L’intégration des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) en contexte éducatif représente un moyen concret d’action et de réflexion en sciences de l’éducation. Les scientifiques et les acteurs de terrain se questionnent sur l’intégration des technologies et sur les moyens à mettre en place afin de réussir ce processus parfois complexe. De fait, la pénétration des outils technologiques dans les établissements scolaires a été exponentielle ces dernières années. Il est aujourd’hui nécessaire de comprendre selon quelles perspectives ces outils s’intègrent en salle de classe. Un exemple marquant est celui de la tablette tactile, récemment intégrée massivement dans les écoles d’Amérique du Nord et d’Europe. Cet outil, relativement récent dans la sphère scolaire, demande une réflexion précise vis-à-vis des pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants et des processus d’intégration inhérents. Afin de répondre à ces questionnements, nous avons élaboré une recherche en trois temps. Dans un premier temps, nous avons dressé un portrait exhaustif des pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants utilisant quotidiennement la tablette tactile en salle de classe. Ce portrait nous permet d’esquisser une synthèse des usages et réalités pédagogiques qui entourent cet outil. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons répertorié, analysé et classifié les modèles d’intégration des TIC présents dans la littérature. L’analyse de ces modèles nous a permis d’en extraire les forces et les lacunes intrinsèques. Ensuite, nous avons créé un modèle synthèse rassemblant les réflexions issues de ces analyses. En parallèle, nous avons créé une typologie permettant d’identifier et de classifier ces modèles. Dans un troisième temps, nous sommes partis des pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants et du modèle général d’intégration des TIC que nous avons conçu afin de comprendre quel était le processus d’intégration de la tablette en salle de classe. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence que l’utilisation de la tablette induit des usages pédagogiques novateurs qui facilitent l’enseignement et qui favorisent l’apprentissage des élèves. Cependant, nous constatons que la tablette n’est pas utilisée à son plein potentiel et que certains usages devraient être envisagés selon une perspective plus efficiente et adaptée. En ce qui concerne les processus d’intégration, nous avons identifié plusieurs éléments indispensables: ces processus doivent être itératifs et constructifs, des facteurs internes et externes doivent être considérés et des niveaux d’intégration doivent être identifiés. Le modèle ainsi conçu spécifie le modèle à privilégier et les aboutissants à considérer. À la suite de cette étape, nous avons conçu un modèle d’intégration spécifiquement dédié à la tablette. Celui-ci met en évidence, au-delà des caractéristiques définies dans le modèle général, une nécessaire formation, une implication des acteurs, un ajustement constant des pratiques pédagogiques et une itération indispensable. À la suite de ces considérations, nous constatons que le processus d’appropriation de la tablette est en cours de construction et que les nouvelles implantations, comme les existantes, doivent procéder à une analyse minutieuse des tenants et aboutissants des pratiques médiées par l’intégration de l’outil. En fin de document, une synthèse des résultats et des recommandations est proposée afin de favoriser l’intégration de la tablette tactile - et des TIC en général – dans la salle de classe. / The integration of information and communications technology (ICT) into the educational environment represents a tangible means of action in Educational Sciences. Questions are being asked by scientists, and those intervening directly on the ground, concerning the integration of technology and the means to be implemented in order ensure that this often complex process succeeds. The breadth and depth of the penetration of technology in schools has seen exponential growth in recent years and it has become vital to understand how these tools are used in the classroom. One notable example is the tablet, which has become ubiquitous in North American and European schools. Relatively new in the school context, this tool requires a careful consideration to be brought to bear on teaching practices and the different processes inherent in its integration. To answer these questions, we launched a research programme in three stages. We first developed a comprehensive picture of daily teaching practices using the touch-screen tablet in the classroom. This overview allowed us to sketch a summary of its educational uses and the issues surrounding this use. We then identified, analysed and classified the various ICT integration models presented in the literature. An analysis of these models allowed us to extract their intrinsic strengths and weaknesses. We created a synthetic model bringing together our reflections on these analyses and, in parallel, created a typology for identifying and classifying the models studied. Finally, based on the actual practice of teachers and the general model of ICT integration developed, we have attempted to understand process of integration of the tablet in the classroom. The results obtained show that the use of the tablet induces innovative teaching practices, which both facilitate teaching and promote learning. We nonetheless find that the potential of the tablet is far from being fully exploited, while certain uses should be considered within a more efficient and responsive perspective. In terms of the integration process, we identified several key elements for consideration: a process that must be iterative and constructive, internal and external factors involved, and the different levels of integration to be identified. The model thus designed specifies the means to be privileged