O debate sobre o decrescimento constitui uma crítica ao sistema socioeconômico baseado na lógica do crescimento ilimitado e no imperativo cultural do desenvolvimento. O decrescimento propõe a redução da escala biofísica e a reestruturação da economia global, fundamentalmente nos países do Norte cuja pegada ecológica excede os limites ecológicos. O Sul aparece com menos evidência na literatura decrescentista, porém, está inevitavelmente implicado nessa discussão. Buscando contribuir para compreender as implicações do decrescimento para o Sul, esta dissertação teve por objetivo analisar como o Sul global está representado no debate acadêmico internacional sobre o decrescimento. Para cumpri-lo, foi realizado um mapeamento e uma revisão sistemática da literatura internacional sobre o tema. Para o mapeamento, foi considerada a base de dados Scopus e foram utilizados termos de busca em inglês (degrowth e de-growth). A análise das características bibliométricas dos documentos identificados mostrou a prevalência de autores de instituições de países do Norte e baixa participação do Sul global. A revisão sistemática da literatura identificou cinco eixos temáticos na abordagem do Sul pelo decrescimento. Três deles abordam Sul de maneira explícita: (i) a perspectiva biofísica, relacionada à economia ecológica, sustenta que o decrescimento no Norte deve abrir espaço ecológico para o aumento do uso de recursos no Sul sem ultrapassar os limites ecológicos globais; (ii) os aspectos políticos dos fluxos internacionais de recursos denunciam as injustiças ambientais e socioeconômicas associadas ao comércio de commodities da perspectiva da ecologia política; e (iii) o eixo das alternativas ao desenvolvimento vê convergências entre o decrescimento e cosmovisões oriundas de contextos culturais do Sul como o bem viver andino. Por outro lado, outros dois eixos identificados abordam o Sul de maneira implícita ou indireta: (iv) no eixo que trata de aspectos demográficos, o decrescimento busca se afastar de concepções malthusianas autoritárias e se aproximar de abordagens de controle populacional voluntário, sem nomear explicitamente o Sul, mas responsabilizando indiretamente as populações mais numerosas; (v) no último eixo, se argumenta que a diminuição do consumo permitiria o decrescimento do tempo de trabalho dos trabalhadores do Norte global, sem relacionar esse tipo de decrescimento aos países do Sul, onde o efeito poderia ser o oposto se houvesse aumento do consumo. Observou-se que o decrescimento do consumo da escala biofísica da economia não é recomendado ao Sul. O decrescimento da jornada de trabalho tampouco, ao passo que o decrescimento populacional pode ser associado a esse grupo de países. Tanto no Sul quanto no Norte são desejáveis alternativas autóctones ao desenvolvimento. Porém, nos cinco eixos identificados na abordagem do Sul, pouco se explora a relocalização, um processo estratégico para o decrescimento em seu sentido amplo e também para o objetivo de estabelecer relações justas entre Sul e Norte. Recomenda-se que estudos futuros considerem a relocalização ao abordar a divisão Norte-Sul no contexto do decrescimento. Sugere-se ainda que correntes do pensamento latinoamericano, que apesar de orientadas pela ideia de desenvolvimento se debruçaram sobre as relações político-econômicas entre países, podem também contribuir para discutir o decrescimento de uma perspectiva do Sul global. / Degrowth is a critique of a society based on the logic of limitless gowth and on the cultural imperative of development. Degrowth proposes reduction of the biophysical scale and restructuring of the global economy, notably, in the global North whose ecological footprint have overshot ecological limits. The global South appears with less evidence in the degrowth literature, however, it is unavoidably implicated in this discussion. Seeking to understand the implications of degrowth for the South, this dissertation aimed to analyze how the global South is represented in the international academic debate on degrowth. To accomplish this goal, the international literature on the subject was mapped and systematically reviewed. The database Scopus was selected for the mapping procedure and search terms were defined in English (degrowth and de-growth). The mapping showed the prevalence of authors from institutions of the North and low participation of the South. The review identified five thematic axes in the approach to the South by degrowth. Three of them approach the South in an explicit way: (i) the biophysical perspective, related to ecological economics, holds that degrowth in the North may open \"ecological space\" for growth in resources use in the South without exceeding global ecological limits; (ii) the political aspects of international resource flows denounce environmental and socio-economic injustices associated with commodity trade from the perspective of political ecology; and (iii) the axis on alternatives to development sees convergences between degrowth and cosmovisions coming from cultural contexts of the South as the Andean buen vivir. On the other hand, two other identified axes approach the South in an implicit or indirect way: (iv) in the axis that deals with demographic aspects, degrowth attempts to move away from authoritarian Malthusian conceptions and get closer to voluntary population control approaches without naming the South explicitly, but indirectly charging larger populations independently of their per capita impact; and (V) in the last axis, it is argued that lower consumption would allow work-time degrowth in the North. However, this type of degrowth is not mentioned to be desired for the South, where the effect could be the opposite if there were an increase in consumption. It was observed that degrowth in consumption and of the biophysical scale of the economy is not recommended for the South. Work-time degrowth is not recommended either, while populational contraction is not associated to any of the groups of countries. Both in the South and in the North autochthonous development alternatives are desirable. It is recommended that future studies consider relocalization when addressing the North-South divide in the context of degrowth. It is also suggested that streams of Latin American thought, which although oriented by the idea of development focused on the political-economic relations between countries, may also contribute to discuss degrowth from a global South perspective.

Cette thèse bilingue (anglais-italien) en deux volumes est consacrée aux relations que les entreprises tissent avec le monde de l’art. Nous rendons compte du phénomène dans une Revue Systématique de la Littérature qui a permis l’identification de la relation Art & Entreprise selon neuf axes de recherche, qui vont de la philanthropie au parrainage et à l’artification. Nous définissons ce nouveau concept d’artification en tant que relation entre les artistes contemporains et les entreprises appartenant au secteur luxe de la mode. Pour elles, les arts visuels deviennent une troisième source capable de préserver, aux yeux du consommateur, une valeur de marque minée par les effets de la mondialisation et des fusions acquisitions qui ont transformé le secteur luxe de l’industrie de la mode. Les entreprises adoptent un Processus d’Artification visant à transformer leurs produits en œuvres d’art, et deviennent des acteurs nouveaux dans les arts. Après une étude de cas consacrée à l’entreprise française Louis Vuitton, nous testons ce que nous nommons un Effet d’Artification, par le biais d’une expérience-sondage, qui a pris la forme de questionnaires distribués à un échantillon de 880 consommateurs français, au sein du laboratoire INSEAD SORBONNE BEHAVIOURAL LAB. Nous avons testé l’Effet d’Artification en utilisant le modèle de Customer-Based Brand Equity et de la mesure de l’échelle esthétique. Les résultats et leur analyse statistique détaillée montrent que les arts visuels jouent le rôle de troisième source capable de changer la valeur de la marque. Le Processus d’Artification a donc la capacité d’agir en tant que stimulus sur la perception du luxe auprès du consommateur final, réel ou potentiel. / In a two-volume bilingual dissertation in English and in Italian, we research the way companies weave relationships with the art world. First, we account for this phenomenon through a Systematic Literature Review. It allows us to identify the relational Art & Enterprise forms in nine areas of research spanning from sponsorship to philanthropy and to artification. We define this new concept as a specific relational mode between contemporary artists and business enterprises which is frequent in luxury fashion. The visual arts become a viable third source capable of maintining brand value for consumers who are ever more sensitive to a loss in luxury brand value. It is caused by globalization and the frequent mergers and acquisitions that are transforming the luxury sector in the fashion industry. Luxury businesses’aim is to elevate their products into objects of art. Process of Artification additionally results in their acting as key players in the art world. After a case study of French company Louis Vuitton, we finally test what we term Artification Effect by carrying out a consumer-based survey: with the help of INSEAD-SORBONNE BEHAVIOURAL LAB, we designed a survey with questionnaires distributed to an 880 French-consumers sample. We tested the Artification Effect through the model of Customer-Based Brand Equity and The Measurement of the Aesthetic Scale. The results and our in-depth statistical analysis prove that the visual arts effectively play the role of third source capable of changing the value of a brand. The Artification Process therefore acts as stimulus eliciting the perception of luxury in the end or potential consumer.

