Inledning: Ny statistik visar att handboll är den lagidrott med störst förekomst av skador. Många kliniska studier beskriver svårigheterna med att veta när en spelare säkert kan återgå till idrott efter skada. I dagsläget jämförs det skadade benet med det friska vad gäller exempelvis muskelstyrka vid återgång till idrott. Det som i dagsläget är oklart är om det hos handbollsspelare är lämpligt att använda det friska benet som kontrollben. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hypotesen att kvinnliga handbollsspelare på elitnivå är starkare och har en bättre funktionell förmåga i sitt hoppben kontra icke- hoppben. Metod: En kvantitativ hypotesprövande tvärsnittsstudie utfördes där totalt 11 friska kvinnliga spelare i elitserien i handboll deltog. Deltagarna utförde vid ett tillfälle tre olika enbenstester vilka var sittande knäextensionsstyrka en repetition maximum (1 RM), enbensuppresning från box 30 sek samt enbenslängdhopp. Resultat: Deltagarna visade signifikant större styrka i hoppbenet kontra icke hoppbenet i knäextension 1 RM (p=0,03). Inga signifikanta skillnader kunde däremot påvisas mellan hoppben och icke-hoppben i enbensuppresning (p= 0,53) eller enbens längdhopp (p= 0,31). Slutsats: Studien visar att kvinnliga handbollsspelare är signifikant starkare i sitt hoppben kontra icke-hoppben i knäextension. Vid bedömning av muskelstyrka i samband med återgång till idrott efter knäskada på hoppbenet bör därför strängare kriterier än idag användas, förslagsvis 100 procent av icke-hoppben. Vid enbensuppresningstest och enbens längdhopp noterades inte några signifikanta sidoskillnader mellan hoppben kontra icke-hoppben, vilket gör att standardkriteriet, 90 procent förmåga jämfört med friskt ben bedöms vara tillräckligt för dessa test.       Nyckelord: Enbenstest, Lagidrott, Sidoskillnader, Återgång till idrott / Introduction: New statistics show that handball has the highest incidents of injuries in comparison to other team sports. Many clinical studies describe the difficulty of knowing when a player can safely return to sports after an injury. The meisurment in muscle strength before returning to sports is today a comparisment between the injuried leg and the healthy leg. It is rather unclear wether it is appropriate to use the healthy leg as the control leg when it comes to handball players. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis whether elite female handball players are stronger and have better functional capability in their jump leg compared to the non-jump leg. Method: A quantitative hypothesis examining study of 11 female players in the swedish handball premier league. Participants performed three different one leg tests each. These where, maximum strength seated knee extension using one repetition maximum (1 RM). One leg raised from a box for 30 seconds and one leg horizontal jump. Results: The participants had significantly greater strength in the jump leg versus the non-jump leg in the knee extension at 1 RM (p= 0.03). However no significant differences could be found between the jump leg and the non-jump leg in one leg raises (p=0.53) and in the one leg horizontal jump (p=0.31). Conclusion: This study has shown that female handball players are significantly stronger in their jump leg compared to the non-jump leg in knee extension. In assessing muscle strength associated with returning to the sport after an knee injury in the jump leg there should be a stricter criteria used. For example a 100 precent of the non-jump leg. The tests of the one leg raises and the one leg horizontal jumps found no significant differences between the jump leg and the non-jump leg. This results in the standard criteria of the 90 precent capacity comparing the injuried leg and healthy leg and therefore would be concidered sufficient enough for these tests when returning to sports.       Keywords: One leg tests, Team sports, Side differences, Return to sport

Undersökningen har studerat hur sex elitidrottande kvinnor upplever sin självkänsla kopplat till bas-självkänsla och prestationsbaserad självkänsla. Det tar utgångspunkt i att elitidrott är en prestationsinriktad miljö som med omgivningens krav ställer press på idrottarna. Undersökningen utgick från två olika perspektiv, de som är aktiva och de som inte är aktiva, där antalet var jämnt fördelat. Respondenterna delades sedan in i en av fyra grupper som mäter hur hög eller låg bas-självkänslan och den prestationsbaserade självkänslan är. Grupp 1 beskrivs som hög bas-självkänsla och hög prestationsbaserad självkänsla, grupp 2 beskrivs som låg bas- självkänsla och hög prestationsbaserad självkänsla. Resterande grupper 3 och 4 beskrivs antingen ha hög eller låg bas-självkänsla och låg prestationsbaserad självkänsla. Undersökningens resultat visade på att tre av respondenterna blev placerade i grupp 1 och tre respondenter i grupp 2. Resultatet av undersökningen menar på att samtliga respondenter upplever en hög prestationsbaserad självkänsla, som kännetecknas genom att de har en stark tillhörighet till sin idrott och upplever starka känslor för att prestera. Varje respondent påverkas olika men utgår efter liknande känslor och tankar vilket skapar en tydlig bild över att fenomenet kan skapa motivation till