99bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-16T15:57:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO ROBERTO RAMOS ALVES_.pdf: 2400818 bytes, checksum: 2743c0b2bd263e228daf641b91ba99bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-08 / Nenhuma / O desenvolvimento das biotecnologias proporciona inegáveis desafios ao sistema jurídico que, amparado em uma lógica moderna fundada em certezas, opera sob uma complexidade não condizente com a sociedade contemporânea. A construção da forma geneticamente-aplicável/geneticamente-inaplicável assumida pela biotecnologia redunda na produção comunicativa de riscos biotecnológicos jamais identificados, passando-se a observar a sociedade desde a ótica da possibilidade de ocorrência de desastres pela reiteração da comunicação biotecnológica. Ao mesmo tempo, a semântica do medo originada pela percepção quanto à possibilidade de danos futuros coloca o risco biotecnológico como um elemento de fundamental relevância para construções de futuro. O Direito passa a contar com o risco como comunicação juridicamente perceptível, atribuindo-a um sentido próprio e, posteriormente, possibilitando a recursividade da comunicação jurídico-biotecnológica. Essa recursividade redunda na formação do Biotecnodireito como um subsistema jurídico delimitado pela sua tecnicidade particular ante a assimilação do biorisco. Estabelecido o Biotecnodireito como sistema-diferenciado-no-sistema-no-sistema, essa esfera parcial da comunicação jurídica passa a assimilar o risco biotecnológico desde construções internas especialmente delimitadas para tal finalidade. Particularmente localizam-se estratégias iniciais de temporalização do risco pelo Biotecnodireito, as quais conformam-se na delimitação da licitude/ilicitude do risco biotecnológico, na aplicabilidade do princípio da precaução, no princípio da equidade intergeracional e na assimilação da comunicação produzida pela bioética. Esses quatro elementos balizam o Biotecnodireito, permitindo a formação de novas estruturas tendentes a gestão do risco biotecnológico e a consequente reconstrução temporal do sistema jurídico. Amparado nesses quatro elementos, complexifica-se o sistema de responsabilidade civil, percebendo-se a possibilidade de desenvolvimento do que foi chamado de responsabilidade civil heterorreflexiva. Amparado em uma drástica modificação de suas estruturas tradicionais, sugere-se uma remodelação dos requisitos clássicos da responsabilidade civil, colocando-se a precaução como sua estrutura básica ante o risco biotecnológico e, com isso, permitindo-se a modelagem de um dano de risco biotecnológico e a assunção de um nexo de causalidade coletivo. Não obstante, tal construção vai ao encontro da policontexturalidade que caracteriza a sociedade contemporânea, exsurgindo a necessidade de estabelecimento de relações dialógicas entre ordens jurídicas conflitantes como estratégia final de gestão biotecnojurídica do risco biotecnológico, bem como permitindo a evolução do Direito por meio de uma constante simbiose temporal. / The advances in biotechnology provides undeniable challenges to the legal system that supported by a modern logic founded on certainties operates under a complexity not consistent with contemporary society. The construction of the form genetically-applied/genetically-inapplicable assumed by biotechnology, results in the communicative production of never identified biotechnological risks, going to observe society from the perspective of the possibility of disaster by reiteration of the biotechnology communication. At the same time, the semantics of fear produced by the perception of the possibility of future damage puts the biotechnological risk as an element of fundamental importance for constructions for future. The law now count with risk as legally noticeable communication, assigning his a proper sense and subsequently allowing recursion of the biotechnology juridical communication. This recursivity results in the formation of biotechlaw as a legal subsystem defined by their particular technicality by the assimilation of biotechnological risk. Established the biotechlaw as system-on-system-in-system, this partial sphere of legal communication shall assimilate the biotechnological risk from internal constructs specially defined for this purpose. Particularly are located initial strategies of temporalization of risk by the biotechlaw subsystem, which conform to the definition of legality/illegality of biotechnological risk, by the applicability of the precautionary principle and the principle of intergenerational equity and by assimilation of communication produced by bioethics. These four elements are guiding the biotechlaw, allowing the formation of new structures aimed at management of biotechnological risk and the temporal reconstruction of the legal system. Supported these four elements, the tort system becomes more complex; realizing the possibility of development of what was called heterorreflexive liability. Supported in a drastic change from their traditional structures, suggest a remodeling of the classical liability requirements, placing precaution as its basic structure against the biotechnological risk and, thus, allowing to modeling a damage of biotechnological risk and the formation of a collective causation. However, this construction meets the policontexturality that characterizes contemporary society, emerging the need for establishment of dialogic relations between conflicting legal systems as final strategy of biotechlaw system management of biotechnological risk, as well allowing the development of the law through a constant temporal symbiosis.

