Esta dissertação teve por objetivo verificar se existe um diferencial estético nas representações visuais nas interfaces gráficas dos dispositivos móveis da Apple e, se existir, se esse diferencial efetivamente influencia o vínculo do usuário com a marca e se o usuário tem consciência dele. Para tanto é apresentada uma breve análise diacrônica sobre as interfaces computacionais, bem como uma descrição de momentos chave na história da referida empresa. A partir disto, são abordadas questões que abrangem o posicionamento da marca Apple, pois desde a popularização das interfaces gráficas (GUI) a mesma tem sido associada tanto ao conceito de boas interfaces, quanto tem esta relação contestada. Existem ainda autores que consideram que o sucesso da marca Apple deve-se menos à qualidade de seus produtos (hardware e interfaces gráficas) que à força das ações de marketing da empresa. Para compreender de forma mais pontual as interfaces que eram objeto de estudo e as diretrizes que envolvem a construção de seu desenho, foram analisados os guias de desenvolvimento de interfaces da Apple para o iOS (iOS Human Interface Guidelines) e do Android (Android Developers), atualmente seu principal concorrente. A fim de tentar analisar a percepção que usuários têm das especificidades e dos diferenciais estéticos entre as referidas interfaces, foram construídas duas simulações, cada qual com características de um dos sistemas. Sessões experimentais com usuários, seguidas de entrevista, compuseram a fase empírica, de cunho qualitativo, em que se procurou verificar qual conjunto de ícones os participantes preferiam e por que. Os resultados encontrados apontam que questões estéticas são importantes na percepção que as pessoas têm das interfaces. Essa atenção às configurações estéticas parece contribuir para a percepção geral que se tem dos produtos onde os ícones se apresentam. A partir desses resultados é possível afirmar que a estética faz parte do conjunto de fatores, que constroem a percepção final – positiva ou negativa, de uma interface e, com ela, dos produtos de uma determinada marca. Por outro lado, embora o conjunto de ícones construído de acordo com os parâmetros do Guia de Desenvolvimento de Interfaces da Apple tenha sido preferido por dois terços dos participantes, não houve identificação daquele grupo de ícones com as interfaces da marca Apple. Isso sugere que a construção da marca é alicerçada na qualidade estética de suas interfaces, mas indica também a importância das ações de marketing na atribuição de maior qualidade estética às interfaces da Apple. / This work aimed to verify whether there is a differential in aesthetic visual representations in the graphical interfaces of Apple’s mobile devices. If a difference was found, a second objective was to verify whether this differential effectively influences the bond between user and brand and if the user is aware of it. To this end, it starts with a brief diachronic analysis of computer interfaces, as well as a description of key moments in Apple's history of. Discussed issues include brand positioning, as, since the popularization of graphical user interfaces (GUI), Apple has been associated to the concept of good interfaces. However, at the same time, this relationship has also been challenged, as there are authors who believe that the success of the brand Apple is not due to the quality of its products (hardware and graphical interfaces) but to the strength of the marketing activities of the company. To understand the specific interfaces that were the object of this study and to know the guidelines that drive their design, we analyzed Apple iOS Human Interface Guidelines and its Android equivalent - Android Developers - (as Android is currently Apple's main competitor in the mobile market). In order to analyze users' perception of specific features and aesthetic differences between Apple and Android interfaces, two simulations were built, each with characteristics of either system. Experimental sessions with users were followed by interviews, comprising the empirical, qualitative study. These experiments aimed to verify which set of icons participants preferred and why. The results show that aesthetic considerations are important in the perception of interfaces. This attention to aesthetic settings seems to contribute to the general perception that people have of the digital products themselves. From these results we can say that aesthetics is part of the set of factors that build the final perception - positive or negative - of an interface, and with it, the products of a particular brand. However, although the icon set constructed in accordance with the parameters of iOS Human Interface Guidelines Apple has been preferred by two-thirds of the participants, the identification of that group of icons with Apple interfaces did not happen. This suggests that Apple's brand building can be founded on the aesthetic quality of its interfaces, but also indicates the importance of marketing actions in assigning greater aesthetic quality to Apple interfaces.