and the ends to be considered. Following this step, we developed a model of integration dedicated to the tablet. This model, over and above the characteristics defined in the general model, presents a specific requirement for training, the involvement of the various participants, constant adjustment of teaching practices and an essential iteration. Following these considerations, we find that the appropriation of the tablet is an ongoing process and that new implementations, as for those existing, must feed into a careful analysis of the ramifications of practices mediated by the integration of this tool. At the end of the document, a summary of the results is presented, and certain recommendations are proposed to promote the integration of the tablet, and information & communications technology in general, into the classroom. / The integration of information and communications technology (ICT) into the educational environment represents a tangible means of action in Educational Sciences. Questions are being asked by scientists, and those intervening directly on the ground, concerning the integration of technology and the means to be implemented in order ensure that this often complex process succeeds. The breadth and depth of the penetration of technology in schools has seen exponential growth in recent years and it has become vital to understand how these tools are used in the classroom. One notable example is the tablet, which has become ubiquitous in North American and European schools. Relatively new in the school context, this tool requires a careful consideration to be brought to bear on teaching practices and the different processes inherent in its integration. To answer these questions, we launched a research programme in three stages. We first developed a comprehensive picture of daily teaching practices using the touch-screen tablet in the classroom. This overview allowed us to sketch a summary of its educational uses and the issues surrounding this use. We then identified, analysed and classified the various ICT integration models presented in the literature. An analysis of these models allowed us to extract their intrinsic strengths and weaknesses. We created a synthetic model bringing together our reflections on these analyses and, in parallel, created a typology for identifying and classifying the models studied. Finally, based on the actual practice of teachers and the general model of ICT integration developed, we have attempted to understand process of integration of the tablet in the classroom. The results obtained show that the use of the tablet induces innovative teaching practices, which both facilitate teaching and promote learning. We nonetheless find that the potential of the tablet is far from being fully exploited, while certain uses should be considered within a more efficient and responsive perspective. In terms of the integration process, we identified several key elements for consideration: a process that must be iterative and constructive, internal and external factors involved, and the different levels of integration to be identified. The model thus designed specifies the means to be privileged and the ends to be considered. Following this step, we developed a model of integration dedicated to the tablet. This model, over and above the characteristics defined in the general model, presents a specific requirement for training, the involvement of the various participants, constant adjustment of teaching practices and an essential iteration. Following these considerations, we find that the appropriation of the tablet is an ongoing process and that new implementations, as for those existing, must feed into a careful analysis of the ramifications of practices mediated by the integration of this tool. At the end of the document, a summary of the results is presented, and certain recommendations are proposed to promote the integration of the tablet, and information & communications technology in general, into the classroom.

(in English): Curse tablets are interesting phenomenon in the Ancient world. The curses are usully written on the lead tablet. Totally there are about 1500 curses found, from which one third is written in latin and 309 from that amount were founf in Roman Britain. I focus on this countable group in my Diploma Thesis. Firstly I prefer the archaeological side of the artefact. The context is usually the only way to date and understand the curse tablet itself. I offer all the sites where information about them is given. We can talk also about the so called prayers for justice which are quite numerous in Britannia. They are of the same principle as curses, but they are not made for satisfied selfish ambitions. They ask gods for help. Most often they are made because of the robbery which has not been punished in the world of mortals, because the thief is not known or there are too many suspects.

The main goal of the thesis is to describe the development and the extent of media didactics in the Czech republic. The authors who examine media pedagogy are PhDr. Jan Mašek, Ph.D. a Mgr. Zdeněk Sloboda. The subject of the thesis is to clarify the concept of media didactics. This is important for the formation of historical development of the use of media during the teaching and for highlight the importance of media during the teaching and teaching with the use of media. Finally, the thesis try to find out the effects and the extent of tablets in the czech education system. By using quantitative questionnaire research was examined 200 teachers of primary schools, secondary schools and grammar schools. Based on the acquired data is possible to answer predetermined research questions: How widespread is the use of tablets during the teaching? What is the opinion of teachers to use tablets during the teaching? Does the use of tablets during the teaching influence the effectiveness of the teaching?