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-22T12:47:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Franco Cândia.pdf: 1747930 bytes, checksum: d6b8c35867e80d29630b0f99ca0fc629 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-22T12:47:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Franco Cândia.pdf: 1747930 bytes, checksum: d6b8c35867e80d29630b0f99ca0fc629 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-04 / The present work represents, above all, an attempt to observe the group’s rights (diffuse, collective and individual rights homogeneous) through the lens of the theory of social systems by Niklas Luhmann, giving concretion, as part of the semantics of collective trusteeship, the high abstraction and complexity of this social theory that has universal purpose, i.e. hogging any social phenomenon. The main focus of the thesis is not only point to the existence of a collective deficit in collective custody carried out by organizations that are on the periphery of the system of law (e.g. Public Prosecutor, Public Defender’s Office, Offices of the Union, the states and municipalities, unions, associations etc.), but also suggest referrals to mitigate this deficit, especially from the conception of the collective agreement as intersystemic coupling that enables collective legal decision. It is supported, among other things, the need to explore better the intersystemic relationships, mainly with the system of interaction, science and the economy, therefore the legal-collective decision can produces lower risk and greater social adequacy (legitimacy) / O presente trabalho representa, acima de tudo, uma tentativa de observar os direitos de grupos (direitos difusos, coletivos e individuais homogêneos) pelas lentes da teoria dos sistemas sociais de Niklas Luhmann, dando concreção, no âmbito da semântica da tutela coletiva, à elevada abstração e complexidade desta teoria social que tem propósito universal, ou seja, pretende açambarcar todo e qualquer fenômeno social. O foco principal da tese não é apenas apontar para a existência de um deficit coletivo na tutela coletiva realizada pelas organizações que se encontram na periferia do sistema do direito (v.g. Ministério Público, Defensoria Pública, Procuradorias da União, estados e municípios, sindicatos, associações etc.), mas também sugerir encaminhamentos para mitigar esse deficit, especialmente a partir da concepção do acordo coletivo como acoplamento intersistêmico que viabiliza a decisão jurídico-coletiva. Sustentamos, entre outras coisas, a necessidade de se explorar melhor as relações intersistêmicas, sobretudo com o sistema de interação, a ciência e a economia, a fim de que a decisão jurídico-coletiva produza menos risco e tenha maior adequação (legitimidade) social

O lado escuro do universo é misterioso e sua natureza é ainda desconhecida. De fato, isto talvez constitua o maior desafio da cosmologia moderna. As duas com- ponentes do setor escuro (mat´ eria escura e energia escura) correspondem hoje a cerca de noventa e cinco por cento do universo. O candidato mais simples para a energia energia é uma constante cosmológica. Contudo, esta tentativa apresenta uma enorme discrepância de 120 ordens de magnitude entre a predição teórica e os dados observados. Tal disparidade motiva os físicos a investigar modelos mais sofisticados. Isto pode ser feito tanto buscando um entendimento mais profundo de onde a constante cosmológica vem, se deseja-se derivá-la de primeiros princípios, quanto considerando outras possibilidades para a expansão acelerada, tais como modificações da relatividade geral, campos de matéria adi- cionais e assim por diante. Ainda considerando uma energia escura dinâmica, pode existir a possibilidade de interação entre energia e matéria escuras, uma vez que suas densidades são comparáveis e, dependendo do acoplamento usado, a interação pode também aliviar a questão de porquê as densidades de matéria e energia escura são da mesma ordem hoje. Modelos fenomenológicos tem sido amplamente estudados na literatura. Por outro lado, modelos de teoria de cam- pos que visam uma descrição consistente da interação