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Letícia Nasser Naves - 2014.pdf: 1491625 bytes, checksum: e7abb20b33c04d9858d94938efaab361 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic conditions that affect different portions of the gastrointestinal tract. The treatment of these conditions aims to induce and maintain the remission of the symptoms, controlling recurrences. The clinical efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced using colon-specific drug release systems, since they allow topical treatment, lower systemic drug absorption and therefore increase the safety of therapy. The use of time-dependent polymers, such as ethylcellulose, and/or polymers that can be degraded by colonic bacteria, such as pectin, are both strategies used to develop colonic drug delivery systems. The association of these strategies has been performed in order to further increase the efficiency of the systems. Thus, the aim of the present work was develop pellets and matricial tablets containing different amounts of ethylcellulose and pectin for colon-specific release of prednisone. Pellets were obtained by extrusion-spheronization method and were evaluated for wet mass processability, sphericity, size distribution, flowability and drug content. Hydroethanolic mixtures and alcoholic or aqueous dispersions (Surelease®) of ethylcellulose were tested as granulation liquid. The release profiles of prednisone from pellets were determined using the apparatus III of the United States Pharmacopoeia, simulating the path of the dosage form through the gastrointestinal tract. The drug release from the pellets seems to be dependent on the ethylcellulose dispersion in the matrix, which was defined by the production method used. The addition of ethylcellulose in ethanol gave rise to a prednisone sustained release profile, whereas its incorporation as a dry powder resulted in rapid drug release. The use of ethylcellulose aqueous dispersion (Surelease®) resulted in an intermediate release performance. Furthermore, the amount of granulation liquid and its ethanol concentration have affected the shape of the pellets. Lower ethanol concentration (24%) impaired the spheronization of extrudates. Granulation liquid prepared with 40% ethanol enabled the formation of spherical pellets, but with reduced mechanical stability. The appropriate amount of solution prepared with 35% ethanol resulted in formulations with spherical shape and adequate mechanical strength. The sphericity of the pellets affected their flowability. In addition, tablets containing pectin and ethylcellulose were prepared by wet granulation or direct compression. The average weight, content uniformity and in vitro release from the tablets were evaluated. The tablets obtained by direct compression have provided better control release compared to those prepared by wet granulation. The reduction of particle size of the ethylcellulose in the tablets prepared by direct compression was critical to increasing the efficiency of the system. Thus, tablets prepared with ethylcellulose finer fraction (diameter <180μm), containing 20% pectin showed the highest efficiency of colon-specific drug release. These systems may represent a simple option for the control of inflammatory bowel disease. / As doenças inflamatórias intestinais são condições patológicas crônicas que afetam diferentes porções do trato gastrointestinal. O tratamento dessas condições objetiva induzir e manter a remissão dos sintomas, controlando as recidivas. A eficácia clínica dos tratamentos pode ser aumentada pelo emprego de sistemas de liberação cólon-específica, pois os mesmos possibilitam a realização de tratamento tópico, reduzem a absorção sistêmica dos fármacos e, por isso, aumentam a segurança da terapia. O emprego de polímeros de