Bakgrund: Depressioner hos äldre kan vara svårupptäckta till följd av en diffus symtombild samt då diagnossystemen DSM-5 och ICD-11 inte är anpassade för äldre. Många sjuksköterskor har svårigheter i att korrekt identifiera depressioner hos äldre personer. Mer kunskap och förståelse kring depressiva tillstånd hos äldre kan underlätta för psykiatrisjuksköterskor och andra specialistsjuksköterskor att identifiera dessa tillstånd samt leda till en förbättrad psykiatrisk omvårdnad av äldre personer. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa äldre personers erfarenheter av depressiva tillstånd i ålderdomen. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie baserad på nio kvalitativa studier genomfördes med Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärderings [SBU] metod som grundstruktur. Syntes av de kvalitativa studiernas resultat genomfördes enligt Howell Major och Savin-Baden. Resultat: Två tredje nivåns tema framkom: Det första tredje nivåns temat Att befinna sig på botten speglade den psykiska och existentiella förtvivlan de äldre befann sig i; en situation präglad av orkeslöshet, hopplöshet, självnedvärdering, skuld, skam, stigma, brist på stöd, ensamhet och alienation. Det andra tredje nivåns temat Att ta sig uppåt genom coping och andras stöd återgav de copingstrategier de äldre upplevde hjälpsamma samt betydelsen av andra människors stöd. Slutsats: Äldre personer som lider av depressiva tillstånd i ålderdomen bär erfarenheter av djup förtvivlan ur flera hänseenden och finner kraft i copingstrategier och stöd från andra. Nyckelord: depressiva tillstånd, erfarenheter, psykiatrisk omvårdnad, systematisk litteraturstudie, äldre / Background: Depressions in the elderly can be difficult to detect due to a diffuse symptomatology and because the diagnostic manuals DSM-5 and ICD-11 are not adapted for the elderly. Many nurses have difficulties in correctly identifying depressions in older people. More knowledge and understanding of depressive conditions in the elderly may facilitate for psychiatric-mental health nurses and other advanced practice nurses to identify these conditions and may conduce to an improved psychiatric-mental health nursing care for the elderly. Aim: To shed light on elderly persons’ experiences of depressive conditions in old age. Method: A systematic literature review based on nine qualitative studies was conducted, using Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services [SBU] as basic structure. Synthesis of the qualitative studies was carried out according to Howell Major and Savin-Baden. Result: Two third order themes emerged: The first third order theme, Being at rock bottom, reflected the existential and mental despair the elderly was in; a situation characterized by decrepitude, hopelessness, self-deprecating, guilt, shame, stigma, lack of support, loneliness and alienation. The second third order theme, Moving forward through coping and support from others, portrayed the coping strategies the elderly experienced as helpful and the importance of support from others. Conclusion: Elderly persons suffering from depressive conditions in old age experience different aspects of despair and find their path forward through coping strategies and support from others. Keywords: depressive conditions, elderly, experiences, psychiatric-mental health nursing, systematic literature review

Les Revues Systématiques (RS) offrent une méthode rigoureuse pour identifier et analyser les résultats dans la littérature relatifs à un sujet d'intérêt particulier. La réalisation d'une RS est connue pour être une tâche demandant beaucoup de temps et de travail qui nécessite un protocole bien documenté avec plusieurs itérations. Il suit un processus systématique pour atteindre des résultats reproductibles, objectifs et complets. Les outils qui permettent d'automatiser certaines tâches du processus sont d'une grande valeur pour les chercheurs. Cependant, d'importantes fonctionnalités liées à la réalisation de RS de manière collaborative et itérative font encore défaut dans les outils existants. Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons ReLiS, un outil pour installer et configurer automatiquement des projets RS à réaliser de manière collaborative et itérative en ligne. Le développement de ReLiS suit une approche de développement basée sur les modèles. Il dispose d'un éditeur de modèle spécifique au domaine adapté aux chercheurs qui réalisent des RS et d'une architecture qui permet l'installation progressive et la (re)configuration de plusieurs projets SR en cours de réalisation. / Systematic Reviews (SR) provide a rigorous method to find and analyze the literature evidence relating to a particular topic of interest. Conducting SR is known to be an effort intensive and time-consuming endeavor that requires a properly documented protocol and several iterations to setup right. It follows a systematic process to achieve repeatable, unbiased and complete outcomes. Tools that help automate some tasks of the process are of tremendous value for researchers. However, important features related the conduction of SR in a collaborative and iterative way are still lacking in existing tools. In this thesis we present ReLiS, a tool to automatically install and configure SR projects to conduct them collaboratively and iteratively on the cloud. ReLiS is engineered following a model-driven development approach. It features a domain-specific modeling editor tailored for researchers who perform SR and an architecture that enables on-the-fly installation and (re)configuration of multiple concurrently running SR projects.

