This thesis deals with process of creating an artificial celebrity in Czech media context. It demonstrates that it is possible to make an unknown person famous and to become a celebrity who attracts media attention. First two chapters define a celebrity as an institution, its primary social functions and also its origin and creation. Third chapter describes Czech tabloid media market and its changes in last few years. Furthermore, it explains reasons why there is need for new celebrities. Forth chapter analyses in detail conditions that lead to creation of new artificial celebrity. Moreover, it defines a process of such creation and routines used by Czech media to cover celebrities. Last chapter shows a case of Ornella Štiková who was not even publicly known before she became a celebrity. After becoming celebrity, she attracted attention of all main Czech tabloid media. This media interest lasted (including short falls) almost for two years. Such a period is longer than average. As a part of this thesis, the author made a series of interviews with media experts, significant tabloid media professionals and insiders of Czech showbyznys. The main aim of this theses was to obtain knowledge of how Czech media works and how they communicate directly with celebrities. These interviews enrich this thesis...

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In 2016, the actress Meghan Markle met prince Harry, duke of Sussex which later on led to amarriage. This has resulted in intense media coverage of her, especially by the tabloid press,depicting her in a manner that incorporates both sexist and racist elements. This study aims toanalyze how Markle has been represented in The Sun and Daily Mail during the two firstweeks following the announcement of her relationship with Prince Harry, with a particularfocus on potential racist and sexist discourses. The material used for the study consists ofeleven articles in total, five from The Sun and six from Daily Mail. Fairclough’s criticaldiscourse analysis is used as a method to answer the research questions, along with Foucault'sdiscourse theory and intersectionality as part of the theoretical framework of the study. Theseare applied in order to add another dimension to the study and fill the research gap. The mainfindings indicate sexist and racist discourses in the representation of Meghan Markle in TheSun and Daily Mail. As for Foucault’s discourse theory these discourses constitute a reality inwhich women with diverse ethnic backgrounds are portrayed derogatorily, and whereindividuals in these categories are perceived to have less power in society. Through anintersectionality perspective, Markle is predominantly constructed as an assertive biracialwoman who frequently self-promotes, actively seeks media attention and is perceived ashaving difficulty initiating serious relationships. This shows how both sexist and racistdiscourses work together to construct Markle unfavorably.Key words: Intersectionality; Discourse; Tabloid press; Gender; Critical discourse analysis;Sexism; Racism; Media.1

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines how positively or negatively as well as how subjectively or objectively the South African tabloid newspapers represent black celebrities. This examination was primarily conducted by using the content analysis research technique. The researcher selected a total of 85 newspapers spread across four different South African daily and weekend tabloid newspapers that were published during the period February to September 2008. The results from the data collected reveal that tabloid newspapers tend to overemphasize negativity when reporting about black celebrities. The findings also reveal a clear differential in the representation of black female celebrities vis-à-vis male celebrities. Unlike male celebrities whose roles were mainly defined in terms of political activities and personal disputes, female celebrities’ roles were largely confined to relationships and sex. The language used by the four newspapers in their representation of celebrities appears to be humiliating and, in some instances, downright disparaging. There is little doubt that media representations of celebrities, whether positive or negative, serve as mirrors to how some members of society behave. To this end, there needs to be a shift from the current preoccupation with sensationalizing negative news when South African tabloid newspapers report on black celebrities. Tabloid newspapers should judiciously use their greater focus on celebrities’ private lives to report on more positive personal stories that focus on the achievements of celebrities, including how some celebrities are living positively with HIV/AIDS. Since this study only focused on South African tabloid newspapers’ representations of black celebrities, and only employed the content analysis method, further research is recommended on the impact of celebrities’ representations on the South African society. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe positief of negatief, asmede subjektief of objektief, daar oor swart beroemdes in Suid-Afrikaanse ponie- of skinderkoerante verslag gedoen word. Die ondersoek is primêr met behulp van die inhoudsanaliseondersoekmetode uitgevoer. Die navorser het 85 koerante uit vier verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse dagblaaie en naweekponiekoerante gekies uit die tydperk Februarie tot September 2008. Die resultate toon ‘n tendens in die poniekoerante dat oorwegend negatiewe verslagdoening oor swart beroemdes vooropgestel word. Die bevindinge toon ook ’n duidelike verskil tussen die verslagdoening oor beroemde swart vroue teenoor dié oor swart mans. In teenstelling met die mans wie se rolle hoofsaaklik ingevolge hulle politieke aktiwiteite en persoonlike dispute gedefinieer word, word beroemde swart vroue se rolle hoofsaaklik beperk tot verhoudings en seks. Die taalgebruik in die verslaggewing oor beroemdes in die vier poniekoerante blyk uiters vernederend, en in sommige gevalle, selfs degraderend en wrang te wees. Daar bestaan min twyfel dat verslaggewing oor beroemdes in die media, hetsy positief of negatief, weerspieël hoe sommige lede van die samelewing lewe. Om hierdie rede is ’n verskuiwing in die huidige beheptheid met die sensasionalisering van negatiewe nuus in die verslaggewing oor swart beroemdes nodig. Poniekoerante wat op die persoonlike lewens van beroemdes fokus behoort na meer positiewe verslagdoening oor hul prestasies te strewe, insluitend, hoe sommige beroemdes positief met MIV/Vigs lewe. Aangesien hierdie navorsing net op verslagdoening oor swart beroemdes in Suid-Afrikaanse poniekoerante kragtens die inhoudsanalisemetorde gefokus het, word verdere navorsing aanbeveel oor die impak van verslagdoening oor beroemdes op die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing.