att prestera men också vara en faktor till att psykisk ohälsa existerar inom idrotten. / The study has shown how six women in elite sports experience their self-esteem based on basic self-esteem and performance-based self-esteem. This is developed on the premise that elite sports are a performance-oriented environment which, with the demands of the environment, puts pressure on the athletes. The study takes on two different perspectives, those that are active and those who are not active anymore, where the number is evenly distributed. The respondents were then divided into one of four groups, that measure how high or low the base self-esteem and the performance-based self-esteem are. Group 1 is described as high-base self-esteem and high-performance-based self-esteem, group 2 is described as low-base self-esteem and high performance-based self- esteem. Remaining groups 3 and 4 are described as having either high or low base self-esteem and low performance-based self-esteem. The results of the survey showed that three of the respondents were placed in group 1 and three of the respondents in group 2. The survey states that all respondents experience a high performance-based self-esteem, which is characterized by having a strong belonging for their sport and experiencing strong feelings for performing. Each respondent is affected differently but is based on similar feelings and thoughts. It creates a clear picture that the phenomena can be able to bring motivation to performance but also develop the mental illness that exists in sport.

The main aim of this dissertation was to examine the relationship between team success and team cohesiveness with a sample of elite youth sport teams. The secondary aim of this international thesis was to translate and analyze the psychometric properties of responses to the Czech and Slovak versions of the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ; Eys, Loughead, Bray, & Carron, 2009b) in a sample of elite youth handball and soccer players. The accomplishment of the second purpose involved three phases of research. First, the questionnaire was translated into the Czech and Slovak languages by method of parallel back-translation. In Phase 2, feedback was sought on the translated versions of each questionnaire from both researchers (N = 2) and athletes (N = 52) to ensure the clarity of the instructions and the readability of the items. Subsequent confirmatory analyses in the final phase provided an adequate fitting model for both Czech and Slovak versions with an independent sample (N = 352) from youth sport teams. These results offer further support to Eys et al.'s (2009b) proposed two dimensional model underlying their measure of cohesion for youth sport groups. In terms of the general purpose, we employed structural equation modeling to examine the direction of that relationship via a...

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T20:24:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T13:05:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T13:05:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever e analisar a dinâmica da carga interna de treinamento em um macrociclo de futsal de alto rendimento utilizando-se o método da Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço (PSE) da sessão, e verificar a relação entre a carga de treinamento (CT) aplicada em longo prazo nesta modalidade e as respostas longitudinais dos marcadores bioquímicos creatinaquinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), n° de hemácias, hemoglobina e hematócrito; dos marcadores imunológicos n° de leucócitos, n° de neutrófilos e n° de linfócitos; e do marcador psicológico RESTQ-76 SPORT. A amostra foi composta por 13 atletas participantes da Liga Nacional Brasileira de futsal (26,9 ± 5,4 anos, 73,8 ± 4,7 kg). Calculou-se a carga de treinamento semanal total (CTST), monotonia e strain durante 37 semanas divididas em Período Preparatório (PP), Período Competitivo I (PCI) e Período Competitivo II (PCII). Ao final dos mesociclos (meso) 2 ao 8 foram analisadas as variáveis bioquímicas, imunológicas e psicológicas. Utilizando ANOVA de medidas repetidas, seguida pelo post-hoc de Bonferroni observa-se que PP apresentou maiores CTSTs que PCI e PCII. Utilizando o mesmo procedimento estatístico, foram observadas as diferenças significativas para CTST entre os mesos: 4 menor que 1, 2, 3 e 7; 5 menor que 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7; 6 menor que 1; 8 e 9 menores que 1, 2, 3, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Utilizando teste correlação de Pearson foram observadas correlações significativas, porém, de nível baixo entre CK x CTST e LDH x CTST, considerando os valores da média da carga no mesociclo, além de correlação significativa e moderada entre CK x CTST da semana anterior. Também foram encontradas correlações significativas de nível moderado da CK com algumas escalas do RESTQ-76 SPORT. Pode-se concluir que os atletas foram submetidos a uma elevada carga durante o PP, e uma subsequente redução da mesma no Período Competitivo (PC). Entretanto, devido à longa duração do PC no futsal, são necessárias aplicações de cargas elevadas em alguns momentos deste período. Além disso, a CT apresenta uma