I skolans tidigare åldrar fokuseras till stor del på läs- och skrivutveckling och vilka metoder som lämpar sig bäst för elevers lärande. Den här systematiska litteraturstudien handlar om elevers tidiga skrivutveckling med hjälp av digitala verktyg och att skriva sig till läsning (ASL-metoden). Syftet är att studera om digitala verktyg och ASL-metoden kan gynna elevers tidiga skrivande. Studiens syfte och frågeställning besvaras med en analys av flertalet vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet visar att digitala verktyg och ASL-metoden kan vara ett bra komplement till den mer traditionella skrivundervisningen med penna och papper. Dock visar ett resultat att bland det viktigaste, oavsett modell, är att skrivundervisningen behöver vara systematisk och tydligt strukturerad.

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Syftet med den föreliggande studien är att undersöka bevekelsegrunder till att ungdomaranvänder cannabis och vad användningen av cannabis i ung ålder kan få för effekter påungdomarnas psykosociala hälsa och utveckling. Syftet är även att undersöka på vilket sätt enlegalisering eller avkriminalisering av icke-medicinsk cannabis påverkar ungdomarsanvändning av, och inställning till, cannabis i de länder/stater där legalisering har genomförts.Studien har tre ledande frågeställningar: (1) att undersöka vilka faktorer som är särskiltframträdande för att motivera ungdomar att använda respektive avstå från cannabis, (2) attkartlägga vilka framträdande positiva- och negativa effekter cannabisanvändning i tidig ålderhar – i termer av psykosocial hälsa och utveckling, samt slutligen (3) undersöka ifall det finnsnågra skillnader i ungdomars cannabisanvändning samt inställning till cannabis innan,respektive efter, genomförandet av en legalisering/avkriminalisering – och på vilket sätt dessaskillnader i så fall kan förklaras. Studien har utformats som en integrativ litteraturöversikt ivilken både kvalitativa- och kvantitativa data har inkluderats för att besvara studiens syfte ochfrågeställningar. I resultatet blottläggs ett flertal bevekelsegrunder till att ungdomar använder,eller avstår från, cannabis. Dessa bevekelsegrunder kan summeras i tre övergripande teman:Avkoppling, tidsfördriv eller umgänge, omgivningens inställningar till cannabis samtsjälvmedicinering för välbefinnande. Resultatet visar att användningen av cannabis i ung ålderkan relateras till flera effekter för ungdomens psykosociala hälsa och utveckling, såsom psykiskohälsa i form av depression, självmordstankar, en högre risk att utveckla psykosliknandetillstånd och svårigheter att klara av skolan. Användningen kan samtidigt upplevas lindrandeav psykisk problematik och självskadebeteende samt leda till ökad kreativitet och medvetenhet.Därutöver visar resultatet att en legalisering och avkriminalisering av cannabis irekreationssyfte inte har någon signifikant påverkan på ungdomars användning av cannabis påkort sikt. Däremot finns ett samband mellan amerikanska legaliseringslagar för cannabis ochökande antal cannabisrelaterade sjukhusinläggningar bland ungdomar i flera amerikanskadelstater, speciellt i stater med legalisering av icke-medicinsk cannabis, vilket tyder på enförändring i ungdomars cannabisvanor. Vidare påvisar resultatet att legaliseringen, i deamerikanska stater där en legalisering genomförts, har bidragit till en ökad exponering förcannabisreklam i form av reklamannonser och skyltar vilket bidragit till en normalisering avcannabis. Slutligen diskuteras och analyseras studiens resultat utifrån studiens centrala begrepp,tidigare forskning och studiens teoretiska ramverk. / The following study aims to investigate the motives for adolescent cannabis use and in whatway cannabis use at a young age can affect the psychosocial health and development. Inaddition, the study intends to investigate in what way a legalization or decriminalization of nonmedicalcannabis affects young people's use of, and attitude towards, cannabis in the countries/ states where legalization has been implemented. The study has the major focal points: (1) toexamine which factors are prominent in motivating adolescents to use, or abstain, fromcannabis, (2) to identify the prominent positive and negative effects of cannabis use at an earlyage – in terms of psychosocial health and development, (3) to examine whether there are anydifferences in adolescent cannabis use and attitudes towards cannabis