energia escura/matéria escura ainda são poucos. Nesta tese, nós exploramos como candidato à energia escura um campo escalar ou vetorial em várias abordagens diferentes, levando em conta uma possível interação entre as duas componentes do setor escuro. A tese é dividida em três partes, que podem ser lidas independentemente. Na primeira parte, nós analisamos o comportamento asintótico de alguns modelos cosmológicos usando campos escalares ou vetorial como candidatos para a energia escura, à luz da teoria de sistemas dinâmicos. Na segunda parte, nós usamos um campo escalar em supergravidade para construir um modelo de energia escura dinâmico e também para incorporar um modelo de energia escura holográfica em supergravidade mínima. Finalmente, na terceira parte, nós propomos um modelo de energia escura metaestável, no qual a energia escura é um campo escalar com um potencial dado pela soma de auto-interações pares até ordem seis. Nós inserimos a energia escura metaestável em um modelo SU(2)R escuro, onde o dubleto de energia escura e o dubleto de matéria escura interagem nat- uramente. Tal interação abre uma nova janela para investigar o setor escuro do ponto-de-vista de física de partículas. Esta tese é baseada nos seguintes artigos, disponíveis também no arXiv: 1611.00428, 1605.03550, 1509.04980, 1508.07248, 1507.00902 e 1505.03243. O autor também colaborou nos trabalhos: 1607.03506 e 1605.05264. / The dark side of the universe is mysterious and its nature is still unknown. In fact, this poses perhaps as the biggest challenge in the modern cosmology. The two components of the dark sector (dark matter and dark energy) correspond today to around ninety five percent of the universe. The simplest dark energy candidate is a cosmological constant. However, this attempt presents a huge discrepancy of 120 orders of magnitude between the theoretical prediction and the observed data. Such a huge disparity motivates physicists to look into a more sophisticated models. This can be done either looking for a deeper understanding of where the cosmological constant comes from, if one wants to derive it from first principles, or considering other possibilities for accelerated expansion, such as modifications of general relativity, additional matter fields and so on. Still regarding a dynamical dark energy, there may exist a possibility of interaction between dark energy and dark matter, since their densities are comparable and, depending on the coupling used, the interaction can also alleviate the issue of why dark energy and matter densities are of the same order today. Phenomenological models have been widely explored in the literature. On the other hand, field theory models that aim a consistent description of the dark energy/dark matter interaction are still few. In this thesis, we explore either a scalar or a vector field as a dark energy candidate in several different approaches, taking into account a possible interaction between the two components of the dark sector. The thesis is divided in three parts, which can be read independently of each other. In the first part, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of some cosmological models using either scalar or vector fields as dark energy candidates, in the light of the dynamical system theory. In the second part, we use a scalar field in the supergravity framework to build a model of dynamical dark energy and also to embed a holographic dark energy model into minimal supergravity. Finally, in the third part, we propose a model of metastable dark energy, in which the dark energy is a scalar field with a potential given by the sum of even self-interactions up to order six. We insert the metastable dark energy into a dark SU(2)R model, where the dark energy doublet and the dark matter doublet naturally interact with each other. Such an interaction opens a new window to investigate the dark sector from the point-of-view of particle physics. This thesis is based on the following papers, available also in the arXiv: 1611.00428, 1605.03550, 1509.04980, 1508.07248, 1507.00902 and 1505.03243. The author also collaborated in the works 1607.03506 and 1605.05264.