A nimesulida, é um fármaco sintético, pouco solúvel em água (0,01 mg/mL), classificado como antiinflamatório não esteróide, com atividade analgésica e antipirética. No Brasil são comercializadas várias especialidades farmacêuticas orais, contendo nimesulida, na dosagem de 100 e 200 mg. Em termos de saúde pública tais produtos, prescritos pelo médico como similares intercambiáveis, deveriam apresentar, a mesma eficácia clínica, sendo a bioequivalência um requisito fundamental. Um estudo em que se verifique a qualidade biofarmacotécnica de uma amostragem destes produtos toma-se bastante útil para que se possa avaliar a situação atual. Pretendeu-se neste trabalho, realizar avaliação biofarmacotécnica in vitro (cinética da dissolução) e in vivo (bioequivalência) de formulações do mercado nacional contendo nimesulida, analisando a presença ou não de bioequivalência: Nisulid® 100 mg - (Laboratórios Asta Medica) considerado produto referência (R) e Sintalgim® 100 mg - (Laboratórios Sintofarma) considerado produto teste (T). Inicialmente desenvolveu-se método para análise da cinética de dissolução, pois não existe método de dissolução nos compêndios oficiais para comprimidos contendo nimesulida. Após padronização do método, avaliou-se a cinética de dissolução de três lotes R e três T de comprimidos de nimesulida através dos parâmetros ks (constante de velocidade de dissolução) e t50% (tempo necessário para dissolução 50% do fármaco presente na forma farmacêutica), oriundos dos perfis de dissolução. Obteve-se valores de ks de 0,1417 min-1; 0,1506 min-1 e 0,1138 min-1 para os três lotes de R e 0,2540 min-1, 0,1965 min-1, 0,1557 min-1 para os três lotes de T, e t50% entre 4,6 a 6,09 min para R e 2,73 a 4,45 min para T. O ensaio de bioequivalência foi do tipo quantitativo, direto, cruzado com distribuição aleatória, com coletas de amostras de sangue até doze horas após administração dos produtos R e T a vinte e quatro voluntários. Validou-se método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para quantificação das amostras de plasma contendo nimesulida, avaliandose exatidão, precisão, recuperação, especificidade e linearidade. Utilizou-se fenacetina como padrão interno que mostrou-se sensível e reprodutível nas concentrações exigidas para o método, e detecção em ultravioleta a 230 nm, após extração com solvente orgânico. A bioequivalência foi determinada pela comparação dos parâmetrosfarmacocinéticos Cmax (concentração plasmática máxima) tmax (tempo necessário para Cmax) e AUCT (área sob a curva de decaimento plasmático) obtidos para R e T. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística conforme recomendado pelo FDA-USA, determinando-se os intervalos de confiança 90% (I.C. 90%) para as relações entre Cmax e AUCT para R e T. Os valores médios destes parâmetros foram para R e T, respectivamente, 9,22 µg/mL e 9,41 µg/mL; 58,98 µgxh/mL e 58,52 µgxh/mL. Os I.C. 90% para Cmax e AUCT foram, respectivamente 96,73 a 101,44 % e 99,42 a 105,31%. Conclui-se que R e T são bioequivalentes, podendo ser administrados de forma intercambiável, sem prejuízo do efeito terapêutico. / The nimesulide (4-nitro-2-phenoxymethanosulphonanilide) is a non acidic nonsteroidal antinflammatory drug (NSAID). It is a sparingly water-soluble drug and exerts its pharmacological activity through various mechanisms of action. In Brazil are marked several oral pharmaceutical forms, with nimesulide dosage of 100 and 200 mg. The products should be, considered as an pharmaceutical alternative to other NSAIDs must be the same clinical efficacy and has confirmed the fundamental requirement, the bioequivalence. A study to establish the biopharmaceutical quality of the some batches of this products became interesting and useful to evaluate the actual situation. The present study was was designed to perform in vitro (dissolution kinetics) and in vivo (bioequivalence) biopharmaceutical evaluation of two commercial products available in Brazil: Nisulid® (Asta Medica) as the reference product (R) and Sintalgim® (Sintofarma) as the test product (T). There is no official method for nimesulide dosage form so initially a method was development and