característica oscilatória, adaptando-se ao calendário competitivo. Também se conclui que os marcadores bioquímicos, imunológicos e psicológicos utilizados neste estudo não apresentaram relação com a CT aplicada em longo prazo. Todavia, a CK se apresenta como uma variável que pode ser mais sensível a cargas aplicadas em ciclos mais curtos de treinamento, e o RESTQ- 76 SPORT se apresentou como um bom indicador para detectar o estado de fadiga. / The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the dynamics of internal training load in a macrocycle of high-performance futsal using the session Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and verify the relationship between training load applied to long-term and longitudinal responses of biochemical markers creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit; immunological markers number of leukocytes, number of neutrophils and number of lymphocytes; and psychological marker RESTQ-76 SPORT. The sample consisted of 13 athletes participating in the Brazilian Futsal National League (26.9 ± 5.4 years, 73.8 ± 4.7 kg). The total weekly training load (CTST), monotony and strain were calculated, over 37 weeks divided into preparation period (PP), competitive period I (PCI) and competitive period II (PCII). At the end of mesocycles (meso) 2 to 8, biochemical, immunological and psychological variables were analyzed. Using repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test, the PP was shown to have CTST larger than the PCI and PCII. Using the same procedure, significant differences were observed in CST among the mesos: 4 < 1, 2, 3 e 7; 5 < 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7; 6 < 1; 8 e 9 < 1, 2, 3, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Using Pearson correlation, were founded significant correlations, however with low level between CK x CTST and LDH x CTST considering the average mesocycle values, in addition to a moderate and significant correlation between CK x CTST of the previous week. Significant correlations were also found at a moderate level between CK and some scales in RESTQ-76 SPORT. We can conclude that the athletes were subjected to a high CT during the PP, and a subsequent decrease in competitive period (PC). However, due to long-term PC in futsal, applications of high loads are needed in the competitive period. In addition, CT has an oscillatory characteristic, adapting to the competition schedule. We also conclude that the biochemical, immunological and psychological markers used in this study did not correlate with CT applied to a long term. However, is a variable that could be more sensitive to loads applied at shorter training cycles, and RESTQ-76 SPORT is a good indicator to detect the fatigue state.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever e analisar a dinâmica da carga interna de treinamento em um macrociclo de futsal de alto rendimento utilizando-se o método da Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço (PSE) da sessão, e verificar a relação entre a carga de treinamento (CT) aplicada em longo prazo nesta modalidade e as respostas longitudinais dos marcadores bioquímicos creatinaquinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), n° de hemácias, hemoglobina e hematócrito; dos marcadores imunológicos n° de leucócitos, n° de neutrófilos e n° de linfócitos; e do marcador psicológico RESTQ-76 SPORT. A amostra foi composta por 13 atletas participantes da Liga Nacional Brasileira de futsal (26,9 ± 5,4 anos, 73,8 ± 4,7 kg). Calculou-se a carga de treinamento semanal total (CTST), monotonia e strain durante 37 semanas divididas em Período Preparatório (PP), Período Competitivo I (PCI) e Período Competitivo II (PCII). Ao final dos mesociclos (meso) 2 ao 8 foram analisadas as variáveis bioquímicas, imunológicas e psicológicas. Utilizando ANOVA de medidas repetidas, seguida pelo post-hoc de Bonferroni observa-se que PP apresentou maiores CTSTs que PCI e PCII. Utilizando o mesmo procedimento estatístico, foram observadas as diferenças significativas para CTST entre os mesos: 4 menor que 1, 2, 3 e 7; 5 menor que 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7; 6 menor que 1; 8 e 9 menores que 1, 2, 3, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Utilizando teste correlação de Pearson foram observadas correlações significativas, porém, de nível baixo entre CK x CTST e LDH x CTST, considerando os valores da média da carga no mesociclo, além de correlação significativa e moderada entre CK x CTST da semana anterior. Também foram encontradas correlações significativas de nível moderado da CK com algumas escalas do RESTQ-76 SPORT. Pode-se concluir que os atletas foram submetidos a uma elevada carga durante o PP, e uma subsequente redução da mesma no Período Competitivo (PC). Entretanto, devido à longa duração do PC no futsal, são necessárias aplicações de cargas elevadas em alguns momentos deste período. Além disso, a CT apresenta uma característica oscilatória, adaptando-se ao calendário competitivo. Também se conclui que os marcadores bioquímicos, imunológicos e psicológicos utilizados neste estudo não apresentaram relação com a CT aplicada em longo prazo. Todavia, a CK se apresenta como uma variável que pode ser mais