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Ownership of mobile devices, such as tablets and smartphones, has quickly risen in the last decade. Unsurprisingly, they are now being integrated into the training and classroom setting. Specifically, the U.S. Army has mapped out a plan in the Army Learning Model of 2015 to utilize mobile devices for training purposes. However, before these tools can be used effectively, it is important to identify how the tablets' unique properties can be leveraged. For this dissertation, the touch interface and the interactivity that tablets afford were investigated using a procedural-motor task. The procedural motor task was the disassembly procedures of a M4 carbine. This research was motivated by cognitive psychology theories, including Cognitive Load Theory and Embodied Cognition. In two experiments, novices learned rifle disassembly procedures in a narrated multimedia presentation presented on a tablet and then were tested on what they learned during the multimedia training involving a virtual rifle by performing a rifle disassembly on a physical rifle, reassembling the rifle, and taking a written recall test about the disassembly procedures. Spatial ability was also considered as a subject variable. Experiment 1 examined two research questions. The primary research question was whether including multiple forms of interactivity in a multimedia presentation resulted in higher learning outcomes. The secondary research question in Experiment 1 was whether dynamic multimedia fostered better learning outcomes than equivalent static multimedia. To examine the effects of dynamism and interactivity on learning, four multimedia conditions of varying levels of interactivity and dynamism were used. One condition was a 2D phase diagram depicting the before and after of the step with no animation or interactivity. Another condition utilized a non-interactive animation in which participants passively watched an animated presentation of the disassembly procedures. A third condition was the interactive animation in which participants could control the pace of the presentation by tapping a button. The last condition was a rifle disassembly simulation in which participants interacted with a virtual rifle to learn the disassembly procedures. A comparison of the conditions by spatial ability yielded the following results. Interactivity, overall, improved outcomes on the performance measures. However, high spatials outperformed low spatials in the simulation condition and the 2D phase diagram condition. High spatials seemed to be able to compensate for low interactivity and dynamism in the 2D phase diagram condition while enhancing their performance in the rifle disassembly simulation condition. In Experiment 2, the touchscreen interface was examined by investigating how gestures and input modality affected learning the disassembly procedures. Experiment 2 had two primary research questions. The first was whether gestures facilitate learning a procedural-motor task through embodied learning. The second was whether direct touch input using resulted in higher learning outcomes than indirect mouse input. To examine the research questions, three different variations of the rifle disassembly simulation were used. One was identical to that of Experiment 1. Another incorporated gestures to initiate the animation whereby participants traced a gesture arrow representing the motion of the component to learn the procedures. The third condition utilized the same interface as the initial rifle disassembly simulation but included "dummy" gesture arrows that displayed only visual information but did not respond to gesture. This condition was included to see the effects (if any) of the gesture arrows in isolation of the gesture component. Furthermore, direct touch input was compared to indirect mouse input. Once again, spatial ability also was considered. Results from Experiment 2 were inconclusive as no significant effects were found. This may have been due to a ceiling effect of performance. However, spatial ability was a significant predictor of performance across all conditions. Overall, the results of the two experiments support the use of multimedia on a tablet to train a procedural-motor task. In line with vision of ALM 2015, the research support incorporating tablets into U.S. Army training curriculum.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka förskollärares arbetssätt kring surfplattor i verksamheten. För att få svar på vårt syfte har följande frågeställningar formulerats: Vilka arbetssätt med surfplattor utför förskollärare i verksamheten? Vilka eventuella möjligheter/hinder upplever förskollärare med att använda surfplattor i sin dagliga verksamhet? Den tidigare forskning vi tagit del av synliggör förskollärares arbetssätt med surfplattor samt deras förhållningssätt till verktyget. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod där det har utförts observationer av två förskollärare som arbetar på samma förskola i Halland. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt som använts för att analysera resultatet är det sociokulturella perspektivet. Resultatet visade förskollärarnas olika arbetssätt kring surfplattor, deras inställning till verktyget samt hur verktyget kan användas som ett hjälpmedel i verksamheten. Slutligen visar studiens slutsats att förskollärares arbetssätt kring surfplattor kan påverkas av olika faktorer, även hur surfplattor kan implementeras till förskollärares fördel. Slutsatsen vidrör även de bristande kunskaper förskollärare besitter om verktyget och den fortbildning de upplever att de vill få ta del av.