liberação tempo-dependente, como a etilcelulose, e a utilização de materiais degradáveis especificamente pela microbiota colônica, como a pectina, são duas importantes estratégias usadas no desenvolvimento de sistemas colônicos de liberação. A associação destas estratégias tem sido realizada no intuito de aumentar a eficiência de liberação dos sistemas. Dessa forma, foram desenvolvidos no presente trabalho, pellets e comprimidos matriciais contendo diferentes proporções de etilcelulose e pectina, para liberação cólon-específica de prednisona. Os pellets foram obtidos pelo método da extrusão-esferonização e foram avaliados quanto à processabilidade da massa úmida, esfericidade, distribuição de tamanho, fluxo e teor. Misturas hidroetanólicas e dispersões alcoólicas ou aquosas (Surelease®) de etilcelulose foram testadas como líquido de granulação. Os perfis de liberação da prednisona a partir de pellets contidos em cápsulas foram obtidos utilizando o aparato III da Farmacopéia Norte-Americana, simulando o trajeto da forma farmacêutica pelo trato gastrointestinal. O controle da liberação a partir dos pellets se mostrou dependente do grau de dispersão da etilcelulose na matriz e, por sua vez, este dependeu do método de incorporação usado. A adição de etilcelulose dispersa em etanol proporcionou liberação prolongada da prednisona, ao passo que sua incorporação à seco resultou na liberação rápida do fármaco. A adição de etilcelulose na forma de dispersão aquosa (Surelease®) proporcionou desempenho de liberação intermediário. Além disso, a quantidade de líquido de granulação e a concentração de etanol neste afetaram a forma dos pellets. Menor concentração de etanol no líquido de granulação (24%) dificultou a esferonização dos extrusados. Por outro lado, a adição de líquido com 40% de etanol possibilitou a formação de pellets esféricos, mas com reduzida estabilidade mecânica. O uso de quantidade adequada de solução preparada com 35% de etanol resultou em formulações esféricas e com resistência mecânica adequada. A esfericidade dos pellets afetou diretamente seu fluxo. Adicionalmente, foram obtidos comprimidos contendo pectina e etilcelulose pelos métodos de granulação úmida e compressão direta e os mesmos foram avaliados quanto ao peso médio, teor, uniformidade e liberação in vitro. Os comprimidos obtidos por compressão direta propiciaram melhor controle de liberação quando comparado aos obtidos por granulação via úmida. A redução no tamanho das partículas de etilcelulose na matriz obtida por compressão direta foi fundamental para aumentar a eficiência do sistema. Dessa forma, comprimidos preparados com fração fina de etilcelulose (diâmetro < 180μm), contendo 20% de pectina e obtidos por compressão direta apresentaram a mais alta eficiência de liberação cólon-específica. Esses sistemas podem representar opção simples para o controle das doenças inflamatórias intestinais.

A nimesulida, é um fármaco sintético, pouco solúvel em água (0,01 mg/mL), classificado como antiinflamatório não esteróide, com atividade analgésica e antipirética. No Brasil são comercializadas várias especialidades farmacêuticas orais, contendo nimesulida, na dosagem de 100 e 200 mg. Em termos de saúde pública tais produtos, prescritos pelo médico como similares intercambiáveis, deveriam apresentar, a mesma eficácia clínica, sendo a bioequivalência um requisito fundamental. Um estudo em que se verifique a qualidade biofarmacotécnica de uma amostragem destes produtos toma-se bastante útil para que se possa avaliar a situação atual. Pretendeu-se neste trabalho, realizar avaliação biofarmacotécnica in vitro (cinética da dissolução) e in vivo (bioequivalência) de formulações do mercado nacional contendo nimesulida, analisando a presença ou não de bioequivalência: Nisulid® 100 mg - (Laboratórios Asta Medica) considerado produto referência (R) e Sintalgim® 100 mg - (Laboratórios Sintofarma) considerado produto teste (T). Inicialmente desenvolveu-se método para análise da cinética de dissolução, pois não existe método de dissolução nos compêndios oficiais para comprimidos contendo nimesulida. Após padronização do método, avaliou-se a cinética de dissolução de três lotes R e três T de comprimidos de nimesulida através dos parâmetros ks (constante de velocidade de dissolução) e t50% (tempo necessário para dissolução 50% do fármaco presente na forma farmacêutica), oriundos dos perfis de dissolução. Obteve-se valores de ks de 