sensível a cargas aplicadas em ciclos mais curtos de treinamento, e o RESTQ- 76 SPORT se apresentou como um bom indicador para detectar o estado de fadiga. / The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the dynamics of internal training load in a macrocycle of high-performance futsal using the session Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and verify the relationship between training load applied to long-term and longitudinal responses of biochemical markers creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit; immunological markers number of leukocytes, number of neutrophils and number of lymphocytes; and psychological marker RESTQ-76 SPORT. The sample consisted of 13 athletes participating in the Brazilian Futsal National League (26.9 ± 5.4 years, 73.8 ± 4.7 kg). The total weekly training load (CTST), monotony and strain were calculated, over 37 weeks divided into preparation period (PP), competitive period I (PCI) and competitive period II (PCII). At the end of mesocycles (meso) 2 to 8, biochemical, immunological and psychological variables were analyzed. Using repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test, the PP was shown to have CTST larger than the PCI and PCII. Using the same procedure, significant differences were observed in CST among the mesos: 4 < 1, 2, 3 e 7; 5 < 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7; 6 < 1; 8 e 9 < 1, 2, 3, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Using Pearson correlation, were founded significant correlations, however with low level between CK x CTST and LDH x CTST considering the average mesocycle values, in addition to a moderate and significant correlation between CK x CTST of the previous week. Significant correlations were also found at a moderate level between CK and some scales in RESTQ-76 SPORT. We can conclude that the athletes were subjected to a high CT during the PP, and a subsequent decrease in competitive period (PC). However, due to long-term PC in futsal, applications of high loads are needed in the competitive period. In addition, CT has an oscillatory characteristic, adapting to the competition schedule. We also conclude that the biochemical, immunological and psychological markers used in this study did not correlate with CT applied to a long term. However, is a variable that could be more sensitive to loads applied at shorter training cycles, and RESTQ-76 SPORT is a good indicator to detect the fatigue state.

Introduktion: Fysisk aktivitet är en friskfaktor för psykisk hälsa och COVID-19 har bidragit till att aktiviteter för vuxna atleter har ställts in till viss mån. Elitatleter har kunnat utöva sina sporter. Men dodgeballspelare klassificeras inte som elit trots att de representerar sina nationer i Europeiska Mästerskapen i Dodgeball och har därför inte kunnat spela i samma omfattning till följd av restriktioner och rekommendationer. Syfte: Syftet med tvärsnittsstudien var att jämföra påverkan som strikta COVID-19 restriktioner i England med de rekommendationer som gavs i Sverige mellan april 2020 och mars 2021 med hänsyn till självrapporterad mental hälsa hos dodgeballspelare, 20–35 år tävlande på internationell nivå. Metod: En jämförande tvärsnittsenkätstudie utfördes genom ett bekvämlighetsurval av n=22 engelska atleter och n=15 svenska atleter i åldrarna 20 till 35 år för att undersöka huruvida avsaknad av dodgeball bidragit till sämre mental hälsa. Data analyserades genom chitvå-tester i Microsoft Excel. Resultat: Det fanns inga statistiska samband mellan atleternas mentala hälsa och avsaknad av att spela dodgeball. Männen påvisade större ökning av ångestkänslor under april 2020 och mars 2021 jämfört med kvinnor. Slutsats: Manliga atleter påvisade en ökning av ångestkänslor under utbrottet av COVID-19, vilket skulle behöva utredas närmare för att klargöra varför. / Introduction: Physical activity is a preventative factor for mental health and during COVID-19 adult athletes have experienced a lot of their sports activities cancelled. Elite sports have been able to continue. However, dodgeball athletes representing their nation at events such as Dodgeball European Championships do not qualify as elite athletes and have therefore not been able to play to a certain extent due to restrictions and recommendations. Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the impact of strict COVID-19 restrictions in England and the recommendations given in Sweden between April 2020 and March 2021 on self-reported mental health among dodgeball players aged 20-35 competing at an international level. Method: A cross-sectional study survey was conducted through convenience sampling of n=22 English athletes and n=15 Swedish athletes aged 20 to 35 years old to conclude whether the lack of dodgeball had contributed to worse mental health. The data were analysed using chi-square in Microsoft Excel. Results: There were no statistical correlations between mental health and lack of playing dodgeball. Men did show increased feelings of anxiety in comparison with women between the period of April 2020 and March 2021. Conclusion: Male athletes showed increased feelings of anxiousness during the outbreak of COVID-19, there should be some investigations to figure out why.