No / Caffeine/oxalic acid 2:1 cocrystal exhibited superior stability to humidity over caffeine, but compressional behavior is not studied yet. To compare compressional properties of caffeine/oxalic acid 2:1 cocrystal obtained by different cocrystallization techniques. Cocrystal was obtained by solvent precipitation and ultrasound assisted solution cocrystallization (USSC) and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Compaction study was carried out at different compaction forces. Compact crushing strength, thickness and elastic recovery were determined. Compaction was in order, caffeine > solvent precipitation cocrystal > USSC cocrystal. Caffeine exhibited sticking and lamination, where solvent precipitation compacts showed advantage. Caffeine and solvent precipitation compacts showed sudden drop in compactability, higher elastic recovery with severe lamination at 20,000 N. This was due to overcompaction. Crystal habit of two cocrystal products was same, but USSC cocrystals were difficult to compact. Uniform needle shaped USSC cocrystals must be difficult to orient in different direction and fracture during compression. Elastic recovery of USSC cocrystals was also more compared to other powders indicating less fracture and poor bonding between particles resulting in poor compaction. Cocrystal formation did not improve compressional property of caffeine. Cocrystals exposed to different crystallization environments in two techniques may have resulted in generation of different surface properties presenting different compressional properties.

Le sel sodique du carboxyméthylamidon à haute teneur en amylose, HASCA (Amylose 60%-amylopectine 40%), est un polymère hydrophile ionique utilisé pour obtenir des comprimés matriciels à libération prolongée. Il est caractérisé par la formation d'un hydrogel lors de la mise en contact avec le milieu de dissolution. La libération du principe actif (PA) à travers ce polymère est principalement contrôlée par la diffusion fickienne et la relaxation du réseau polymérique. De plus, la solubilité du PA est un facteur qui permet de moduler la libération, cependant, la solubilité d’un médicament dépend de la forme utilisée et du pH. Les bases ou les acides libres présentent une solubilité moins élevée que leurs sels. Nous proposons d’étudier l’effet d’une combinaison entre le sel et la forme acide ou le sel et la forme alcaline dans le même comprimé matriciel d’HASCA. Comme objectif de ce travail, nous étudions l’influence de la nature du polymère sur le profil de libération de PA dans un milieu aqueux en gradient de pH à cause de la nature des matrices à base d’HASCA caractérisées par la présence de groupement carboxyliques, ionisés ou non selon l’acidité du milieu de dissolution. Nous étudions également l’influence de la nature du PA (base libre ou son sel vs acide libre ou son sel) sur le profil de libération, ceci en sélectionnant des PAs modèles représentatifs de chaque catégorie. L’influence de changement de proportions entre la forme libre (acide ou base) et son sel sur le profil de libération est aussi investiguée. Pour ce, des comprimés à base de HASCA avec des proportions différentes de, soit le naproxène acide et le naproxène de sodium (PA acide et son sel), soit la tétracycline et le chlorhydrate de tétracycline (PA alcalin et son sel) ont été utilisés. Ceux-ci sont évalués lors des tests de dissolution dans un milieu simulant le milieu gastro-intestinal, selon les normes de l’USP (spectrophotométrie UV). Nous avons également menés des études de vitesse de dissolution intrinsèque sur les PAs purs, afin de déterminer leur solubilité et vitesse de libération dans les même pH de dissolution étudiés. Nous avons réussit d’obtenir des comprimés matriciels à base de HASCA convenables à être administrés une fois par jour en utilisant une combinaison du naproxène acide et son sel comme PA. Tandis que les résultats ont montré qu’en utilisant la tétracycline et son sel, les temps de libération étaient trop élevés pour permettre la réalisation d’une formulation convenable pour une administration quotidienne unique / HASCA, High amylose sodium carboxymethyl starch (amylose-amylopectin 60% 40%), a hydrophilic ionic polymer used in sustained release matrix tablets, is characterized by the formation of a hydrogel when in contact with the dissolution medium. Fickian diffusion and relaxation of the polymer chains are the main mechanisms controlling the release of the active ingredients (AI). On the other hand, a common method for sustaining the release of a drug is to decrease its solubility. It’s known that the solubility of a drug depends on the form used, either the free base versus its salt or the free acid versus its salt. A combination of the salt and acid forms or the salt and base forms in the same HASCA matrix tablet was proposed. The objective of this work is to study the effect of the polymer’s nature on the release profile of AI in an aqueous medium with a pH gradient because HASCA is characterized by the presence of a carboxylic group, ionized or not according to the acidity of the dissolution medium. The influence of the nature of the AI, the salt or free base versus the free acid or its salt, on the release profile is also studied by selecting models of AI in each category. The influence of the proportion between the free form (acid or base) and the combination with its salt on the release profile is also investigated. Therefore tablets containing HASCA with different proportion of either naproxen acid and naproxen sodium (acid AI and its salt) or tetracycline and tetracycline hydrochloride (basic AI and it salt) are used. This will be evaluated during dissolution tests in a medium similar to the gastrointestinal environment according to the standards of USP (UV spectrophotometry). Intrinsic dissolution tests will also be conducted on pure AI for different studied pH. This study shows that using HASCA, it’s possible to obtain sustained release tablets for administration once a day using a combination of acid and salt as AI.

