Nors sportininkių skaičius nuolat auga, sportas vis dar yra suvokiamas kaip vyrams aktuali veikla, todėl natūralu, kad moterys, norėdamos sulaukti pripažinimo ir populiarumo, susiduria su eile apribojimų. Šio darbo tikslas yra išsiaiškinti, ar egzistuoja lyčių nelygybė sporte ir pastarosios įtaką kolektyvinio tapatumo formavimuisi komandinėje sporto šakoje, kaip būdui, siekiant sugriauti lytiškumu (sexism) paremtas struktūras. Teorinėje darbo dalyje remiantis socialinio pripažinimo, lyties kaip struktūros, galios sampratomis bei sportininkių/ sportininkų vaizdavimo ypatumais žiniasklaidoje parodoma, kad sportas dar tebėra vyrų dominavimo sritis. Aptariama teisinė bazė (Tarptautinių „Moterų ir sporto“ konferencijų principai, Title IX (JAV)), reglamentuojanti moterų teises sporte. Apžvelgiamos A.Melucci, V.Taylor ir N.Whittier kolektyvinio tapatumo sampratos leidžia suvokti, kaip grupė apibrėžia, kas ji yra, kaip konstruoja grupės sąmonę, bei kaip mobilizuojasi kovai prieš nusistovėjusį lyčių status quo. Tuo pačiu, pristatomas kolektyvinio tapatumo ryšys su lauko, socialinio pripažinimo sampratomis. Aptariamos sąlygos, sukeliančios kolektyvinio veiksmo atsiradimą. Pristatomas C.F. Pelak atliktas lyčių nelygybės ledo ritulyje tyrimas. Empirinės darbo dalies pagrindą sudaro atvejo – VU merginų krepšinio komanda – analizė, kurioje siekiama pažiūrėti, ar moteriškos lyties atstovės susiduria su lyčių nelygybė sporte ir kokia forma ji reiškiasi. Tuo pačiu, C.F.Pelak merginų ledo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Although the number of sportswomen grows, however the sport is conceptualized as exclusively male domain. For this reason, women, who want to be sport leaders have to confront with a lot of boundaries. The aim of this work is to find out whether gender inequality exists in sport and if it does, to show the role that collective identity plays in contesting sexism structures in team sports. According to conceptions of social recognition, gender as a social structure, power and presentation of sportsmen/sportswomen in media, the theoretical part of this work reveals that the sport is not just the male domain. In this part is described the legal basis (the principles of international “Women and sports” conferences Title IX (USA)) that regulates women‘s rights in sports. A.Melucci, V.Taylor and N.Whittier collective identity concepts allow us to examine the processe of how groups define who they are, contruct the group consciousness and mobilize against perceived injustices. Here are also discussed the circumstances that cause the rise of collective action. The research of gender differences in ice hockey by C.F. Pelak is presented. The empirical base of this work is a case study – VU women‘s basketball team – analysis, which helps to find out whether female confront gender inequality in sports and if they do, how it shows. The same indicators were adapted in making the interviews with the VU basketball players as in C.F.Pelak female ice hockey players research, in order to... [to full text]

The main aim of this study was to develop a diversity management content model based on the organisational team sport intervention and to compile a process model to implement organisational team sport in an organisation in nine financial organisations in Gauteng, South Africa. The diversity constraints relevant in this study were age, gender, race, religious beliefs, physical abilities, ethnicity, generation gaps, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, physical abilities, education, income, political beliefs and income. The study was conducted among 63 sport participants and nine sport coordinators employed at nine financial organisations in Gauteng, South Africa. The data were collected by means of focus group interviews with sport participants and individual interviews with sport coordinators. The results indicate that organisational team sport interventions as a diversity management initiative do have benefits for the employees (i.e. the employees learn more about and from one another, communicate openly, become friends, trust and respect one another, are able to work together in a team, have equal opportunities and there is less stereotyping/discrimination) and for the organisation (i.e. productivity, the company is able to achieve its goals, employees are more cohesive and able to work together, there is creativity, new ideas are generated and client service improves). The findings of this study contribute valuable new knowledge to the literature on the diversity management content model based on organisational team sport interventions because no studies have been conducted on an organisational team sport intervention model that can be utilised as a diversity model in organisations. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Com.