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur frivården i Sverige arbetar för villkorligt frigivnas återanpassning till samhället. Med återanpassning menas att individen efter att ha avtjänat av fängelsestraffet ska återgå till en icke-kriminell livsstil. Detta delas i studien upp i strukturella, sociala och individuella faktorer som kan påverka återanpassningen. Sex kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer med frivårdshandläggare, tillsammans med tidigare forskning om ämnet, ligger till grund för studien. En viktig del som lyfts upp i resultatet är att frivårdens egentliga huvudmål är att arbeta med att minska risken för återfall i brott, inte den enskildes återanpassning till samhället. Resultatet analyseras sedan i relation till tidigare forskning och Bronfenbrenners systemteori, Goldbergs avvikelsespiral samt Goffmans teori om stigmatisering. Detta eftersom tidigare forskning indikerar att personer som blivit dömda i hög grad riskerar att utsättas för både stämpling och stigmatisering. Slutsatsen som dras i studien är att även om frivården inte uttalat arbetar för individers återanpassning till samhället efter villkorlig frigivning så har de många insatser och program som kan främja en lyckad återanpassningsprocess. / The aim of the study is to examine and analyse how the probation offices in Sweden is working for the reintegration into society for conditionally released prisoners. In the studyreintegration means that the individual, after serving a prison sentence, should return to a non-criminal lifestyle. The factors which can affect the reintegration process is divided into structural, social and individual factors. In the study, six qualitative, semi-structured interviews with probation officers, together with previous research on the subject, form the basis of the study. An important part that is highlighted in the result is that the main purpose of the probation offices is to reduce the risk of relapse in crime, not the individual's reintegration into society. The result is then analysed in relation to the previous research, as well as Bronfenbrenner's system theory, Goldberg’s deviation spiral and Goffman's theory of stigmatization. This is because previous research indicates that people who have been convicted are at high risk of being both labelled and stigmatized. The conclusion drawn in the study is that although the probation officers do not expressly work for individuals' reintegration to society after conditional release, they have many alternatives of both interventions and programs that can promote a successful reintegration process.

This thesis enquires into the role of values in the attrition of teachers of physical science subjects in the formative years of their teaching careers. Recruitment and attrition have contributed to a shortage of these teachers in English schools (Bousted, 2016), and while recruitment has benefited from increased investment (Gov.uk, 2017), attrition has largely gone unaddressed. In belief system theory, values are considered to be intrinsically linked to the behaviours people exhibit (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980). As the behaviour of interest in this thesis is the departure of these teachers from the profession, it was decided that the values informing this behaviour should be investigated. Values are also components of an organisation's culture, which is linked to job commitment and satisfaction (Branson, 2008). It is therefore possible that when the values of these teachers and those in school culture are aligned, this will contribute to reduced attrition. Based on the works of Rokeach (1973) and Schwartz (2012), an adapted value scale using Q-method was developed to measure the value systems of student teachers and those contributing to school culture as determined by secondary school department leaders. The measurement and comparison of these value systems showed: values held by these teachers in the formative years of their careers evolve, and ITT guides this; physical science and non-physical science student teacher value systems were shown in some instances to be similar, and in others to be noticeably different; one of the two physical science student teacher value systems was in most instances aligned with the value systems identified as being present in English secondary school culture; misalignment showed that physical science specialists place less emphasis on having a sense of belonging and on benevolence oriented values; when compared with the values in English secondary school culture, teachers in the formative years of their careers, regardless of their specialism, have the potential to overemphasise the importance of conformity oriented values. It is suggested that these combined factors contribute to the attrition of teachers of physical science subjects in the formative years of their careers.