0,1417 min-1; 0,1506 min-1 e 0,1138 min-1 para os três lotes de R e 0,2540 min-1, 0,1965 min-1, 0,1557 min-1 para os três lotes de T, e t50% entre 4,6 a 6,09 min para R e 2,73 a 4,45 min para T. O ensaio de bioequivalência foi do tipo quantitativo, direto, cruzado com distribuição aleatória, com coletas de amostras de sangue até doze horas após administração dos produtos R e T a vinte e quatro voluntários. Validou-se método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para quantificação das amostras de plasma contendo nimesulida, avaliandose exatidão, precisão, recuperação, especificidade e linearidade. Utilizou-se fenacetina como padrão interno que mostrou-se sensível e reprodutível nas concentrações exigidas para o método, e detecção em ultravioleta a 230 nm, após extração com solvente orgânico. A bioequivalência foi determinada pela comparação dos parâmetrosfarmacocinéticos Cmax (concentração plasmática máxima) tmax (tempo necessário para Cmax) e AUCT (área sob a curva de decaimento plasmático) obtidos para R e T. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística conforme recomendado pelo FDA-USA, determinando-se os intervalos de confiança 90% (I.C. 90%) para as relações entre Cmax e AUCT para R e T. Os valores médios destes parâmetros foram para R e T, respectivamente, 9,22 &#181;g/mL e 9,41 &#181;g/mL; 58,98 &#181;gxh/mL e 58,52 &#181;gxh/mL. Os I.C. 90% para Cmax e AUCT foram, respectivamente 96,73 a 101,44 % e 99,42 a 105,31%. Conclui-se que R e T são bioequivalentes, podendo ser administrados de forma intercambiável, sem prejuízo do efeito terapêutico. / The nimesulide (4-nitro-2-phenoxymethanosulphonanilide) is a non acidic nonsteroidal antinflammatory drug (NSAID). It is a sparingly water-soluble drug and exerts its pharmacological activity through various mechanisms of action. In Brazil are marked several oral pharmaceutical forms, with nimesulide dosage of 100 and 200 mg. The products should be, considered as an pharmaceutical alternative to other NSAIDs must be the same clinical efficacy and has confirmed the fundamental requirement, the bioequivalence. A study to establish the biopharmaceutical quality of the some batches of this products became interesting and useful to evaluate the actual situation. The present study was was designed to perform in vitro (dissolution kinetics) and in vivo (bioequivalence) biopharmaceutical evaluation of two commercial products available in Brazil: Nisulid® (Asta Medica) as the reference product (R) and Sintalgim® (Sintofarma) as the test product (T). There is no official method for nimesulide dosage form so initially a method was development and standardized for evaluation of dissolution kinetics of nimesulide tablets. Dissolution kinetics for samples from three batches of R an three of T was analysed through ks (dissolution rate constant) and t50% (time for dissolution of 50% ofthe drug in the dosage form), obtained from dissolution profiles. Results showed ks values of 0,1417 min-1; 0,1506 min-1 and 0,1138 min-1 for the three tested batches of R and 0,2540 min-1, 0,1965 min-1, 0,1557 min-1 for three batches of T, and t50% values between 4,6 and 6,09 min for R and 2,73 and 4,45 min para T. Bioequivalence assay was crossover and randomized. Blood samples were collected throughout a twelve hours period of administration of R and T to twenty four fasting volunteers. A simple, accurate, precise and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with internal standard which demonstrate sensitive and reproducible to, and ultraviolet detection at 230 nm, was developed and validated for quantification of nimesulide in plasma samples after liquid-liquid extraction. Bioequivalence was assessed through pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax (peak plasma concentration), tmax (time to reach Cmax) and AUCT (area under the plasma concentration vs time curve) for R and T. Results were submitted to statistical analysis according to the FDA-USA and 90% confidence intervals (90% C.I.) were calculated for R and T Cmax ratios and T and R AUCT ratios. Average Cmax and AUCT values for R and T were, respectively: 9,22 &#181;g/mL and 9,41 &#181;g/mL; 58,98 &#181;gxh/mL and 58,52 &#181;gxh/mL. 90% C.I. for Cmax and AUCT were respectively 96,73 - 101,44 % and 99,42 - 105,31%. Results show the R and T are bioequivalence and can be administered in an interchangeable way, without any prejudice of therapeutic effect.