standardized for evaluation of dissolution kinetics of nimesulide tablets. Dissolution kinetics for samples from three batches of R an three of T was analysed through ks (dissolution rate constant) and t50% (time for dissolution of 50% ofthe drug in the dosage form), obtained from dissolution profiles. Results showed ks values of 0,1417 min-1; 0,1506 min-1 and 0,1138 min-1 for the three tested batches of R and 0,2540 min-1, 0,1965 min-1, 0,1557 min-1 for three batches of T, and t50% values between 4,6 and 6,09 min for R and 2,73 and 4,45 min para T. Bioequivalence assay was crossover and randomized. Blood samples were collected throughout a twelve hours period of administration of R and T to twenty four fasting volunteers. A simple, accurate, precise and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with internal standard which demonstrate sensitive and reproducible to, and ultraviolet detection at 230 nm, was developed and validated for quantification of nimesulide in plasma samples after liquid-liquid extraction. Bioequivalence was assessed through pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax (peak plasma concentration), tmax (time to reach Cmax) and AUCT (area under the plasma concentration vs time curve) for R and T. Results were submitted to statistical analysis according to the FDA-USA and 90% confidence intervals (90% C.I.) were calculated for R and T Cmax ratios and T and R AUCT ratios. Average Cmax and AUCT values for R and T were, respectively: 9,22 µg/mL and 9,41 µg/mL; 58,98 µgxh/mL and 58,52 µgxh/mL. 90% C.I. for Cmax and AUCT were respectively 96,73 - 101,44 % and 99,42 - 105,31%. Results show the R and T are bioequivalence and can be administered in an interchangeable way, without any prejudice of therapeutic effect.

O acetato de ciproterona é um esteróide sexual sintético com atividade antiandrogênica, antigonadotrópica e progestagênica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a bioequivalência de duas marcas comerciais de comprimidos contendo 100 mg de acetato de ciproterona em voluntários sadios. O ensaio foi do tipo quantitativo direto, com delineamento aleatório, cruzado e aberto, formando-se dois grupos de voluntários, A e B. Entre as fases houve um período de \"wash out\" de 27 dias, correspondente a, no mínimo, 10 vezes o valor de meia-vida de eliminação de acetato de ciproterona. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubo heparinizado até 216 horas após a administração dos produtos. A bioequivalência dos produtos foi avaliada quantificando-se o fármaco em plasma, através de metodologia bioanalítica desenvolvida e previamente validada. As curvas médias de decaimento plasmático obtidas para os produtos teste (Androsteron® 100 mg - Bergamo, lote PI0004) e referência (Androcur® 100 mg Schering, lote 14616A) foram semelhantes, da mesma forma que as médias dos parâmetros farmacocinéticos Cmax (referência: 159,05 ng/mL; teste: 170,40 ng/mL), tmax (referência: 3,59 h; teste: 3,50 h) e ASC0-t (referência: 5563,03 ngxh/mL; teste: 5453,80 ngxh/mL) e ASC0-∞ (referência: 6266,22 ngxh/mL; teste: 6218,31 ngxh/mL). No presente estudo, a análise de variância (ANOVA) realizada para avaliação do efeito de produto, grupo e período em relação aos parâmetros farmacocinéticos avaliados demonstrou ausência destes efeitos em ASC0-t e ASC0-∞ para os valores calculados com todos os picos da curva plasmática. A ANOVA indicou ainda ausência de efeito de produto e período para Cmax, mas presença de efeito grupo para este parâmetro. Entretanto a constatação do efeito grupo não significa que as formulações avaliadas não sejam bioequivalentes, apenas que há uma diferença entre os grupos de indivíduos. Os valores do intervalo de confiança 90% para a razão de Cmax, (91,0 a 117,9%), ASC0-t (88,4 a 107,8%) e ASC0-∞. (90,6 a 107,8%) encontram-se entre 80 a 125 %, intervalo proposto pelo FDA e ANVISA. Desta forma, a avaliação dos resultados obtidos permite concluir que não houve diferença significativa entre as formulações teste e referência, ou seja, as duas formulações possuem biodisponibilidades estatisticamente equivalentes, em termos de velocidade e extensão da