Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07312.pdf: 3603508 bytes, checksum: 963e59f9eb3fb8b6959c554770d86544 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Um estudo do decaimento β- do 127Te, via espectroscopia gama, foi realizado utilizando um detector de HPGe de alta resolução. As medidas foram realizadas na região de energia de 30 keV a 1,0 MeV, com o objetivo de obter uma melhor compreensão de sua estrutura nuclear. As fontes radioativas de 127Te foram obtidas a partir da reação nuclear 126Te(n,γ)127Te, produzidas no reator IEA-R1 do IPEN/CNEN-SP. Cinco transições anteriormente atribuídas a este decaimento foram confirmadas com melhor precisão. Foi realizada também a medida da meia-vida do 127Te com incerteza significativamente menor. Utilizando um conjunto dos dados experimentais, selecionados da medida de espectroscopia gama, foi elaborada e aplicada uma proposta didática para alunos do Ensino Médio utilizando o programa Excel. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Os métodos de análises por fluorescência ganham destaque frente a outros métodos devido a simplicidade nos protocolos de análise, equipamentos de baixo custo e alta sensibilidade (ppb). Devido a isso, sensores moleculares fluorescentes são ferramentas analíticas muito poderosas na detecção de diversos analitos. Nas últimas duas décadas, diversos grupos de pesquisa vêm desenvolvendo sensores cada vez mais seletivos e sensíveis. Nesse contexto, os calcogênios estão ganhando cada vez mais destaque como ligantes seletivos para uma série de analitos, especialmente para espécies oxidantes. Entretanto, sensores baseados em selênio e, especialmente telúrio, são pouco explorados na elaboração de sensores na detecção de cátions metálicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização de selênio e telúrio no design, síntese e aplicação de novas estruturas moleculares fluorescentes para detecção de metais pesados e tóxicos. Para isso, a partir de uma matriz fluorescente, a rodamina B, foram preparados três novos sensores baseados em Se (Rh-Se) e Te (TR e TBR) para detecção seletiva de Hg2+ e Pd2+. O primeiro composto preparado foi TR, e o planejamento da sua estrutura fundamentou-se em um diaril telureto conjugado com a rodamina B. A síntese foi conduzida em quatro etapas com um rendimento global de 11%. Através de um mecanismo envolvendo a rápida oxidação do telúrio ocasionado por Hg2+/H2O, foi observado uma forte emissão de fluorescência (Φ = 0,41) ocasionada pela formação de um teluróxido. O sensor TR apresentou alta seletividade para Hg2+ e uma boa sensibilidade, tendo um limite de detecção de 2,95 µmol/L. O segundo sensor sintetizado TBR é baseado em um dímero de TR contendo duas unidades de rodamina, preparado em apenas duas etapas, em 17% de rendimento. Semelhante a TR, TBR também apresentou ótima seletividade para Hg2+, entretanto, apresentou maior sensibilidade, com limite de detecção de 1,71 µmol/L. Esses sensores TR e TBR representaram uma contribuição importante na química de telúrio, já que foi a primeira vez que foi possível empregar o processo de oxidação de telúrio (II) a um teluróxido, assistido por Hg2+ em meio aquoso, no desenvolvimento de um sensor molecular fluorescente. O terceiro sensor desenvolvido foi Rh-Se, que consistiu na estrutura de um metil seleneto de arila, ligado à rodamina através de um espaçador (etilenodiamina). O sensor Rh-Se demostrou alta seletividade para Pd2+, entre 25 cátions submetidos a análise. A interação entre Rh-Se e Pd2+ ocorre por coordenação através da formação de um complexo quadrado planar que emite uma forte fluorescência em 588 nm ( = 0,17). Além disso, Rh-Se apresentou alta sensibilidade, podendo detectar Pd2+ em soluções altamente diluídas (32 nmol/L; 4 ppb). O sensor Rh-Se demostrou um alto potencial analítico, podendo ser aplicado na detecção de traços de paládio (II) em amostras \"idealizadas\" de produtos sintéticos e farmacêuticos. / The analytical methods by fluorescence gain emphasis on other methods due to their simple analytical protocols, low cost equipments and high sensibility (ppb). Because of this, florescent molecular sensors are very powerful analytical tools in the detection of several analytes. In the last two decades, many research groups have been developing more and more selective and sensible sensors. In this context, the chalcogens gain more and more prominence as selective ligands for a series of analytes, especially for oxidant species. However, sensors based on selenium and especially tellurium are less explored in the detection of metallic cations. The present work aims to use selenium and tellurium in the design, synthesis and application of new fluorescent molecular structures