Die meisten Menschen verbringen heutzutage den Großteil ihres Daseins in Organisationen. Sie werden immer häufiger in Organisationen geboren (Krankenhaus), in Organisationen sozialisiert (Kindergärten, Schulen usw.), sind für ihre Existenzsicherung auf Lohnzahlungen von Organisationen angewiesen, und zunehmend fristen sie ihr Lebensende in Organisationen (Krankenhaus, Altenheim etc.). Aus soziologischer Sicht sind Organisationen deshalb besonders interessant und verdienen eine besondere Beachtung in der Gesellschaftsanalyse. In dieser Untersuchung soll nicht der Siegeszug der Organisation in der soziokulturellen Evolution der Gesellschaft im Mittelpunkt stehen, sondern die Frage: Wie kommt das Driften (Maturana, Varela, 1991) der Organisation zustande? Geht man davon aus, dass in der Evolution Aussterben die Regel und Anpassung die Ausnahme ist, scheint der Aspekt des Driftens organisierter Sozialsysteme besonderes Augenmerk zu verdienen. Liest man die für Deutschland veröffentlichten Zahlen der Unternehmensinsolvenzen, gerade in den heutigen Zeiten der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise, scheint der Fortbestand einer einmal ins Leben gerufenen Organisation eher ungewiss als gesichert zu sein. Des Weiteren scheint es so zu sein, dass Organisationen gewissen Lebenszyklen (Küpper, Felsch) unterworfen sind. In den älteren Organisationstheorien wurde noch von einem einheitlichen Zweck ausgegangen, der die gesamte Strukturierung der Organisation übergreift. Alle Organisationsmitglieder haben ihr Handeln im Hinblick auf die Verwirklichung dieses spezifischen Zwecks der Intention nach rational zu gestalten. In der Organisationsanalyse stellte man aber fest, dass Zweckverschiebungen innerhalb der formalen Organisationen eher die Regel als die Ausnahme sind. (Mayntz, 1963 u.a.) Dies Problem der rational gestalteten Organisation wurde somit den Organisationsmitgliedern zugeschrieben. Gleichsam als die andere Seite der formalen Organisation agieren die Mitglieder der formalen Organisation in der informellen Organisation als Mikropolitiker (Bosetzky, Heinrich, 1989), die die formalen Strukturen unterminieren, um ihre persönliche Nutzenmaximierung voranzutreiben. Übernimmt man diese Perspektive für die Betrachtung der formalen Organisation, kann man sich schwer der Annahme verweigern, dass die Organisationsmitglieder grundlegend feindlich gegenüber der Organisation gesinnt sind. Mit dieser Perspektive würde man all den freiwilligen Mitgliedern in Hilfsorganisationen, sozialen Vereinen usw. nicht gerecht werden. In der hier durchgeführten Analyse wird die Perspektive der Luhmannschen Systemtheorie eingenommen. Damit sind die Organisationsmitglieder nicht aus der theoretischen Betrachtung eliminiert, sondern im Gegenteil, sie werden in der Umwelt der organisierten Sozialsysteme verortet. Das hat den entscheidenden Vorteil, dass den Organisationsmitgliedern aus der theoretischen Betrachtung heraus mehr Freiheit zugestanden wird als in akteurszentrierten Theorien. Denn Systembildung bedeutet immer die Streichung mindestens eines Freiheitsgrades (Foerster von, 1997). Mit der Luhmannschen Systemtheorie wird des Weiteren davon ausgegangen, dass sich gleichsam unbeobachtet hinter dem Rücken der Anwesenden ein Netzwerk webt, ein soziales System sich bildet. Alle sozialen Systeme beruhen letztlich auf der Unterscheidung von Bewusstsein und Kommunikation. Die Kommunikation selbst kann man nicht beobachten sondern nur erschließen. Solange sie störungsfrei läuft, bleibt sie den Anwesenden unbewusst. Erst bei Störungen des Kommunikationsflusses macht sie sich bemerkbar, obgleich sie fast nie den Anwesenden bewusst wird. Denn die Kommunikation drillt den Menschen auf den Menschen, weil sie sich der Wahrnehmung entzieht (Fuchs, 1998). Die Autopoiesis der Kommunikation ist auf die Anwesenheit zweier psychischer Systeme bzw. Bewusstseinssysteme angewiesen. Sie ermöglichen überhaupt erst den Raum oder den Phänomenbereich, in dem die Autopoiesis sozialer Systeme möglich ist (Luhmann, 1990). Die Autopoiesis der Kommunikation setzt entsprechend immer Interaktion der Anwesenden voraus. In der Interaktion selbst, werden sich die Anwesenden in besonderer Weise wechselseitig bewusst und können sich entsprechend anders zur Geltung bringen, als in den Strukturzwängen einer formalern Organisation. Die Kommunikation selbst gibt den Beteiligten gewisse Changiermöglichkeiten an die Hand, z.B. das An- und Ausschalten verschiedener operativer Displacement (Fuchs, 1993), um ihren störungsfreien Ablauf zu ermöglichen und entsprechende Brüche zu vermeiden. Zum Beispiel den nahtlosen Übergang von einem Thema zu einem anderen. Die Interaktion selbst wird als zeitinstabiles Kontaktsystem (Luhmann, 1997) begriffen, das mit dem Auseinandergehen der Beteiligten erloschen ist. Die hier kurz angerissene Bedeutung der Kommunikation in der Luhmannschen Systemtheorie erklärt, warum ihr in der durchgeführten Analyse ein so breiter Raum eingeräumt wurde. Organisationen sind Sozialsysteme eines anderen Typs