absorção. / Cyproterone acetate (6-chloro-1β,2βα-dihydro-17-hydroxy-3\'H-cyclopropa[1,2] pregna - 1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione acetate) (CPA) is a synthetic steroid with antiandrogenic and progestogenic properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cyproterone acetate formulations. The bioequivalence of cyproterone acetate 100 mg tablets was determined in healthy volunteers after a single dose in a randomized crossover study, with a 27 days washout period between the doses. Reference (Androcur®) and test (Androsteron®) products were administered to twenty-four volunteers with 200 mL water after overnight fasting. Blood samples were taken up to 216 h post dose, the plasma was separated and the concentrations of cyproterone acetate were measured using a simple and rapid chromatographic method (HPLC). The pharmacokinetic parameters AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, Cmax, tmax and t(1/2)el were calculated for both formulations from plasma concentration time profiles. The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were compared statistically to evaluate bioequivalence between the two brands and no significant differences between the two studied formulations were found. The 90% geometric confidence intervals of the mean ratio of In-transformed Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ values were between 91,0 and 117,9% (Cmax), 88,4 and 107,8% (AUC0-t) ando 90,6 and 107,8% (AUC0-∞), and thus within the acceptance ranges, satisfying the bioequivalence criteria of the European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products and the US Food and Drug Administration Guidelines. In the Iight of the present study it can be concluded that the two evaluated cyproterone acetate formulations are bioequivalent in terms of the rate and extent of absorption.

A hipertensão arterial é a principal causa da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares no mundo. Os diuréticos anti-hipertensivos como a indapamida são muito utilizados para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial, sendo a formulação de liberação prolongada muito eficaz e bem tolerada para o uso em pacientes idosos. Sistemas multiparticulados de formas farmacêuticas sólidas orais de liberação prolongada apresentam uma série de vantagens tecnológicas e biofarmacotécnicas em relação aos sistemas monolíticos.Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver formas farmacêutica sólidas multiparticuladas de indapamida com controle de liberação através de sistema de revestimento utilizando polivinilacetato e sistema matricial de hipromelose. Para avaliação das diferentes formulações de minicomprimidos de indapamida de liberação prolongada, foram empregados os aparatos 1 (cesta) e 3 (Bio-Dis) para, deste modo, identificar aquelas cuja liberação do fármaco estivesse mais próxima do produto referência (Natrilix SR® 1,5mg). Ao final, foi realizada uma busca de patentes relacionadas ao sistema multiparticulado de liberação prolongada de indapamida, para avaliar a possibilidade de uma patente para a formulação proposta. / Hypertension is the main cause of cardiovascular disease around the world. Diuretic antihypertensives, such as indapamide, are widely used for treating hypertension, and, with regards to elderly patients, its extended release formulation is the most effective and well tolerated. Multiparticulate systems of solid oral dosage forms for extended release present a series of technological and biopharmaceutical benefits, when compared to monolithic systems. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop a multiparticulate solid form of indapamide with controlled release by using a polyvinyl acetate coating system and a hypromelose matrix. For an evaluation of different formulations of indapamide extended release mini-tablets, a 1 (basket) and 3 (Bio-Dis) apparatus was used to identify those with a drug release rate closest to the reference product, Natrilix® SR 1.5mg. Finally, multiparticulate indapamide extended release patents were researched, in order to evaluate the possibility of obtaining a patent for the proposed formulation.