to detect heavy and toxic metals. For this, from a fluorescent matrix, rhodamine B, three new sensors based on selenium (Rh-Se) and tellurium (TR and TBR) were prepared to detect selectively Hg2+ and Pd2+. The first compound prepared was TR and the planning of the structure was substantiated in the diaryl telluride conjugated with the rhodamine B. The synthesis was conducted in four steps with a global yield of 11%. Through a mechanism involving the fast oxidation of tellurium involving the rapid oxidation of tellurium caused by Hg2+/H2O it is observed a strong emission of fluorescence (Φ = 0.41) caused by the formation of a telluroxide. The sensor TR presented high selectivity to Hg2+ and a good sensibility, having a limit of detection of 2.95 µmol/L. The second sensor synthetized TBR was based in a dimer of TR containing two unities of rhodamine, prepared in only one step, with a yield of 17%. Similar to TR, TBR also presented great selectivity for Hg2+ however, presented higher sensibility, with a limit of detection of 1.71 µmol/L. These sensors TR and TBR represent an important contribution in the chemistry of tellurium once it was the first time that it was possible to use the process of oxidation of tellurium (II) to a telluroxide, assisted by Hg2+ in aqueous environment, in the development of a fluorescent molecular sensor. The third sensor developed was Rh-Se that consisted in the structure of a aryl methyl selenide bonded to the rhodamine by a spacer (ethylenediamine). The sensor Rh-Se demonstrated high selectivity for Pd2+, among the 25 metallic cations analyzed. The interaction between Rh-Se and Pd2+ occurs by coordination through the formation of a square planar complex that emits a strong fluorescence emission in 588 nm (Φ = 0,17). Besides, Rh-Se presented high sensibility, being able to detect Pd2+ in a highly diluted solution (32 nmol/L; 4 ppb). The sensor Rh-Se demonstrated a high analytical potential and it can be applied in the detection of traces of Pd2+ in idealized samples of synthetic and pharmaceutical product.

O objetivo do presente projeto é a síntese do total Siphonodiol, utilizando algumas das reações já estudadas sistematicamente no laboratório. Trata-se de um produto natural do grupo dos poliacetilenos que apresenta uma potente atividade fungicida. A síntese enantiosseletiva da porção diol pode ser efetuada em três etapas a partir do ácido ascórbico, por uma seqüência de reações de redução e oxidação já descritas na literatura. Os demais fragmentos a serem preparados consistem em reações de abertura de éteres cíclicos em meio ácido, reações de proteção e desproteção com reagentes de silício, reações de transmetalações e acoplamentos de teluretos vinílicos e, como etapa chave para a obtenção do Siphonodiol, reações de acoplamento do tipo Cadiot-Chodkiewicz. A estratégia sintética para a preparação do Siphonodiol é apresentada abaixo. / The main objective of this project consists in the total synthesis of Siphonodiol using reactions already systematically studied in our group. Siphonodiol is a natural product of the group of polyacetylenes which exhibits a potent antifungal activity. The enantioselective synthesis of the diol fragment was effected in three steps from ascorbic acid by means of a sequence of reduction-oxidation reactions already described in the literature. The others fragments were synthesized by cyclic ether ring opening reaction in acid media, protection/deprotecting reactions with silicon reagents, transmetalation reactions and coupling reactions with vinylic tellurides and, the key step to obtain the Siphonodiol, the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling reaction. The synthetic strategy to the synthesis of Siphonodiol is presents bellow.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In view of the need to expand the toxicologic studies of organochalcogens in biological systems, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exposure to organic compounds of selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) on the structural and functional integrity of human cells in vitro. The erythrocytes and leukocytes cells were isolated and incubated with the vehicle or different compounds of Se and Te at concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 μM. After the incubation period, the structural and functional integrity of erythrocytes were evaluated through the osmotic fragility test, Na+/K+ ATPase and catalase activities, reactive oxygen species and SH levels. In leukocytes was verified the cell viability and DNA damage. The results showed that the hemolysis, measured through the test of osmotic fragility, was significantly increased in erythrocytes exposed to the compound