before, or after, theimplementation of a legalization/decriminalization – and in what way these differences can beexplained. The study is designed as an integrative literature review in which both qualitativeand quantitative data have been included to answer the study’s purpose and questions. Theresult of the study shows several factors who are prominent in motivating adolescent cannabisuse, such as recreational purposes, the attitudes of the social environment and self-medicationfor well-being. The results shows that the use of cannabis at a young age can be related toseveral psychosocial effects such as depression, suicidal thoughts, a higher risk of developingpsychosis-like conditions and school dropouts. The use of cannabis can also alleviate mentalproblems and self-harming behaviour and lead to increased creativity and awareness. Inaddition, the results show that the legalization and decriminalization of cannabis for recreationalpurposes has no significant impact on adolescent cannabis use in the short term. However, thereis a link between US cannabis legalization laws and the growing number of cannabis-relatedhospitalizations among adolescents in several US states, especially in states with legalizationof non-medical cannabis, indicating a change in adolescents' cannabis habits. Furthermore, theresults show that the legalization, in the US states where a legalization has been carried out, hascontributed to an increased exposure to cannabis advertising, which has contributed to anormalization of cannabis use. Finally, the results of the study are discussed and analysed basedon the key concepts, previous research, and the theoretical framework of the study.

Bakgrund: Obesa utgör 10% av befolkningen i Sverige. De riskerar på grund av sin anatomi attdrabbas av lungkomplikationer efter generell anestesi. De har rätt till säker,evidensbaserad och individanpassad omvårdnad utifrån sina behov för att förebyggariskerna för onödigt lidande och samhällskostnad. Det är anestesisjuksköterskansansvar att leverera anestesiologisk omvårdnad av sådan kvalitet, och medkompetensutveckling utifrån evidens och ett patientsäkert förhållningssätt är detlångt ifrån omöjligt. Syfte: Kartlägga effekter av intraoperativa ventilationsmetoder och åtgärder somanestesisjuksköterskor kan tillämpa för förbättrad ventilation hos obesa patientersom genomgår generell anestesi. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie, 13 randomiserade kontrollerade studier som presenteratsgenom en narrativ syntes. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier av ventilationsmetoder eller åtgärder som kanförbättra obesa patienters ventilation. Ventilatorinställningar, Alveolär rekryteringoch Applikation av positivt tryck vid spontanandning. Slutsatser: Högt/individanpassat PEEP i kombination med lungrekrytering kan förbättra denintraoperativa ventilationen. Både VCV och PCV kan tillämpas för effektivventilation av obesa patienter, PCV, icke-invasiv ventilation med positivt tryck, ochinverterad respirationsratio kan ge bättre intraoperativ syresättning. Ingen kopplingmellan i resultatet förekommande ventilationsmetoder och minskade postoperativakomplikationer kunde påvisas. / Bakgrund: Överviktiga utgör 10% av sveriges befolkning. Av anatomiska skäl riskerar de att drabbas av lungkomplikationer efter generell anestesi. De har rätt till säker, evidensbaserad och individualiserad vård som härrör från deras behov för att förehålla risken för onödigt lidande och börda för den nationella ekonomin. Det är narkosläkarens ansvar att leverera anestesiologisk vård av sådan kvalitet, och med kompetensutveckling som härrör från såväl bevis som en patientsäkerhetsapproach är det långt ifrån omöjligt. Sikta: Att kartlägga effekterna av intraoperativa ventilationsmetoder och åtgärder som dåurs narkosläkare kan ansöka om förbättrad ventilation av överviktiga patienter som utsätts förgenetisk anestesi. Metod: En systematisk litteratur översyn, 13 randomiserade kontrollerade prövningar analyserades och presenterades i en berättande syntes. Resultat: Analysen gav tre kategorier av ventilationsmetoder och åtgärder som kan bidra till ett positivt resultat när det gäller den överviktiga patientens ventilation. Ventilatorsettings, alveolar rekrytering och tillämpning av positivt tryck underspontanig andning. Slutsatser: Hög/individualiserad PEEP i kombination med rekryteringsmanövrering kan förbättra intraoperativ ventilation. Både VCV och PCV kan tillämpas för effektivventilation av överviktiga patienter, PCV, icke-invasiv positivt tryck ventilation och inverterade andning förhållandet kan resultera i högre intraoperativa syrenivåer. Ingen anslutning hittades mellan ventilationsmetoderna som inträffade i resultatetoch minskning av postoperativa pulmonell komplikationer.