Fármacos pouco solúveis em água são um dos maiores desafios encontrados em formulação de comprimidos, uma vez que, se não adequadamente formulados, podem apresentar problemas de dissolução e de biodisponibilidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo produzir comprimidos de glibenclamida 5 mg (hipoglicemiante oral pouco solúvel) utilizando diferentes processos visando a melhoria da dissolução do fármaco e comparar a liberação in vitro (perfil de dissolução) das formulações entre si, bem como em relação ao medicamento referência no Brasil, Daonil®. Foram obtidas 19 formulações por compressão direta empregando dispersão sólida, complexação com ciclodextrina ou micronização do fármaco. Os comprimidos foram analisados quanto ao aspecto, peso médio, dureza, friabilidade, teor e eficiência de dissolução. Os resultados indicaram que, dentre os processos estudados, a utilização de complexos glibenclamida-β-ciclodextrina e glibenclamida micronizada, promoveram uma melhora da dissolução do fármaco. O superdesintegrante Explocel® promoveu significativa melhoria no perfil de dissolução em todas as formulações em que estava presente. A utilização do complexo glibenclamida-β-ciclodextrina com o Explocel® apresentou perfil de dissolução estatisticamente semelhante ao Daonil®, além de atender aos demais requisitos físico-químicos. / Slightly soluble drugs are one of the largest challenges found in tablet formulation, once, if not appropriately formulated, they can present dissolution and bioavailability problems. The present work had as objective to produce 5 mg glibenclamide (practically insoluble hipoglicemic drug) tablets using different processes which aim at enhancing drug dissolution and to compare the in vitro release (dissolution profile) of these formulations with each other as well as with the reference medicine in Brazil, Daonil®. 19 diferent formulations were obtained through direct compression using solid dispersion, cyclodextrin complexion or micronization of the drug. The tablets were also analyzed in relation to aspect, medium weight, hardness, friability, assay and dissolution eficiency. The results indicated that, among the studied processes, an enhancement of the dissolution rate of the drug have arisen from the use of the glibenclamide-β-cyclodextrin complex and the micronized glibenclamide. The disintegrant Explocel® promoted enhancement in the dissolution rate in all the formulations in which it was present. The use of the glibenclamide-β-cyclodextrin complex with Explocel® have presented the best dissolution profile, statistically similar to Daonil®, besides accomplishing the other physico-chemical requirements.

A doença de Chagas afeta aproximadamente 8 a 10 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo sendo o benznidazol, o único fármaco disponível para o tratamento. Por outro lado, as ciclodextrinas têm se mostrado como grande aliada para melhorar a solubilidade de fármacos pouco solúveis, tendo sido utilizadas, inclusive, para o benznidazol. Entretanto, o comportamento químico dos complexos benznidazol-βCD e a aplicação ou formulação de um produto final com referido composto não foi ainda estudada e o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a estabilidade química do fármaco e de seus complexos com betaciclodextrinas através de estudos de degradação forçada e propor uma formulação multiparticulada (minicomprimidos) com um perfil de dissolução adequado e de fácil produção para o benznidazol. Estudos de degradação do benznidazol em solução e no estado sólido foram conduzidos em meio ácido (HCl 0,1 M), alcalino (NaOH 0,1 M), em pH neutro (água), na presença de peróxido e sob ação da luz. O benznidazol na forma não complexada mostrou-se instável em meio alcalino, na presença de peróxido e sob a ação da luz, quando em solução. Porém, os complexos benznidazol-βciclodextrina e benznidazol-βciclodextrina-copovidona, não foram capazes de proteger o fármaco nas condições de estresse estudadas. Adicionalmente, foram produzidas oito formulações de benznidazol utilizando um planejamento fatorial completo com três fatores, sendo o ganho de peso, a adição da βciclodextrina e da crospovidona, em dois níveis cada (fatorial 23). O fármaco, a ciclodextrina e o desintegrante foram aplicados diretamente na superfície dos minicomprimidos inertes com auxílio da hidroxipropilmetilcelulose utilizando a tecnologia de leito fluidizado, obtendo-se formulações com mais de 80% de dissolução do fármaco em 30 minutos. A avaliação estatística dos resultados proporcionou o entendimento da influência do ganho de peso, da adição da βciclodextrina e crospovidona na dissolução do benznidazol. / Chagas disease (a.k.a. American trypanosomiasis) affects approximately 8 to 10 million people worldwide. Currently, benznidazole is the only drug available for treatment. Cyclodextrins have proven to be a valuable resource for improving the solubility of poorly-soluble drugs, and they have also been used with benznidazole. However, the chemical behavior of benznidazole-βCD complexes and the application or formulation of a final product with the aforementioned compound has still