diphenyl selenide (II), diphenyl diselenide (III), diphenyl telluride (IV), diphenyl ditelluride (V ), (S)-2-amino-1-diselenide-3-methylpropanyl (IX), butyl (styryl) telluride (XIII) and 2 - (butyltellurium) furan (XIV) when compared to controls. The organic compounds II and XIII, that had greater hemolytic effect, did not alter the activity of catalase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and SH levels. However, these compounds caused a significant inhibition on the activity of the enzyme Na+/K+ ATPase in a concentration dependent manner. This inhibition was totally reversed by addition of DTT, showing that the organochalcogens have affinity for thiol groups of the enzyme. Moreover, the rate of oxidation of DTT was significantly increased in the presence of both compounds, suggesting a thiol oxidase activity. Indeed, the compounds II and XIII were genotoxic and cytotoxic to human leukocytes. / Tendo em vista a ambigüidade de efeitos que podem ser exibidos pelos organocalcogênios e a necessidade de ampliar os estudos toxicológicos dos mesmos nos sistemas biológicos; o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da exposição de compostos orgânicos de selênio (Se) e telúrio (Te) sobre a integridade estrutural e funcional de eritrócitos humanos in vitro, assim como sobre o DNA de leucócitos humanos in vitro. Os eritrócitos e os leucócitos foram isolados e incubados com o veículo e diferentes compostos de Se e Te nas concentrações de 50, 75 e 100 μM. Após o período de incubação, a integridade estrutural e funcional dos eritrócitos foi avaliada através do teste de fragilidade osmótica, da atividade das enzimas Na+/K+ATPase e catalase e da determinação dos níveis de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e de grupos -SH. Em leucócitos foi avaliado o dano no DNA e a viabilidade celular. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a hemólise, calculada através do teste de fragilidade osmótica, foi significativamente aumentada nos eritrócitos expostos aos compostos seleneto de difenila (II), disseleneto de difenila (III), telureto de difenila (IV), diterureto de difenila (V), (S)-2-amino-1- disseleneto-3-metilpropanil (IX), butil(stiril)telureto (XIII) e 2-(butiltelúrio)furano (XIV) quando comparado com os compostos usados como controles. Os compostos orgânicos de Se e de Te que apresentaram maior efeito hemolítico sobre os eritrócitos (II e XIII), não alteraram a atividade da enzima catalase e os níveis de EROs e grupos SH. No entanto, ambos os compostos (II e XIII) causaram uma inibição significativa na atividade da enzima sulfidrílica Na+/K+ATPase, que foi dependente da concentração desses. Esta inibição foi totalmente revertida pela adição de ditiotreitol (DTT), demostrando que os organocalcogênios testados possuem afinidade pelos grupos tióis da enzima. Além disso, os compostos II e XIII exibiram atividade tiol oxidase, aumentando a taxa de oxidação do DTT. Em leucócitos os organocalcogênios II e XIII causaram efeitos genotóxicos e citotóxicos, verificados pelo testes do cometa e de viabilidade celular.

The complete understanding of a clusters electronic structure, the primary mechanisms for its properties and stabilization is necessary in order to functionalize them for use as building blocks within novel materials. First principle theoretical studies have been carried out upon the electronic properties of CrxTey (x = 1 – 6, y = 0 – 8, x + y ≤ 14), as well as for the larger triethylphosphine (PEt3) ligated cluster system of Cr6Te8(PEt3)6. Together, we aim to use the information garnered from the smaller clusters to address the underlying behavior of the ligated Cr6Te8(PEt3)6. Additionally, the properties of this larger cluster will be used to further understand its role when paired with C60 within the binary cluster assembled material. The stability and macroscopic properties of the Cr6Te8(PEt3)6 cluster, have been found to be sensitive to type of passivating ligand. As will be shown, the ground state structures of Crn atoms are sensitive to both the number and position of bonded Te atoms. Moreover, that this sensitivity carries over into larger cluster sizes, and at several size intervals produces clusters with high magnetization. To this, we add the investigation into the manipulation of the Cr6Te8 cluster geometry and its properties through various ligands, such as PH3, CO, and CN. It will show, that in altering these ligands there is a modification to the clusters valence shell count, which in turn alters its ionization potential and electron affinity. Additionally, although the ionization potential and electron affinity have changed for the Cr6Te8(PEt3)6 cluster, it has been found that its high magnetization does not.