The aim of the study was to examine how two newspapers covered the murder of Lisa Holm. The questions examined were: How are Lisa Holm, the perpetrator and the local community represented and what are the differences and similarities between the local news paper, Skaraborgs Allehanda, and the tabloid, Aftonbladet?  We made a discourse analysis of 13 news articles from six different time periodes. The result shows that the victim is represented as an innocent, young girl who is described as good, happy and perfect. The local news paper represents her as a part of the local community and the tabloid is highlighting attributes that people can identify with. The perpetrator is represented as an evil and callous foreign in both newspapers, but Aftonbladet also represents him as a usual person. Skaraborgs Allehanda focus on his guilt of the murder. The local community is represented as a certain group with common emotions who is also the light in the darkness. They share the grief and help each other to process it. The tabloid focus on highlighting the geografic closeness between the people in the articles and the murder. In Aftonbladet, the local community is also described as a dangerous place. Our study shows that the distance between the newspaper and the crime scene affect the representations of the people involved.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The general decline in newspaper circulation indicates that the newspaper industry is under threat from other media such as television and radio (Swift, 1995: 1 00). However, closer inspection of individual newspaper titles reveals that highly targeted newspapers like Sowetan, Business Day, Beeld, etc. manage to maintain or increase circulation (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998). On the other hand, newspapers that caters for disparate market segments, experienced circulation declines between 1986 and 1998 (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998). Newspaper's share of total advertising revenue is also in decline (Adindex, 1986-1998). However, advertising revenue for the newspaper industry as a whole increased in line with total advertising revenue between 1986 and 1998. Although newspapers enjoy a smaller piece of the total advertising pie, the steady growth in revenue indicates substantial support and confidence from the advertising market for newspapers as a whole. Swift (Marketing Mix, 1995: 100) argues that newspapers must change their way of doing "news" in order to compete effectively against television, radio, the illtemet and other forms of popular media. "If newspapers are to survive, they must either become niche products by providing in-depth coverage and interpretation of specialists aspects of human endeavour or emulate the British tabloids and peddle entertainment for all they're worth" (Swift, 1995: 101). The latter aspect of Swift's assertion is the basis of the attached study. The study project examines the South African newspaper market in general and the greater Gauteng newspaper market specifically in the form of a business plan, with the aim of finding a viable niche for a daily, English-medium tabloid newspaper. The African Sun Business Plan concludes that the market for such a newspaper does exists amongst working class South Africans in and around selected urban centres. The plan examines the target market and the economics ofthe newspaper business. The marketing plan examines the best options to reach the target market. The product development plan and the operations plan describe the product and the operations ofthe proposed business and the financial plan examines the feasibility ofthe venture. The data suggests that national circulation and advertising trends favour newspapers that are highly targeted and driven by the information needs of their selected target markets (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998, Adindex, 