L'objectif de ce travail a été l'utilisation d'une méthodologie de formulation des formes à libération prolongée. Le choix de «matrices hydrophiles» a été fait en raison de l'intérêt et de l'importance des travaux qui lui sont consacrés, mais surtout en raison de la possibilité d'utilisation de la technologie simple de fabrication des comprimés par compression directe.Le principe actif choisi est le diclofenac de sodium, un anti-inflammatoire largement utilisé dont la molécule est tombée dans le domaine public. Utilisé  à raison de 100 mg par comprimé. La première partie bibliographique résume l'intérêt des formes à libération prolongée, décrit les différentes formes galéniques existantes pour la voie orale et fait le point sur les formules et les propriétés des agents matriciels hydrophiles parmi les plus utilisés, notamment les éthers de celluloses, hydroxypropymethylcellulose (METOLOSES®) (1). Dans la partie expérimentale, nous avons réalisé les différentes étapes nécessaires au développement d'une forme à libération prolongée qui correspondant aux étapes classiques  de pré-formulation, formulation et optimisation. Dans une première étape d'essais préliminaires  nous avons étudiés le comportement d'un point de vue pharmacotechnique des matières premières utilisés seuls et en mélange. Ce qui a permis de faire des orientations en ce qui concerne les différents types de METOLOSES, la nature du diluant, et leurs concentrations. Dans une deuxième étape, nous avons réalisé un premier plan d'expériences de criblage des facteurs, qui permet de déterminer le poids de chacun et leurs éventuelles interactions. Ce qui nous a permis de conclure sur l'effet des différents facteurs en formulation. Dans une troisième étape, nous avons réalisé un deuxième plan d'expériences d'optimisation de la formulation  en utilisant un plan composite centré constitué de 9 expériences ce qui a permis de sélectionner une zone de formules optimales. Enfin, la réalisation d'une formule optimale nous a permis de confirmer les résultats obtenus dans les travaux de développement et dont l'objectif été une libération sur 12 heures. / The objective of this work was the use of a formulation methodology of prolonged release dosage forms. The choice of “hydrophilic matrices” was done because of the interest and the numbered works which is devoted to it, but also for the use of a simple manufacture technology by direct compression. The selected active pharmaceutical ingredient is one of the most largely used nonsteroidial anti-inflammatory drug, the sodium diclofenac which is out of patent and used at 100 Mg per tablet. The first bibliographical part summarizes the interest of the prolonged release dosage forms, described the existing oral dosage forms and gives a progress report on the formulas and the properties of hydrophilic matrices agents among most used, in particular the cellulose ethers, hydroxypropymethylcellulose (METOLOSES®) (1). In the experimental part, we carried out the various steps necessary to the development of a prolonged release dosage form which correspond to the traditional steps of pre-formulation, formulation and optimization. In a first step of pharmaceutics preliminary tests we studied the behavior of raw materials used alone and in mixture. What made orientations with regard to the various types of METOLOSES, the nature of diluents, and their concentrations. In a second step, we carried out a first screening factors experimental design, which enabled us to conclude on the effect of the various factors in formulation. In a third step, we carried out a second optimization experimental design using a centered composite plan consisted of 9 experiments which lead us to define a space design of optimal formulas. Lastly, the manufacture of a formula from the design space enabled us to confirm the results to development work and for which the objective was a sustained release over 12 hours.

This thesis examines the use of gamification principles in education, specifically where tablets are being used in the classroom. Individual chapters deal with explaining the concepts related to gamification, educational games and the specifics of implementing tablets into education. Their specific usage was examined through conversations with the teachers and students of Year 2 of a primary school, with the results being recorded in the research section. Research questions examined the theoretical concepts introduced in the first part of the thesis and centred around the theme of education via tablets. The types of tablet applications used were also investigated. When possible this thesis compares the views of teachers and students on the areas examined.