Low Impact Development (LID) is a sustainable stormwater management approach that aims to control runoff close to its source, mimicking the natural hydrological processes such as infiltration and storage. It is being adopted by many cities, where its implementation is rapidly evolving. The LID practices are small-scale measures; therefore, they need to be widely implemented to impact significantly. The selection of LIDs depends on the land use and characteristics of the area of interest. This study focuses on residential LIDs. First, a systematic and bibliometric literature review is conducted on the residential LIDs articles published up to the year 2020; a total of 94 papers were found in the Web of Science. This review resulted that LID implementation in residential areas still needs to be investigated. To assist the City, engineers, and policy-makers in implementing the suitable LIDs for detached houses, a multi-criteria decision analysis framework incorporating a hydrological model is developed in this study. The commonly used LIDs were identified, which are rain gardens, permeable pavement, rain barrels, soakaways. Seven criteria were selected – runoff depth reduction rate, peak runoff reduction rate, installation cost, maintenance cost, retrofit cost, life cycle, and aesthetical view. For the properties of the single-detached house and LIDs, the standards of Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) were followed. The proposed decision-making framework also was applied to a case study. This framework is still in the preliminary stage, thus holds the potential to convert into a tool that will be handy enough for the homeowners and consume less time. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Within the last decade research on climate change strategies and adaptive capacity emerged as the debate about climate change was intensified with the publishing of the Third Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2001. That companies are facing risks and opportunities is not new and the awareness to address these issues is growing. However, there is still need for research in the field of corporate strategic response to climate change. Recently, research focused on resilience management to address climate change. Resilience management is about being able to experience changes and remain stable getting back into the same situation before the change happen. On the contrary to resilience management adaptive capacity is about the ability to be able to adapt to uncertain and unexpected events on the long term. This includes long-term changes. This work argues that companies should think about their adaptive capacity as climate change induces short and long-term changes. Adding this dimension to the strategic planning companies need to think of how they can improve their adaptive capacity. This work investigates research in both issues adaptive capacity and climate change research and in their relation. Applying a systematic literature review this study conducted 60 references which are examined by a qualitative-quantitative analysis and answers the following questions: What is the current scientific view of adaptive capacity within strategic management literature? What are determinants of adaptive capacity? How can adaptive capacity be linked to climate change strategy and is it even antecedent to climate change strategies? The findings of this research indicate that adaptive capacity and climate change strategies exhibit a link but it cannot be proved whether adaptive capacity is antecedent. Furthermore, the term adaptive capacity is merely discussed within strategic management literature and if it is discussed and examined, several concepts and theories are applied to explain determinants of adaptive capacity. Several concepts such as dynamic capabilities, organizational learning capability, organizational learning, organizational change capacity, flexibility and more could be identified as concepts enhancing adaptive capacity. This works provides an overview of related concepts and theories.