1986-1998). The business plan concludes that there is a lucrative market in South Africa for a daily, English-medium, mass circulation tabloid newspaper. The plan also proposes an operating structure including the financing requirements of the business, required staff, location product specifications and a market entry strategy. "It's time to emulate the Sun and the Mirror (of England) because if the liberal consensus is correct and all men are equal, why shouldn't the British tabloid approach work for our whinging masses as effectively as it does for the whining Poms?" (Swift, 1995: 102). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: OPSOMMING Die algemene afname in koerantsirkulasies dui daarop dat die koerantbedryf deur ander media soos televisie en radio bedreig word (Swift, 1995: 100). By nadere ondersoek van individuele koeranttitels het dit egter aan die lig gekom dat hoeteikenkoerante soos Sowetan, Business Day, Beeld, ensovoorts, daarin slaag om sirkulasie te behou en selfs te verbeter (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998). In teenstelling het koerante wat vir ongelyksoortige marksegmente voorsiening maak 'n sirkulasie afname ondervind tussen 1986 en 1998 (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998). Koerante se aandeel in die totale reklame-inkomste is ook besig om te daal (Adindex, 1986- 1998). Die reklame-inkomste vir die koerantbedryf in sy geheel het egter op een lyn met die totale reklame-inkomste toegeneem tussen 1986 en 1998 (Adindex, 1986-1998). Alhoewel koerante 'n kleiner deel van die totale reklamebesteding geniet as voorheen, dui die geleidelike toename in koerant reklame inkomste groei, aansienlike ondersteuning en vertroue deur die reklamemark in koerante oor die algemeen. Swift (Marketing Mix, 1995: 100) voer aan dat koerante hulle metode van "nuusaanbieding" moet verander ten einde doeltreffend teen televisie, radio, die Internet en ander vorme van populere media te kompeteer. "If newspapers are to survive, they must either become niche products by providing in-depth coverage and interpretation of specialists aspects of human endeavour or emulate the British tabloids and peddle entertainment for all they're worth" (Swift, 1995: 101). Laasgenoemde aspek van Swift se bewering vorm die grondslag van die megaande studie. Die African Sun Business Plan stel voor dat 'n daaglikse, kompakte, Engelsmediumkoerant van stapel gestuur word wat op Suid-Afrikaners in die werkersklas in en om aangewese stedelike sentra gerig is. In navolging van Swift se redenasie ondersoek die meegaande sakeplan die koerantbedryf in sy geheel en die groter Gauteng mark in besonder. Die plan ondersoek besonderhede van die teikenmark en die ekonomie van die koerantbedryf. 'n Volledige bemarkingsplan ondersoek die beste opsies waardeur die teikenmark bereik kan word. Die produkontwikke1ingsplan en die bedryfsplan beskryf die produk en die werksaamhede van die voorgestelde sake-ondememing, en die finansiele plan ondersoek die uitvoerbaarheid van die ondememing. Die data suggereer dat nasionale koerant sirkulasie en reklame-tendense meer gunstig teenoor koerante wat markgerig is en gedryf word deur die inligtingsbehoeftes van geselekteerde teikenmarkte (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998). Die sakeplan kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat daar 'n winsgewende mark in Suid-Afrika bestaan vir In daaglikse, Engels-medium, massasirkulasie kompakte koerant. Die plan stel ook 'n bedryf struktuur voor, met inbegrip van die finansieringsvereistes, personeelbehoeftes, ligging, produkspesifikasies en 'n marktoetrede strategie. "It's time to emulate the Sun and the Mirror (of England) because if the liberal consensus is correct and all men are equal, why shouldn't the British tabloid approach work for our whinging masses as effectively as it does for the whining Poms?" (Swift, 1995: 102).