O acetato de ciproterona é um esteróide sexual sintético com atividade antiandrogênica, antigonadotrópica e progestagênica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a bioequivalência de duas marcas comerciais de comprimidos contendo 100 mg de acetato de ciproterona em voluntários sadios. O ensaio foi do tipo quantitativo direto, com delineamento aleatório, cruzado e aberto, formando-se dois grupos de voluntários, A e B. Entre as fases houve um período de \"wash out\" de 27 dias, correspondente a, no mínimo, 10 vezes o valor de meia-vida de eliminação de acetato de ciproterona. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubo heparinizado até 216 horas após a administração dos produtos. A bioequivalência dos produtos foi avaliada quantificando-se o fármaco em plasma, através de metodologia bioanalítica desenvolvida e previamente validada. As curvas médias de decaimento plasmático obtidas para os produtos teste (Androsteron® 100 mg - Bergamo, lote PI0004) e referência (Androcur® 100 mg Schering, lote 14616A) foram semelhantes, da mesma forma que as médias dos parâmetros farmacocinéticos Cmax (referência: 159,05 ng/mL; teste: 170,40 ng/mL), tmax (referência: 3,59 h; teste: 3,50 h) e ASC0-t (referência: 5563,03 ngxh/mL; teste: 5453,80 ngxh/mL) e ASC0-&#8734; (referência: 6266,22 ngxh/mL; teste: 6218,31 ngxh/mL). No presente estudo, a análise de variância (ANOVA) realizada para avaliação do efeito de produto, grupo e período em relação aos parâmetros farmacocinéticos avaliados demonstrou ausência destes efeitos em ASC0-t e ASC0-&#8734; para os valores calculados com todos os picos da curva plasmática. A ANOVA indicou ainda ausência de efeito de produto e período para Cmax, mas presença de efeito grupo para este parâmetro. Entretanto a constatação do efeito grupo não significa que as formulações avaliadas não sejam bioequivalentes, apenas que há uma diferença entre os grupos de indivíduos. Os valores do intervalo de confiança 90% para a razão de Cmax, (91,0 a 117,9%), ASC0-t (88,4 a 107,8%) e ASC0-&#8734;. (90,6 a 107,8%) encontram-se entre 80 a 125 %, intervalo proposto pelo FDA e ANVISA. Desta forma, a avaliação dos resultados obtidos permite concluir que não houve diferença significativa entre as formulações teste e referência, ou seja, as duas formulações possuem biodisponibilidades estatisticamente equivalentes, em termos de velocidade e extensão da absorção. / Cyproterone acetate (6-chloro-1&#946;,2&#946;&#945;-dihydro-17-hydroxy-3\'H-cyclopropa[1,2] pregna - 1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione acetate) (CPA) is a synthetic steroid with antiandrogenic and progestogenic properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cyproterone acetate formulations. The bioequivalence of cyproterone acetate 100 mg tablets was determined in healthy volunteers after a single dose in a randomized crossover study, with a 27 days washout period between the doses. Reference (Androcur®) and test (Androsteron®) products were administered to twenty-four volunteers with 200 mL water after overnight fasting. Blood samples were taken up to 216 h post dose, the plasma was separated and the concentrations of cyproterone acetate were measured using a simple and rapid chromatographic method (HPLC). The pharmacokinetic parameters AUC0-t, AUC0-&#8734;, Cmax, tmax and t(1/2)el were calculated for both formulations from plasma concentration time profiles. The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were compared statistically to evaluate bioequivalence between the two brands and no significant differences between the two studied formulations were found. The 90% geometric confidence intervals of the mean ratio of In-transformed Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-&#8734; values were between 91,0 and 117,9% (Cmax), 88,4 and 107,8% (AUC0-t) ando 90,6 and 107,8% (AUC0-&#8734;), and thus within the acceptance ranges, satisfying the bioequivalence criteria of the European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products and the US Food and Drug Administration Guidelines. In the Iight of the present study it can be concluded that the two evaluated cyproterone acetate formulations are bioequivalent in terms of the rate and extent of absorption.