und besitzen damit verbunden ganz andere emergente Eigenschaften. Sie können mit der diffusen Kommunikation der Interaktion nichts anfangen. Ihre Operationen basieren auf Entscheidungen. Jede Entscheidung schließt an eine Entscheidungskommunikation an, aber sie selbst ist die Sinnverdichtung dieser Kommunikation. Und eben dieser Sachverhalt stellt ihre Effizienz, ihr Tempovorteil gegenüber allen anderen Typen sozialer Systeme dar. Erst wenn es der Organisation gelingt Entscheidungen an Entscheidungen zu knüpfen, ist sie in der Lage ihr eigenes Netzwerk ihrer eigenen Entscheidungen zu etablieren. Nur in der Form der Entscheidung kann sie ihre für sie selbst nicht weiter hintergehbaren Systemelemente (Entscheidungen) aneinander anschließen, Entscheidungen anhand von Entscheidungen produzieren. Gelingt ihr das, gewinnen die Entscheidungen füreinander Relevanz, können sich wechselseitig stützen, vorbereiten und entlasten. Jede Entscheidung muss jetzt ihre eigene Vorgängerentscheidung und den jeweiligen Kontext anderer Entscheidungen mit berücksichtigen. Es bildet sich ein Zusammenhang der Entscheidungen, der die Grenzen des Systems begründet und bezeichnet. Da jede Organisation sich immer nur jeweils im Moment ihres Entscheidens realisiert, bekommt sie ein Zeitproblem. Man muss nicht nur entscheiden, sondern man muss mit Bezug auf den Entscheidungszusammenhang korrekt und rechtzeitig entscheiden bevor sich das zu entscheidende Problem zu Ungunsten der Organisation von selbst erledigt hat. Alles was jetzt in der Organisation als relevant betrachtet werden soll, muss die Form einer Entscheidung annehmen. Dies bedeutet nicht, dass in der Entscheidungskommunikation nicht Einfluss auf die Entscheidung genommen werden kann, aber zum einen wird man aufgrund des Entscheidungsdrucks versuchen die Entscheidungskommunikation soweit wie möglich zu verkürzen, z.B durch Programmierung. Zum anderen sieht man der Entscheidung ihre Entscheidungskommunikation nicht an. Man kann sie nur noch erahnen. Organisationen kommunizieren am liebsten mit Organisationen in ihrer Umwelt, da diese gezwungen sind, selbst Entscheidungen zu produzieren, mit denen man selbst etwas anfangen kann. Man kann sie entweder in den eigenen Entscheidungszusammenhang übernehmen, oder man kann sie mit einer eigenen Entscheidung ablehnen. Aber jede Entscheidung, die die Organisation trifft bestätigt oder ändert ihre Strukturen. Dieser Gedankengang führte zu der Überlegung, dass informale Strukturen selbst organisierte Interaktionssysteme sein müssen. Sie müssen sich bereits in irgendeiner Form selbst organisieren. Sie stehen unter dem Gesetz des Wiedersehens. Die sozialen Kontakte werden sich in einem absehbaren Zeit- und Interessenhorizont wiederholen, sich verdichten und konfirmieren (Luhmann, 1997) und dies erfordert bereits ein gewisses Maß an Organisation. Man muss die nächsten Treffen planen, ein Thema auswählen usw. Letztlich produzieren sie Entscheidungen mit denen die formale Organisation etwas anfangen kann. Dies ist einer der Gründe, warum sich die formale Organisation zunehmend den Zugriff auf informale Strukturen ermöglicht. / From sociological view organisations are especially interesting and earn a special attention in the society analysis. The starting point of this analysis is the question: How do the drifts (Maturana, Varela come about, in 1991) of the organisations? In the older actor-centred organisation theories was gone out from a uniform purpose which spreads the whole structuralisation of the organisation. The problem of the rational creation of the organisation was ascribed therefore, as an other side of the formal organisation, to the organisation members. In the analysis carried out here the perspective of Luhmann system theory is taken. One assumes from the fact that as it were unnoticeably behind the back of the persons present a network grows up, a social system forms. Organisations are social systems and own quite specific emergente qualities. Their operations are based on decisions. Every decision connects to a decisive communication, but it herself is the sensory compression of this communication. And just these circumstances show her efficiency, her tempo advantage compared with all other types of social systems. Only if to the organisation decisions succeed to attach to decisions, it is to be set up in the situation her own network of her own decisions. Now every decision must consider her own predecessor's decision and the respective context of other decisions with. A connection of the decisions, the borders of the system forms reasonably and called. One must decide not only, but one must decide with reference to the decisive connection correctly and on time before the determining problem has taken care in unfavours of the organisation by itself. Now everything should be looked what in the organisation as relevant, must accept the form of a decision. This does not mean that in the decisive communication