not been studied, and so the purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical stability of the drug and its complexes with β-cyclodextrins through forced degradation studies, and to propose a multi-particulate formulation with a satisfactory dissolution profile in the form of mini-tablets that are easy to produce for benznidazole. Degradation studies of benznidazole in solution and solid form were conducted using a variety of media, including acidic (HCl 0.1 M), alkaline (NaOH 0.1 M), pH-neutral (water), as well as in the presence of peroxide and under the action of light. Benznidazole, in solution form and in its uncomplexed state, proved to be unstable in the alkaline medium, in the presence of peroxide and under the action of light. Furthermore, the benznidazole-βcyclodextrin and benznidazole-βcyclodextrin-crospovidone complexes were not capable of protecting the drug under the stress conditions studied. Eight formulations of benznidazole were produced using a complete factorial design involving three factors, which were weight gain, the addition of the βcyclodextrin and the addition of crospovidone, on two levels each (23 design). The drug, the cyclodextrin and the excipient were applied directly to the surface of the inert minitablets with the aid of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, using fluid bed technology. Formulations with more than 80% of drug dissolution in 30 minutes were obtained. Statistical evaluation of the results provided understanding of the influence of weight gain, the addition of βcyclodextrin and crospovidone on the benznidazole dissolution

Na sociedade atual, a Internet e as Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TIC) transformam nosso cotidiano, promovendo mudanças em vários níveis, profissional, familiar, escolar e acadêmico. Modificam-se as relações, os modos de pensar e de fazer descobertas para construir conhecimentos e agir socialmente. Uma simultaneidade de processos faz da organização da sociedade da informação e da comunicação uma grande rede, plena de conexões e interações. Podemos observar estas transformações presentes no contexto de ensino-aprendizagem de línguas na medida em que professor e aprendiz trazem para a sala de aula uma série de informações obtidas na Internet ou experiências de interações nas redes sociais, nos grupos de discussão, entre outros recursos que as TIC promovem continuadamente. O espaço escolar deixa de ser o único a transmitir e construir conhecimentos e novas relações se estabelecem entre o ensinar e o aprender. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida em um Centro de Estudo de Línguas do estado de São Paulo, no contexto de ensinoaprendizagem da Língua Francesa, em uma sala multisseriada que reúne alunos de vários níveis em um mesmo grupo. Nossos objetivos de pesquisa são investigar em que medida o uso de recursos digitais para tabletes nas aulas presenciais podem contribuir para a realização de tarefas, identificar quais relações os aprendizes estabelecem entre o uso das TIC e a produção escrita de textos em língua francesa e, finalmente, identificar como se dá o papel mediador do professor na realização do projeto Mon livret de voyage que relaciona ensino de línguas e TIC. Nossa pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa-interpretativa e a orientação metodológica está fundamentada na Pesquisa-ação (THIOLLENT, 2009). O referencial teórico que orientou nossa pesquisa remete aos conceitos de abordagem comunicativa e acional (RICHARDS, 2006; ELLIS, 2008; GUICHON, 2012; ALMEIDA FILHO, 2013), de mediação pedagógica (VYGOTSKY, 1999, 2010; MASETTO, 2013), de desenvolvimento de atividades por tarefas e do conceito de roteiro pedagógico (MANGENOT e LOUVEAU, 2006) e do uso dos recursos digitais nas práticas pedagógicas (GUICHON, 2012; LEFFA, 2012; BRAGA, 2013). Os resultados mostraram que o planejamento pedagógico feito pelo professor, promovendo a produção escrita de textos em língua francesa pela mobilização de conhecimentos linguísticos dos aprendizes por meio de recursos digitais para tabletes, potencializou o aprendizado da língua. A contribuição da pesquisa, no contexto de formação de professores permite desenvolver reflexões e futuras ações sobre as possibilidades de aprendizado de línguas com o uso das TIC, em classes multisseriadas, tendo como referência uma metodologia baseada em tarefas visando à realização de um projeto final, no caso desta pesquisa, o Livret de voyage. / Nowadays, the Internet and the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) transform our daily lives, promoting changes in the professional, domestic, and academic levels. The relationships are changed, as well as the ways of thinking and discovering in order to build knowledge and act socially. A simultaneity of processes makes the organization of the information and communication society a big network, full of connections and interactions. We can observe these transformations in the context of teaching and learning languages, where teacher and pupil bring to the classroom a series of internet-gathered information or experiences of interaction in social