Every year approximately a thousand of exchange students arrive to Växjö looking forimproving their university experience. The main problem is that this amount of peopleis very difficult to handle and organize. Sometimes, students don’t have enoughsupport, missing important information, missing interesting events and so on. In consequence, the students can develop a bad feeling about the universityorganization giving a bad feedback to the future potential incoming students. This is abad aspect to Linnaeus University because it is losing future students. In order to solve the problem, different surveys have been done to the internationalstudents, and even to the Växjö International Students (VIS) organization. The findings from these surveys are very interesting, and it is possible to identify andgroup different problems in order to make the solution easier. Furthermore, a good solution is found, improving the situation we were before. The solution found will fit in the hand of each student and will bring us in a better situationfor the university and their students.

The master thesis deals with the topic of including and using tablets in the process of the German language teaching. In its first three chapters, it lays down the basic facts and observation relevant to the usage of a tablet as a teaching aid. Furthermore, two methods of research were carried out in its practical part, namely questionnaire research and action research. This thesis is aimed at presenting a cohesive description of the possibilities of didactic and methodical usage of tablets in the process of foreign language teaching, particularly then in the German language teaching. The result of the questionnaire research showed, that tablets do not have its established position even in the schools that have already got them. It also revealed, that the frequency of usage tablets in foreign language teaching was quite low, but the pupils perceived it as sufficient.

Na sociedade atual, a Internet e as Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TIC) transformam nosso cotidiano, promovendo mudanças em vários níveis, profissional, familiar, escolar e acadêmico. Modificam-se as relações, os modos de pensar e de fazer descobertas para construir conhecimentos e agir socialmente. Uma simultaneidade de processos faz da organização da sociedade da informação e da comunicação uma grande rede, plena de conexões e interações. Podemos observar estas transformações presentes no contexto de ensino-aprendizagem de línguas na medida em que professor e aprendiz trazem para a sala de aula uma série de informações obtidas na Internet ou experiências de interações nas redes sociais, nos grupos de discussão, entre outros recursos que as TIC promovem continuadamente. O espaço escolar deixa de ser o único a transmitir e construir conhecimentos e novas relações se estabelecem entre o ensinar e o aprender. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida em um Centro de Estudo de Línguas do estado de São Paulo, no contexto de ensinoaprendizagem da Língua Francesa, em uma sala multisseriada que reúne alunos de vários níveis em um mesmo grupo. Nossos objetivos de pesquisa são investigar em que medida o uso de recursos digitais para tabletes nas aulas presenciais podem contribuir para a realização de tarefas, identificar quais relações os aprendizes estabelecem entre o uso das TIC e a produção escrita de textos em língua francesa e, finalmente, identificar como se dá o papel mediador do professor na realização do projeto Mon livret de voyage que relaciona ensino de línguas e TIC. Nossa pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa-interpretativa e a orientação metodológica está fundamentada na Pesquisa-ação (THIOLLENT, 2009). O referencial teórico que orientou nossa pesquisa remete aos conceitos de abordagem comunicativa e acional (RICHARDS, 2006; ELLIS, 2008; GUICHON, 2012; ALMEIDA FILHO, 2013), de mediação pedagógica (VYGOTSKY, 1999, 2010; MASETTO, 2013), de desenvolvimento de atividades por tarefas e do conceito de roteiro pedagógico (MANGENOT e LOUVEAU, 2006) e do uso dos recursos digitais nas práticas pedagógicas (GUICHON, 2012; LEFFA, 2012; BRAGA, 2013). Os resultados mostraram que o planejamento pedagógico feito pelo professor, promovendo a produção escrita de textos em língua francesa pela mobilização de conhecimentos linguísticos dos aprendizes por meio de recursos digitais para tabletes, potencializou o aprendizado da língua. A contribuição da pesquisa, no contexto de formação de professores permite desenvolver reflexões e futuras ações sobre as possibilidades de aprendizado de línguas com o uso das TIC, em classes multisseriadas, tendo como referência uma metodologia baseada em tarefas visando à realização de um projeto final, no caso desta pesquisa, o Livret de voyage. / Nowadays, the Internet and the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) transform our daily lives, promoting changes in the professional, domestic, and academic levels. The relationships are changed, as well as the ways of thinking and discovering in order to build knowledge and act socially. A simultaneity of processes makes the organization of the information and communication