influence on the decision cannot be had, but, on the one hand, one will will try to shorten on account of the decisive pressure the decisive communication as far as possible, e.g., by programming. On the other hand one does not look to the decision at her decisive communication. One can only foresee them. Organisations best communicate with organisations in her environment, because these are made produce even decisions with which one himself can start something. One can take over them either in own decisive connection, or one can reject them with own decision. But every decision, they the organisation hits confirmed or changes her structures. This train of thought led to the consideration that informale structures themselves must be organised interaction systems. They must already organise in any form themselves. They stand under the law of the reunion. The social contacts will recur in a foreseeable time and interests horizon, condense and confirm (Luhmann, in 1997) and this already requires a certain measure in organisation. One must plan the next meetings, a subject select etc., In the end they produce decisions with those the formal organisation something can start. This is one of the reasons, why the formal organisation allows itself increasingly the access to informale structures.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Computer and Information Science

In den letzten 20 Jahren sind Evaluationen Schritt für Schritt zu einem festen und gleichzeitig kontrovers diskutierten Bestandteil politischer Förderung geworden. Auf der Basis langjähriger Beobachtungen der Evaluationspraxis des Förderprogramms „Soziale Stadt“ zeigt dieses Buch zunächst, dass Evaluationstätigkeiten in Ministerien, Kommunalverwaltungen und Planungsbüros mit ganz unterschiedlichen Erwartungen, Herausforderungen, Widersprüchen und Irritationen verknüpft werden. Evaluationen werden dabei sowohl als Hoffnungsträger, als auch als Schreckgespenst gesehen. Der Autor nimmt diese Beobachtungen zum Anlass, den Umgang mit Evaluationen in politischen Organisationen kritisch zu hinterfragen und systematisch zu erklären. Reduziert auf die Frage „Wozu Evaluation?“ wird auf der Basis eines systemtheoretischen Zugangs erklärt, welche unterschiedlichen Funktionen Evaluationen in Organisationen erfüllen können. Vertiefend wird dabei auf organisationales Lernen, auf politische Steuerungslogik und auf die Notwendigkeit von Symbolisierungen eingegangen. / The neighborhood development program “Social City” aims to discontinue the downward tendency of so-called disadvantaged neighborhoods by funding numerous projects. In the course of the program implementation, the method of evaluation – as a target-performance analysis – becomes more and more relevant. But whether something can be called a successful neighborhood management or a successful measure of integration strongly depends on its context and the point of view. For this reason evaluation research says that the effects of programs are usually only indicated unsatisfactorily. These observations lead to the research aim, to explain the function of evaluations for the constitution of development programs beyond usual arguments of effectiveness and efficiency. Using a system theoretical approach Wilhelm analyzed the explicit and implicit norms and observation schemes of a successful program implementation. The following theses on the role of evaluations in program implementations can be derived: a) Evaluations lay down the change in the distinctions of political intervention and facilitate communication about success,b) Evaluations manifest the differentiation between underprivileged and privileged neighborhoods in the program and help to legitimate it, c) evaluations actualize the funding programs’ ability to absorb insecurity and finally d) evaluations take the “illusion of control” inherent to every political strategy of intervention as a basis and thus contribute to its manifestation.

This Master thesis provides a framework for analysis of the resource planning and allocation processes within an IT consultant firm. The aim is, to identify information, which can be reflected in an information system. The framework has been developed using multi-grounded theory method, considering theories from the areas of information systems design, project business performance, enterprise planning, and project planning. Based on a main process view and hypothesized information requirements, the dynamic processes of sales, project resource planning, miscellaneous activity planning, project portfolio planning, resource allocation and general management are discussed, along with their underlying concepts. A case study has been conducted, to test the validity of the framework and to evaluate its applicability. The findings are compared and contrasted to our frame of reference during analysis. From a reflection on the analysis, changes are proposed to the firm under study, as well as our framework.