media, discussion groups, among other resources that ICT continually promote. The school is no longer the only one to transmit and construct knowledges, and new relationships are created between teaching and learning. This research was developed in a Language Study Centre in the state of Sao Paulo, in the context of teaching and learning French, in a multilevel class. Our research goals are to investigate to what extent the use of digital resources for tablets in classes can contribute to the ICT and the production of written texts in French, and, finally, identify how the role of mediator is established by the professor in the implementation of the project Mon livret de voyage, which connects the teaching of languages and ICT. Our qualitativeinterpretative research draws on methods of Action Research (THIOLLENT, 2009). The theoretical approach that guided our research refers to concepts of communicative approach and task-based approaches (RICHARDS, 2006; ELLIS, 2008; GUICHON, 2012; ALMEIDA FILHO, 2013), pedagogical mediation (VYGOTSKY, 1999, 2010; MASETTO, 2013), development of activities by tasks and the concept of pedagogical map (MANGENOT e LOUVEAU, 2006), and the use of digital resources in pedagogy (GUICHON, 2012; LEFFA, 2012; BRAGA, 2013). The results show that the pedagogical planning done by the teacher, promoting the production of written texts in French by the mobilization of pupils linguistic knowledges by using digital resources for tablets, maximized the learning of language. The research contribution, in the context of teacher training allows for the development of reflections and future actions about the possibilities of learning languages by using ICT in multilevel classrooms, having as reference a methodology based on tasks aiming at the accomplishment of a final project, in the context of this research, the Livret de voyage.

Sistemas monolíticos particulados contendo os constituintes ativos veiculados na forma de grânulos revestidos - pellets - têm recebido crescente atenção nos últimos anos, em função da otimização na biodisponibilidade e segurança na liberação do fármaco. A utilização destas unidades, como componentes de comprimidos traz, como principal vantagem, a divisibilidade da forma sem a perda do perfil biofarmacêutico desejado para o fármaco. Para sua produção, é indispensável a manutenção da integridade do revestimento daquelas unidades. Uma estratégia para o alcance deste objetivo envolve a utilização de grânulos inertes deformantes, comprimidos em conjunto com os grânulos revestidos, que atuam como um sistema de amortecimento das forças de compressão. Neste trabalho investigou-se a produção de grânulos deformantes através de dois métodos de granulação por via úmida, avaliando a influência de adjuvantes sobre as características dos produtos obtidos. Empregando a técnica de extrusão/esferonização obtiveram-se grânulos com propriedades de fluxo, empacotamento e resistência mecânica aceitáveis. O efeito dos adjuvantes sobre as etapas tecnológicas foi estudado por meio de um planejamento fatorial. Testaram-se duas variedades de celulose microcristalina, os desintegrantes croscarmelose sódica e crospovidona e soluções aglutinantes aquosas e hidroetanólicas de povidona. Para o desenvolvimento dos comprimidos utilizaram-se, como modelo, grânulos revestidos gastro-resistentes contendo omeprazol. A influência da composição dos grânulos deformantes sobre a liodisponibilidade do fármaco dos comprimidos foi avaliada através de análise fatorial 23. Os grânulos deformantes protegeram o revestimento polimérico dos pellets com diferentes intensidades. / Monolythic particulate systems containing the active constituents as coated pellets became great interest due to the improvement of safety and bioavailability. The use of such units as components of tablets shows as main advantages the divisibility of the pharmaceutical dosage form without loosing the desired biopharmaceutical profile of the drug. Consequently for the tablet production, the integrity of the polymeric film must be attained. A strategic option involves the utilization of inert soft pellets, which could be compressed together with the film coated pellets, absorbing the compaction forces. In this work the production of soft pellets was investigated using two wet granulation methods and evaluating the influence of formulation adjuvants on the pellets properties. The extrusion/spheronization technique yielded pellets with acceptable flow, packing and mechanical characteristics. The influence of the adjuvants on the technological steps was carried out through a statistical designed experiment. Microcrystalline cellulose from two producers, the disintegrants sodium croscarmellose and crospovidone, and aqueous and hydroethanolic dispersions of povidone, as binder, were tested. For the tablets development omeprazol gastroresistant film coated pellets were used as model. Aiming at the study of the influence of the soft pellets composition on drug lyoavailability was performed a 23 factorial experiment. The soft pellets protected at different intensities the polymeric coating of the gastroresistant pellets.