國內報業在開放報禁後逐漸邁入競爭激烈的市場型態，各報先後朝以讀者需求與利潤為依歸的市場導向模式發展，而《蘋果日報》於2003年在台灣發行之後，再度對台灣報業市場產生一次極大衝擊。本研究聚焦在報紙政治新聞，觀察以往以硬性資訊為主的政治新聞在此脈絡下是否也受其影響開始出現或加劇原有的「小報化」傾向。 本研究以《自由時報》、《中國時報》、《聯合報》三大報的前三版政治新聞做為「非小報」的政治新聞樣本，並以《蘋果日報》在台發行當年、以及前後三年（2000年、2003年與2006年）做為分析期間，採用量化內容分析法，比較這三階段政治新聞的報導形式、內容與風格等面向。 在形式面，國內報紙政治新聞的報導內文篇幅並沒有顯著的減少跡象，其標題與搭配的照片面積也沒有明顯增大，改變最大之處在於報紙政治新聞搭配刊登照片的新聞比例逐漸提高，使得整體版面呈現出更加視覺圖像導向的「小報化」形式特色。 在內容面，本研究發現在報導主題的轉變上，關乎政府政策與國會等較具公共性質的新聞量明顯減少、針對政治醜聞的報導明顯增加；然而，聚焦單一政治人物的個人化報導，多年來卻維持一定比例沒有明顯增加，這部分並不吻合「小報化」的新聞主題發展。 在風格面，政治人物的個人報導朝軟性化發展，含納更多私領域動態或是人情趣味元素；而記者在撰寫特稿與評論時，更容易以明顯字句對特定政治人物或黨派進行負面批評；聚焦政治衝突的新聞量雖然沒有顯著增加，但衝突事件的主角卻也逐漸轉移到政治人物彼此的個人恩怨上。 最後，本研究以四個客觀性報導處理手法做為觀察指標，檢視國內政治新聞報導是否受「小報化」負面影響而在新聞專業與報導素質上做出讓步。在純淨新聞裡不摻記者個人意見、和明確提供消息來源等基本處理方式上，《蘋果日報》登台前後的政治新聞差異並不大；然而，國內報紙政治新聞的解釋與評論性質報導卻帶有了更多的黨派色彩，且平衡陳述對立意見的報導比例也逐漸減少。 / Apple Daily has made an impact on the strongly competitive newspaper market in Taiwan since its publication in 2003, spilling over tabloid news values into other media outlets. This study focuses solely on traditionally serious and hard political news and sets out to examine whether it has been influenced, or tabloidized, over time. Quantitative content analysis on political news items from three largest non-tabloid newspapers - Liberty Times, United Daily and China Times - was carried out and measured at three different levels: form, main topic and style. News samples were randomly selected in 2000, 2003 and 2006. In terms of form, more and more political news incorporated visual elements, such as photographs, as means for presenting information, while the page space devoted to text remained relatively stable. As for main topic, the overall decrease of coverage on government, parliament and policies was evident, and the focus has been shifted toward political scandal. With regard to style, the personalized coverage on political figures was done with a more softer approach by focusing more on human interest stories. And personal conflicts of politicians were highlighted in coverage on political conflict. Finally, measurement of objective reporting was adopted to gauge whether there was an overall decrease in journalistic standards of political reporting. The results were mixed. While the basic practices of not presenting subjective opinion and anonymous news source were maintained over the period, the news comments have become more partisan and the balanced presentation of conflicting political views has decreased.

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The aim of this study was trace the general tendence in the produce of headlines in the tabloid and serious press and their internet versions. The basis for this work was a sample of twelve newspaper headlines that came out in January and February 2013. There were drawn following conclusions on the basis of stylistic and pragmatic analysis and comparison of these titles. Analyzed subtitles are different designs and used language tools. The tabloid media is trying to attract potential readers, especially graphic design titles, while serious media put more accent on the content of the title message. The tabloid headlines have characteristic color caps and overhang headling to other cell components. Headlines of serious media are printed in black and stands on the site separately. One of the differences between tabloid headlines and serious media is their length - tabloid usually decide for shortes ones than the serious media. Basis subtitles should form a neutral literary language, yet there are presented present colloquial expressions in the headlines of tabloids and media. Tabloid headlines include expressive sign unlike the serious media headlines. Statements in the headlines are assertive and have interrogative and directive use. The tabloid media uses interrogative function in headlins more than the...

The aim of this study was to investigate how the media portrays the social workers professional practice and to investigate how media reports on childcare issues. The method used to answer our questions was critical discourse analysis in which Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model was in focus. The study also contains the social constructivism as the science theoretical approach and media logic as the theory. The study's approach is based on reading news articles from the Swedish tabloid newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen. Relevant text from the news articles was extracted as quotes, which underlies the result presented. In our study we found, based on our questions, a pattern in the newspaper reports where there are links to attentive events such as children's deaths or inadequate interventions in a custody. From the knowledge gained from research and theory, it is easier for a newspaper to highlight drama and sensation of something that is negative, rather than positive. Based on our method and the result presented, we also identified a discourse that we chose to term as an acting discourse. Because on one hand, the tabloid newspapers criticizes social workers and their occupational role by questioning when a custody has taken place. On the other hand, the social workers are criticized when they have not intervened. It can be concluded that the underlying newspaper reports describe that the occupational role and competence of current social workers are a question of their behavior and non-action. From what we noted in the papers' reports, the image appears to be that the way newspapers portray/describe social workers is that, regardless of their actions social workers are perceived as not fulfilling the responsibility connected with their professional role.