Antioxidants are widely used to protect organic materials from damages caused by autoxidation, an oxidation process that occurs under normal aerobic conditions. In this thesis, novel multifunctional organoselenium and organotellurium antioxidants were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in search for compounds with better radical-trapping capacity, regenerability, and hydroperoxide-decomposing ability. Selenium was incorporated into ebselenols and hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]selenophenes and tellurium into diaryl disulfides and aryltellurophenols. All newly developed antioxidants were evaluated in a chlorobenzene/water two-phase lipid peroxidation system containing suitable co-antioxidants in the aqueous phase. Ebselenol carrying a hydroxyl group (OH) ortho to selenium showed a two-fold longer inhibition time than the reference α-tocopherol in the presence of aqueous-phase ascorbic acid. 2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b]selenophenes carrying a 5- or 7-OH outperformed α-tocopherol both when it comes to radical-trapping capacity and regenerability. Alkyltellurothiophenols, in situ formed from their corresponding disulfides by tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine, were also efficient regenerable radical-trapping antioxidants. The consumption of N-acetylcysteine in the water phase was followed and found to be limiting for the duration of the inhibition. The hydroperoxide-decomposing ability of all organoselenium antioxidants was evaluated. Ebselenols were often better glutathione peroxidase mimics than the parent. In an effort to find out more about antioxidant mechanisms, aryltellurophenols carrying electron donating and electron withdrawing groups in the phenolic or aryltelluro parts were synthesized and OH bond dissociation enthalpies, BDEO-Hs, were calculated. Compounds carrying electron donating groups in the phenolic or aryltelluro part of the molecule showed the best radical-trapping capacity. Deuterium labelling experiments suggested that hydrogen atom transfer could be the rate-limiting step in the antioxidant mechanism.

Ces dernières années ont vu un intérêt croissant pour l'application de nanoparticules de chalcogénure (IP) (par exemple Se, Te) dans divers secteurs industriels, y compris l'énergie, les aciers, le verre et le raffinage du pétrole. Le chalcogénure métallique fluorescent (par exemple CdSe, CdTe) NPs sont utilisés dans les cellules solaires, les capteurs optoélectroniques et aussi dans le domaine de la biologie et de la médecine pour l'imagerie ou de détection comprenant biolabelling. En outre, en raison de la forte toxicité des oxyanions chalcogènes (à savoir, sélénite, séléniate, tellurites et tellurate), leur libération dans l'environnement est très préoccupante. Ainsi, mettre l'accent a été donné dans cette thèse sur le développement d'un nouveau procédé de synthèse microbienne des NPs chalcogénures en combinant le traitement biologique des eaux usées Se / Te contenant avec biorecovery de Se / Te sous la forme de Se / Te chalcogénures NPs.Une attention particulière a été accordée pour étudier l'effet des métaux lourds (par exemple Cd, Zn et Pd) co-contaminants sur bioréduction sélénite par anaérobie granulaire boues. boue anaérobie granulaire capable de réduire sélénite de séléniure de, en présence de Cd a été enrichie pour la synthèse microbienne de CdSe IP. Il était évident que lorsque Cd est présent avec sélénite, soit il forme un complexe de Se-Cd par adsorption sur biogène Se (0) des nanoparticules après EME-oxyanion ou bioréduction il réagit avec le séléniure aqueux (HSe-) pour former CdSe. Les spectres d'absorption et de fluorescence de la phase aqueuse à confirmer la présence de CdSe IP dans la phase aqueuse. spectroscopie Raman et X-ray spectroscopie de photoélectrons (XPS) analyse l'appui de cette constatation. La formation d 'une couche alliée de CdSxSe1-x à l'interface entre le noyau et CdS CdSe shell dans la boue a également été observée. Des études détaillées sur les substances polymères extracellulaires (EPS) révèlent que la teneur en protéines et en polysaccharides comme augmenté dans les EPS extraites de boues enrichi tandis que les substances humiques comme diminué. chromatographie d'exclusion de taille (SEC) des EPS révèle en outre une empreinte distincte pour les protéines et les substances humiques-like, avec une augmentation de haute teneur en protéines comme poids moléculaire et l'apparition de nouveaux pics pour les substances humiques comme dans les EPS après l'enrichissement.Anaérobie des boues lit granulaire (UASB) à courant ascendant a été utilisé pour la première fois pour le retrait continu de tellurite des eaux usées synthétique et la récupération du Te comme biogénique Te (0). La spectroscopie aux rayons X à dispersion d'énergie (EDS), diffraction des rayons X (XRD) et analyse spectroscopique Raman de la biomasse a confirmé le dépôt de Te (0) dans la biomasse. Il