Tidigare forskning visar på att ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning (IF) inte deltar i lagidrott i samma mån som andra ungdomar. Forskningen pekar på anpassningar som krävs för att möjliggöra deltagandet i en lagidrott, så som anpassningar på träningar, kompetenta tränare, anpassad kommunikation baserad på individens förmåga och stöd från familj eller anhöriga. Denna studies syfte är att, utifrån tränares perspektiv, undersöka behovet av paraidrottsföreningar och paraidrottslag för ungdomar med IF och hur de arbetar för att möjliggöra social delaktighet för ungdomar med IF. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ ansats där insamlingen av data skedde genom sju semistrukturerade intervjuer via Zoom, Teams, Face-Time och via telefonsamtal. Det insamlade empiriska materialet från intervjuerna, analyserades med en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet i denna studie visar att informanterna upplevde att det fanns ett behov av lag eller föreningar som riktade sig till denna målgrupp, det fanns en efterfrågan från ungdomarna själva, då vissa ungdomar med IF inte känt att de haft ett lag där de passat in eller hängt med i instruktioner eller fysiskt med sina lagkamrater när de tidigare deltagit i lag med ungdomar som inte hade IF. Informanterna menade även att denna målgrupp behövde bli mer fysiskt aktiva för deras hälsa, såväl fysiskt som psykiskt. Ett sätt att vara mer fysiskt aktiv och främja den sociala delaktigheten är att delta i en lagidrott. Men för att kunna delta i en lagidrott krävs en del anpassningar så som bildstöd eller stöttning i den sociala interaktionen med andra spelare. Att delta i en lagidrott ger många fördelar, så som bättre fysik, en ökad möjlighet för att knyta sociala band och ökad självkänsla och tilltro till sig själv.

The main aim of this dissertation was to examine the relationship between team success and team cohesiveness with a sample of elite youth sport teams. The secondary aim of this international thesis was to translate and analyze the psychometric properties of responses to the Czech and Slovak versions of the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ; Eys, Loughead, Bray, & Carron, 2009b) in a sample of elite youth handball and soccer players. The accomplishment of the second purpose involved three phases of research. First, the questionnaire was translated into the Czech and Slovak languages by method of parallel back-translation. In Phase 2, feedback was sought on the translated versions of each questionnaire from both researchers (N = 2) and athletes (N = 52) to ensure the clarity of the instructions and the readability of the items. Subsequent confirmatory analyses in the final phase provided an adequate fitting model for both Czech and Slovak versions with an independent sample (N = 352) from youth sport teams. These results offer further support to Eys et al.'s (2009b) proposed two dimensional model underlying their measure of cohesion for youth sport groups. In terms of the general purpose, we employed structural equation modeling to examine the direction of that relationship via a...

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The main aim of this study was to develop a diversity management content model based on the organisational team sport intervention and to compile a process model to implement organisational team sport in an organisation in nine financial organisations in Gauteng, South Africa. The diversity constraints relevant in this study were age, gender, race, religious beliefs, physical abilities, ethnicity, generation gaps, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, physical abilities, education, income, political beliefs and income. The study was conducted among 63 sport participants and nine sport coordinators employed at nine financial organisations in Gauteng, South Africa. The data were collected by means of focus group interviews with sport participants and individual interviews with sport coordinators. The results indicate that organisational team sport interventions as a diversity management initiative do have benefits for the employees (i.e. the employees learn more about and from one another, communicate openly, become friends, trust and respect one another, are able to work together in a team, have equal opportunities and there is less stereotyping/discrimination) and for the organisation (i.e. productivity, the company is able to achieve its goals, employees are more cohesive and able to work together, there is creativity, new ideas are generated and client service improves). The findings of this study contribute valuable new knowledge to the literature on the diversity management content model based on organisational team sport interventions because no studies have been conducted on an organisational team sport intervention model that can be utilised as a diversity model in organisations. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / D. Com.