The diploma thesis gives the information of the preferences of locomotive activities at chosen groups of the students of South Bohemian University. The preferences of the students that study Physical Education have been compared to the preferences of the students of other pedagogical subjects and also the mutual comparison of locomotive activities of women and men has been done. The research has been performed in a questionnaire form. The results have shown that young people currently prefer both traditional sports, and new, modern kinds of sports, developed in the last ten years. These activities also reflect the development of the society and economics, and also technical possibilities in new sport facilities.

Méthode simple et non invasive permettant d’évaluer l’influence du système nerveux autonome (SNA) sur la fonction cardiaque. Le SNA est constitué de deux branches aux actions antagonistes. Celle dite sympathique est cardio-activatrice et celle dite parasympathique cardio-modératrice. Très étudié dans les sports d’endurance, les indicateurs parasympathiques de la VFC issus de l’analyse spectrale (Hautes fréquences, HF) et temporelle (RootMean Square of the Successive Differences, RMSSD) s’y avèrent pertinents pour le suivi d’entraînement. Dans un sport comme le football, le grand nombre de matchs durant la saison rend essentiel l’équilibre entre entraînement et récupération. Dans ce contexte,l’utilisation de la VFC peut aider les entraîneurs à optimiser l’entraînement et donc la performance physique des joueurs. Beaucoup de clubs Européens utilisent le marqueur recommandé dans les sports d’endurance (RMSSD). Or le football, sport intermittent,implique théoriquement plus des mécanismes sympathiques (réactivité) que parasympathiques.Effectivement, nos travaux, chez des footballeurs professionnels, montrent que RMSSD n’est pas l’indicateur le plus pertinent, que ce soit pour le suivi d’entraînement lors d’une pré-saison, que pour prédire la perception de la forme physique en compétition.L’analyse spectrale lors d’enregistrements dans la position debout se révèle logiquement plus adaptée puisque cette position met en oeuvre le système sympathique. Cependant, cette analyse ne permet pas d’identifier clairement les influences du SNA. De plus,nos résultats remettent en question l’attribution à l’influence parasympathique de RMSSD. En conclusion,la VFC en position debout est un outil pertinent dans la pratique d’un sport intermittent à haut niveau. / Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a simple and noninvasive tool to assess autonomic nervous system(ANS) influences to the heart. ANS is made of twoopposing effect branches. The sympathetic oneactivates the heart while the parasympathetic one slowsit down. Parasympathetic indicators derived from HRVare well studied in the context of endurance sports.They could be determined by means of time or spectralanalysis (Root mean Square of the Successive Difference, RMSSD, and High Frequency, HF, respectively). They provide key information to monitor training adaptation. In the case of soccer, a balance between training charge and recovery is necessary because of the numerous games during a whole season. HRV is supposed to assist coaches in order tooptimize training and thus players’ physical performance. Many European soccer clubs use the indicator recommended for endurance sports (RMSSD). However, soccer is an intermittent sport that involves theoretically more the sympathetic nervous system(reactivity) than the parasympathetic one. Our studies on professional soccer players show that RMSSD is not the most relevant indicator, neither to monitor training during a pre-season nor to predict fitness perception during competition. We demonstrated that HRV spectralanalysis performed while players are standing is more appropriate since this position involved the sympathetic nervous system. However, spectral analysis failed toidentify sympathetic nervous system as the key determinant of soccer training adaptation. In addition, our results challenged the link between RMSSD and the parasympathetic nervous system. In conclusion,spectral analysis of HRV performed in the standing position is a useful tool in the case of intermittent highlevel sports.