society a big network, full of connections and interactions. We can observe these transformations in the context of teaching and learning languages, where teacher and pupil bring to the classroom a series of internet-gathered information or experiences of interaction in social media, discussion groups, among other resources that ICT continually promote. The school is no longer the only one to transmit and construct knowledges, and new relationships are created between teaching and learning. This research was developed in a Language Study Centre in the state of Sao Paulo, in the context of teaching and learning French, in a multilevel class. Our research goals are to investigate to what extent the use of digital resources for tablets in classes can contribute to the ICT and the production of written texts in French, and, finally, identify how the role of mediator is established by the professor in the implementation of the project Mon livret de voyage, which connects the teaching of languages and ICT. Our qualitativeinterpretative research draws on methods of Action Research (THIOLLENT, 2009). The theoretical approach that guided our research refers to concepts of communicative approach and task-based approaches (RICHARDS, 2006; ELLIS, 2008; GUICHON, 2012; ALMEIDA FILHO, 2013), pedagogical mediation (VYGOTSKY, 1999, 2010; MASETTO, 2013), development of activities by tasks and the concept of pedagogical map (MANGENOT e LOUVEAU, 2006), and the use of digital resources in pedagogy (GUICHON, 2012; LEFFA, 2012; BRAGA, 2013). The results show that the pedagogical planning done by the teacher, promoting the production of written texts in French by the mobilization of pupils linguistic knowledges by using digital resources for tablets, maximized the learning of language. The research contribution, in the context of teacher training allows for the development of reflections and future actions about the possibilities of learning languages by using ICT in multilevel classrooms, having as reference a methodology based on tasks aiming at the accomplishment of a final project, in the context of this research, the Livret de voyage.

Les solides divisés telles que les poudres pharmaceutiques nécessitent souvent des processus d'agrandissement de taille par agglomération pour améliorer leur comportement mécanique, notamment la coulabilité. Pour cette raison, le procédé de "granulation en voie sèche" est utilisé dans l'industrie pharmaceutique. Le procédé consiste à comprimer la poudre en la faisant passer entre deux rouleaux séparés par un entrefer, pour produire des plaquettes qui sont ensuite broyées en granulés et comprimés en compacts. Dans ce procédé, l'existence de différents modèles de compacteurs à rouleaux et de systèmes de broyage d’une part, et l'interaction entre les paramètres des procédés et des propriétés des produits (plaquettes, granulés et comprimés) d’autre part, rendent difficile la compréhension des phénomènes et des mécanismes sous-jacents. En particulier, le procédé entraîne une perte de résistance mécanique des comprimés formés à partir de granulés (comparativement à celles des comprimés de poudres non-granulés) et ce phénomène est encore mal compris. Ces aspects sont étudiés dans ce travail de thèse en menant des caractérisations expérimentales et des modélisations numériques permettant de mieux comprendre les modifications micro et macro structurales des poudres mises en forme par granulation sèche. Le but ultime est de progresser dans la compréhension des relations "propriétés des poudres - paramètres des procédés". Enfin, la compréhension des différences de comportement en compression de poudres granulées et non-granulées est menée à l’aide d’une modélisation du comportement dans le cadre de la mécanique des milieux continus poreux. / Particulate solids such as pharmaceutical powders often require size enlargement processes to improve the manufacturing properties like flowability. For that reason, dry granulation by roll compaction has been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. The process consists of compressing powders between two counter-rotating rolls to produce ribbons that will be subsequently milled into granules. The obtained granules are tableted for oral dosage. In this process there are two main limitations: the existence of different designs of the roll compactors, milling systems and the interaction between process parameters and raw material properties are still a challenge and the roll-compaction process leads to an inferior tensile strength of tablets compared with direct compression. These aspects are investigated in this work. In the first part of this thesis, an analysis on the effect of different roll-compaction conditions and milling process parameters on ribbons, granules and tablet properties was performed, highlighting the role of the sealing system and the ribbon density distribution characteristics. In the second part, die compaction of roll-compacted powders, as the last stage of the process, is further investigated in terms of experimental analysis (effect of the granule size and composition and stress transmission measurements) and modelling the compaction behavior of granules.