As Boas Práticas de Fabricação de Medicamentos (BPFM) enfatizam que a indústria farmacêutica deve dirigir seus esforços no sentido de compreender a variação do processo, incluindo as fontes, o grau de variação e o impacto dessa variação nas características de qualidade do produto. O processo de fabricação de medicamentos tem apresentado significativas mudanças, em especial no que se refere à introdução de tecnologias analíticas que permitem o controle do processo em tempo real. A abordagem baseada na análise de risco e no novo Sistema de Qualidade Farmacêutica constitui ponto central das BPFM para o século XXI. Os órgãos regulatórios têm exigido da indústria farmacêutica sua adesão na melhoria contínua relativa ao desempenho de seus processos e, por consequência, na qualidade do produto. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e validação de método analítico empregando espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo, assim como a avaliação do processo de fabricação de comprimidos de Captopril 25 mg, empregando abordagem racional-científica. Com referência à avaliação do processo, foram adotadas as seguintes ferramentas: análise de modos e efeitos de falhas (FMEA); gráficos de controle; índices de capacidade e análise de variância (ANOVA). A espectroscopia por infravermelho próximo (NIR) foi selecionada por apresentar maior rapidez na obtenção dos resultados, maior simplicidade na preparação das amostras, multiplicidade das análises a partir de uma única leitura e por apresentar característica não invasiva. Os resultados comprovaram a adequação dessa tecnologia na avaliação quantitativa do Captopril nas etapas de mistura de pós e de compressão. Os desvios padrão relativos na determinação da uniformidade de Captopril na mistura de pós e nos comprimidos empregando método no NIR foram, respectivamente 3,15 e 0,18%. No que se refere à avaliação da estabilidade e da capacidade do processo, as ferramentas adotadas permitiram a compreensão das fontes de variabilidade, assim como a determinação de seu grau, nas diferentes etapas do processo. Os índices de capacidade (CpK) relativos à uniformidade de Captopril (% p/v) na mistura de pós, ao peso médio do comprimido, à uniformidade de conteúdo e à % (p/v) dissolvida de Captopril, no ensaio de dissolução, foram 0,70, 1,94, 1,80 e 2,19, respectivamente. / The Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for Medicinal Products point out that the pharmaceutical industry must direct efforts to understand the variation of the processes, including the sources, the level of variation and the variation impact on the process in characteristics of the product. The manufacturing process has shown meaningful changes, especially in the introduction of new analytical technologies that allow the process control in real time. The approach based on risk analyses and on the new Pharmaceutical Quality System is a central key for the GMP for the XXI century. The Regulatory Agencies have demanded the pharmaceutical industry to adhere the continuous improvement related to the performance of its processes and, consequently, the product quality. Thus, the present paper aimed the development and validation of the analytical method employing NIR spectroscopy as the assessment of manufacturing process of Captopril 25 mg tablets, using rational scientific approach. Regarding the process assessment, the following tools were adopted: analysis of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), control charts, capability indexes, as well as analysis of variance (ANOVA). The near-infrared spectroscopy was selected due to its greater speed in getting the results, simplicity in sample preparation, and multiplicity of analysis from a single reading and provide non-invasive feature. The results confirmed the suitability of this technology in quantitative assessment of Captopril on the steps of mixing powders and compression. The relative standard deviations for the determination of Captopril uniformity in the post mixtures and in the tablets employing NIR were 3,15 e 0,18%, respectively. In reference to the stability assessment and process capacity, the tools adopted permitted the understanding of the sources of variability, as well as the determination of their level in different phases of the process. The capacity indexes relating to Captopril uniformity (% p/v) in the powder mixture, the average weight of the tablet, the content uniformity and the % (p/v) dissolved Captopril, in the dissolution assay were 0,70, 1,94, 1,80 and 2,19, respectively.

This thesis deals with the use of mobile touch technologies in German language teaching. The theoretical part of the work collects basic facts and knowledge about mobile touch devices, which are important as a didactic tool. Furthermore, the work on the theoretical level deals with information on teaching applications and teaching methods in which these touch technologies can be used. The Practical part of the work is devoted to the results of the research survey, namely the questionnaire research survey and the results from a sample lesson. The questionnaire survey revealed that mobile touch technologies are not widely distributed in schools and are not widely used during lessons. This thesis seeks to give readers a comprehensive description of the possibilities of didactic and methodical use of mobile touch devices in the teaching of German language.