Introduction: Precompetitive emotions are important for team functioning, performance and satisfaction of being a team member. Social identity constitutes a necessary base for positive emotions (Lindwall et al., 2016). Limited research calls for further examination of the intensity and the directionality of precompetitive group-based emotions in team performance and the influence of different targets of social identity. Objective: To examine two levels of social identities and their influence on precompetitive group-based emotions and perceived directionality. Methods: Seventy-one Swedish senior football players (Mage = 25.35 ± 5.50 years of age) including both males (n = 36; Mage = 27.53 ± 5.63 years of age) and females (n = 35; Mage = 23.11 ± 4.40 years of age), completed an online survey including measurements of identification (Ray et al., 2008; Campo et al., 2019a) and I-PANAS (Thompson, 2007), with the additional inclusion of the direction scale (Jones & Swain, 1992). Results: Identification as a football player influenced precompetitive positive emotions (PE) toward opponents. Precompetitive PE toward both teammates and opponents showed a tendency to be facilitative for performance. Findings also showed gender differences for identification as a football player, precompetitive PE toward teammates and directionality of precompetitive PE and NE toward teammates. Conclusions: The present study further extends the importance of identification and group-based emotions in team sports and how group-based emotions affect team sport athletes. Coaches might adjust their communication to enhance identification of the team before and during competition and ultimately increase team performances. / Introduktion: Emotioner innan tävling är viktiga för lagets funktion, prestation och tillfredsställelse med att vara en medlem i laget. Social identitet är en nödvändig bas för positiva emotioner (Lindwall et al., 2016). Då det endast finns begränsad forskning krävs ytterligare undersökning av intensiteten och riktningen av grupp-baserade emotioner innan tävling i lagprestationer och dess påverkan av olika nivåer av social identitet. Syfte: Att undersöka två nivåer av sociala identiteter och deras inflytande på grupp-baserade emotioner innan tävling och dess riktning (påverkan) för prestation. Metod: Sjuttioen svenska seniorfotbollsspelare (Målder = 25.35 ± 5.50 år) med både män (n = 36; Målder = 27.53 ± 5.63 år) och kvinnor (n = 35; Målder = 23.11 ± 4.40 år) genomförde en online enkät innehållande mätningar av identifiering (Ray et al., 2008; Campo et al., 2019a), I-PANAS (Thompson, 2007) med den extra riktningsskalan (Jones & Swain, 1992). Resultat: Identifiering som fotbollsspelare påverkade positiva emotioner (PE) innan tävling mot motståndare. PE gentemot både lagkamrater och motståndare visade en tendens att främja prestation. Resultaten visade också könsskillnader för identifiering som fotbollsspelare, PE gentemot lagkamrater och riktning för PE och NE gentemot lagkamrater. Slutsats: Den aktuella studien utökar betydelsen av identifikation och grupp-baserade emotioner i lagidrotter och hur grupp-baserade emotioner påverkar lagidrottare. Tränare skulle kunna anpassa sin kommunikation för att höja lagidentifiering före och under tävling och slutligen förbättra lagprestation.

Background: Sports practice has been affected by confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This fact could cause a detraining effect and vary the levels of physical effort, habits and of physical activity in athletes. These factors could influence the degree of adaptation to physical exercise, increase the fatigue perception and be a difficulty when the athletes return to regular workouts. Objectives: To determine the associated factors to fatigue in college team-sports athletes in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional observational study in team-sports college athletes. Data collection was done through self-administered questionnaires and phone calls. Adapted Visual Analogue Fatigue Scale (VAS-F), Rating of Perceived Exertion (Borg Scale) and a survey with questions about habits and demographic characteristics were used. VAS-F was applied two times, at the beginning and the end of the day. Bivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the associated factors. Results: 95 athletes met the inclusion criteria, 60% of them were male. Likewise, 95% of the participants kept training at home and the majority maintained a high level of physical activity. Male athletes presented on average 9.78 points less of fatigue perception at the end of the day than women. No association was found between the fatigue perception and physical effort, nor the level of physical activity. Conclusions: Fatigue perception is a phenomenon that is not associated with the level of physical activity and perception of physical effort. In this study, differences in fatigue perception were found in accordance to gender and practiced sport. / Introducción: La práctica deportiva se ha visto afectada por el confinamiento debido a la pandemia de COVID-19. Este hecho podría causar un efecto de desentrenamiento y variar los niveles de esfuerzo físico, hábitos y nivel de actividad física en deportistas. Estos factores podrían influir en su grado de adaptación al ejercicio físico, aumentar su percepción de la fatiga y ser una dificultad cuando se retorne a los entrenamientos habituales. Objetivos: Determinar los factores asociados a la fatiga en deportistas universitarios en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal analítico en atletas universitarios de deportes colectivos. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante cuestionarios y llamadas telefónicas. Se utilizó la escala visual analógica adaptada para la fatiga (VAS-F), de percepción del esfuerzo físico (escala de Borg) y una encuesta con preguntas sobre hábitos y características demográficas. El VAS-F fue evaluado en dos momentos, al inicio y al final del día. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión lineal bivariada para la evaluación de los factores asociados. Resultados: 95 atletas cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. 60% de los deportistas eran varones. Así mismo, 95% de los participantes se mantuvo entrenando en casa y la mayoría mantuvo un nivel alto de actividad física. Los atletas varones presentaron en promedio 9.78 puntos menos de percepción de fatiga al final del día que las mujeres. No se encontró asociación entre la percepción de la fatiga y del esfuerzo físico, ni el nivel de actividad física. Conclusiones: La percepción de la fatiga es un fenómeno que no se asocia al nivel de actividad física y percepción del esfuerzo físico. En este estudio se hallaron diferencias de percepción de fatiga entre hombres, mujeres y algunos deportes. / Tesis

Background: Children and youths with neurodevelopmental disorders are less physically active and have inferior physical fitness levels than their typically developed peers. Organized activities, especially team sports, can be challenging to this group due to common socio-behavioral, linguistic, and personality characteristics and limitations in motor proficiency. Physical activity and team sports may benefit this group by improving cognition, attention, socio-emotional functioning, and motor skills. Aim: Explore the conditions for including children and youths with neurodevelopmental disorders in team sports in Sweden. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was applied. Semi-structured interviews investigated the structural and organizational practices surrounding barriers and enablers to inclusion and coach education. A nationwide web survey described the coaching population and assessed perceived knowledge and conditions for inclusion in team sports. Soccer, ice hockey, floorball, handball, and group gymnastics represented the team sports. A qualitative content analysis was applied to interview data, followed by descriptive and bivariate (chi-square and simple multinomial logistic regression) analyses and multiple multinomial logistic regressions. Results: This neurodiverse group was described as difficult to target due to its heterogeneity. Sports associations described going through an identity introspection and working on inclusion issues at large but had different ways of addressing neurodevelopmental disorders, and varying strategies to educate coaches. Most coaches reported receiving education outside of sports. 40% of coaches claimed to have knowledge of neurodevelopmental disorders, associated with personal experiences, female gender, and coaching older junior teams. 71.6% of coaches felt comfortable accommodating this group, also related to personal experience, coaching under 8 teams, knowing whom to turn to for support, and coaching older junior teams. Conclusion: While most coaches felt capable of accommodating children with neurodevelopmental disorders, coach knowledge was based on personal experiences and interests. Sports associations addressed the inclusion issue but need to develop their educational opportunities for coaches. Increased knowledge could make team sports more accessible to children with invisible disabilities. / Bakgrund: Barn och unga med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar är mindre fysiskt aktiva och har sämre fysisk kondition än sina neurotypiska jämlikar. Organiserade aktiviteter, särskilt lagidrott, kan utgöra en utmaning för denna grupp på grund av vanliga sociala, språkliga och personliga egenskaper och beteenden, samt motoriska begränsningar. Fysisk aktivitet och lagidrott kan gagna denna grupp genom att förbättra kognition, uppmärksamhet, socio-emotionella och motoriska färdigheter. Syfte: Att utforska förutsättningarna för att inkludera barn och unga med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar inom lagidrotten i Sverige. Metod: En blandad metod tillämpades. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att undersöka strukturell och organisatorisk praxis kring hinder och möjliggörare för inkludering och ledarutbildningar. En nationell webb-baserad tvärsnittsundersökning beskrev gruppen med ledare och undersökte ledares självskattade kunskap och förutsättningar för inkludering inom lagidrotten. Fotboll, ishockey, innebandy, handboll och truppgymnastik representerade lagidrotten. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys applicerades på intervjumaterialet, följt av deskriptiva och bivariata (chi2 samt enkel multinomial logistisk regression) analyser samt multivariata logistiska regressioner. Resultat: Denna neurodiversa grupp beskrevs som en svår målgrupp på grund av sin heterogenitet. Idrottsförbunden beskrev hur de analyserar sig själva och arbetar med inkludering i bred bemärkelse men har olika sätt att adressera neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar, samt varierande strategier för att utbilda ledare. De flesta ledare rapporterade att de genomgått sin utbildning utanför idrotten. 40% av ledarna ansåg sig ha kunskap om neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar, vilket kunde associeras med personlig erfarenhet, kvinnligt kön och att träna äldre juniorer. 71,6% av ledare kände sig bekväma i att bemöta denna grupp, vilket också kunde associeras med personlig erfarenhet, att träna under 8-åringar, veta vem man kan vända sig till för hjälp, samt att träna äldre juniorer. Slutsats: Medan de flesta ledare kände sig kapabla att bemöta barn med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar, baserades ledares kunskap på personlig erfarenhet och intresse. Idrottsförbunden adresserade inkluderingsfrågan men behöver utveckla utbildningsmöjligheterna för ledare. Ökad kunskap skulle kunna göra lagidrott mer tillgänglig för barn med osynliga funktionsnedsättningar.

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Prior to this thesis, there was a specialist course “Sport centre Za Lužánkami Brno”. This project was focused on planning of urbanism-architectural area with a mixture of renovated and new facilities with different functions for sport and leisure, together with professional sport opportunities. The emphasis was on collision-free paths for pedestrians and cyclists, clear transport links around the centre and terrain configuration of the area. The thesis follows on from this project, focusing on development between the hotel Bobycentrum in the South and the Lužánky swimming pool in the North. The idea of the proposal stems from the need to connect the development area to the existing network of pedestrian and cycle paths and the public transport system to minimise the use for individual car travel to the sport centre; and to connect existing and new facilities for leisure and sports. The Sport relax centre was designed with existing buildings in mind and partially follows their ground floor dimensions. The centre creates a barrier from the noisy and busy street and provides a calmer area for outdoor recreation. It fills a gap between the existing buildings and is encircled by a footpath at second level joining to the footbridges over Sportovní Street and the existing terrain in the north-western part. The footpath is ended by passageway between swimming pool and wellness centre. More and more people are looking for sport opportunities in cities however; there are still not enough quality grounds and facilities on offer. The facilities in this development are meant for regular trainings and recreation for the public, including parents with children, groups of friends as well as individual and team sports players, offering a range of day, evening and night activities both indoors and outdoors. Other facilities include outdoor changing rooms and sports equipment rental as well as spaces for meeting friends such as a restaurant, wellness and a dancing-hall.

Architectural study of the cycling studium/ runway / Favorit Brno / on the open space in. The urban problem of the present area is the poor technical condition of the buildings, the inadequate function of the buildings. The aim of the proposal is to create a significant area of both professional and recreational sport. The main part of the work is devoted to the design of a new cycling stadium owned by TJ Favorit Brno. The hall should have sufficient capacity and facilities to hold international sporting events in cycling and athletics. At the same time it should be useful for smaller races and other events. Another requirement is that the stadium can provide enough facilities for the TJ Favorit Brno cycling club. The home base is currently a cycling stadium at the Brno Exhibition Grounds. This stadium is currently inadequate, serving only as a training course. It does not meet the conditions of the International Federation of UCI. The design of the variable space of the hall deserves a further attention at least, beacuse it will serve athletics or other sporting events. The cycling stadium is located in the northern part of the grounds. It places emphasis on the scattered surfaces in the immediate vicinity of the stadium, easy orientation and layout of entries from all sides of the object, separation of athletes from spectators. The main expression element of the exterior is a glazed facade wall, with a perforated sheet metal. Providing night lighting and putting visitors into action. The attractiveness of the whole area is enhanced by the newly designed park. A café and relaxation areas are also proposed. The total area will be separated from traffic. Two parking spaces with sufficient capacity for the whole area will be created at its edge. Transport within the premises will only be accessible for service and operation.