This study aims to explore the attitudes and practices of Swedish parents regarding the use of digital tablets for their toddlers' English language acquisition. The study focuses on the perceptions of parents regarding the role of tablets in supporting or hindering the development of English language skills in English language learners during early childhood. A qualitative research design was adopted, employing a thematic analysis approach to analyze the data collected from semi-structured interviews with six participating parents. The interviews aimed to investigate the ways in which parents perceive the impact of tablet usage on their children's English language learning. The study revealed that parents generally viewed the use of digital tablets as a positive tool for supporting their children's English language learning. The tablets facilitated early exposure to a foreign language and sparked their child's interest in language learning. However, concerns about potential drawbacks such as excessive screen time were also expressed. Parents reported various strategies and techniques to support their children's language learning, including parental controls, child-friendly language learning apps, and active participation in tablet-based activities. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of research on technology use in early childhood education and provides valuable insights into the experiences and perceptions of Swedish parents regarding their toddlers' English language learning through digital tablets.

The child–environment interaction type, which involves touching and handling part of collections and displays, is less common in art museums. In addition, art museums demand many behavioural rules from their visitors. The adult caregivers, therefore, prefer that their preschool children participate in child-friendly activity programmes. Children could nonetheless learn by interacting with network technology applications in art museums since the use of digital technologies and mobile devices has become widespread to assist visitors’ learning in museums in general. Therefore, this thesis can relate to Child-Computer Interaction (CCI). This thesis addresses the problem that children often have isolated or separate experiences rather than enjoy regular art exhibitions with accompanying adults. This problem could be tackled by exploring how the child–technology interaction type combined with the child–adults/peers interaction could be considered to better engage children in viewing art exhibitions together with adults. The main research question is ‘what needs adult caregivers have for their preschool children's experience at art museums, that may be met by mobile educational apps?’. The main question can be divided into three parts: what are adult caregivers’ views about 1) their preschool children’s use of mobile devices and 2) educational apps and 3) their experience at art museums? By investigating the research question, this thesis aims to explore the possibility of a mobile activity/guide app that could facilitate combined experiences and collaborative learning for preschool children and their adult caregivers together at art museums. For this thesis, a survey is adopted as a research strategy and a web-based questionnaire as a data collection method to explore the views of parents with preschool children between three and five years old. Non-probability sampling was chosen, and the questionnaire invitation was distributed physically to preschools, in playgrounds, and Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, Sweden and online to Korean parents. For quantitative data analysis, statistical tests were employed. According to the results, despite the considerable period that preschool children have used mobile devices and the frequency, parents answered that their children always or sometimes need help navigating mobile devices. Parents recognise many benefits of children’s mobile device use but would not encourage the usage. Nevertheless, parents acknowledge the importance of conversational interactions but are unlikely to engage in shared activities. Parents like child-friendly programmes for being entertaining, engaging, age-appropriate, and stimulating for children. To enjoy regular exhibitions with children, parents want touchable objects, a children-friendly atmosphere, and open-to-all or free drop-in activities. It is because parents often struggle to have their children understand and follow the behavioural rules and keep their children interested in and focused on the exhibition. Overall, parents acknowledge the inevitable trend of using mobile devices for their preschool children, even though they are yet hesitant to proactively encourage the usage. Many parents experience difficulties engaging their young children in seeing regular art exhibitions and would like to have interactive elements that attract children’s attention. This thesis is valuable since museum professionals and educational app designers could use this thesis as a knowledge base to develop the app.