était évident que la majorité du Te (0) a été piégé principalement dans l'EPS entourant la biomasse, qui peut être facilement séparé par centrifugation / Recent years have seen a growing interest in the application of chalcogenide nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g. Se, Te) in various industrial sectors including energy, steels, glass and petroleum refining. The fluorescent metal chalcogenide (e.g. CdSe, CdTe) NPs are used in solar cells, optoelectronic sensors and also in the field of biology and medicine for imaging or sensing including biolabelling. Moreover, due to the high toxicity of chalcogen oxyanions (i.e., selenite, selenate, tellurite and tellurate), their release in the environment is of great concern. Thus, emphasize was given in this thesis on the development of a novel microbial synthesis process of chalcogenide NPs by combining biological treatment of Se/Te-containing wastewaters with biorecovery of Se/Te in the form of Se/Te chalcogenides NPs.A special focus was given to study the effect of heavy metal (e.g. Cd, Zn and Pd) co-contaminants on selenite bioreduction by anaerobic granular sludge. Anaerobic granular sludge capable of reducing selenite to selenide in the presence of Cd was enriched for the microbial synthesis of CdSe NPs. It was evident that when Cd is present along with selenite, it either forms a Se-Cd complex by adsorption onto biogenic Se(0) nanoparticles after Se-oxyanion bioreduction or it reacts with aqueous selenide (HSe-) to form CdSe. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the aqueous phase confirm the presence of CdSe NPs in the aqueous phase. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis support this finding. The formation of an alloyed layer of CdSxSe1-x at the interface between the CdSe core and CdS shell in the sludge was also observed. Detailed studies on the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) reveal that the protein and polysaccharide-like content increased in the EPS extracted from enriched sludge while humic-like substances decreased. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of EPS further reveals a distinct fingerprint for proteins and humic-like substances, with increase in high molecular weight protein-like and the appearance of new peaks for humic-like substances in the EPS after the enrichment.An upflow anaerobic granular sludge bed (UASB) reactor was used for the first time for continuous removal of tellurite from synthetic wastewater and the recovery of Te as biogenic Te(0). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopic analysis of biomass confirmed the deposition of Te(0) in the biomass. It was evident that the majority of the Te(0) was trapped predominantly in the EPS surrounding the biomass, which can be easily separated by centrifugation

No description available.

Les verres de tellures sont des matériaux récemment remis au goût du jour pour des applications en optiques. Certaines compositions permettent en effet de transmettre la lumière loin dans l’infrarouge au-delà de 20 µm, mais leur tendance naturelle à recristalliser rend difficile la fabrication d’objet pour la photonique telle que des fibres optiques. Des verres du système Te-Ge-Se ont été développés dans le cadre du projet Darwin de l’Agence Spatiale Européenne permettant de détecter la bande d’absorption du CO2 à 15 µm. La première fibre optique monomode a été obtenue à partir d’une nouvelle méthode de fabrication de préforme par moulage. Les verres de tellure du système Te-Ge-AgI sont les seuls à ne pas présenter de pic de cristallisation en analyse thermique. Leur stabilité a été mise à profit pour développer des fibres optiques avec un niveau très bas de pertes optiques, de l’ordre de 3 dB∙m-1, ce qui constitue un record. Ces fibres ont été utilisées pour mettre en œuvre des expériences de spectroscopie par ondes évanescentes permettant d’accéder à une gamme de longueurs d’onde encore jamais atteinte de 2 à 16 µm. Ce gain sera de première importance pour la mise en service de ces fibres en biologie ou médecine.Par ailleurs, les verres de tellure sont les verres présentant les conductivités électroniques les plus élevées jamais mesurées. Il s’agit donc de matériaux potentiellement intéressants pour la thermoélectricité. Certaines compositions du système (Te/Se)-(As/Sb/Bi)-(Cu/Ag) ont été synthétisées et caractérisées. Des matériaux composites obtenus par broyage et compression de poudres de verre et de Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 cristallisé ont été préparés. Ces derniers présentent un ZT = 0.365 à 413 K, ce qui est encourageant pour l’avenir. / The tellurium-based glasses are of interest because of their transparency in the mid- and far-infrared range. Tellurium-based glasses and optical fibers can be used for the detection the atmosphere of terrestrial planets in Darwin project and the identification of chemical species in the daily life. For the detection of CO2 (15 µm) on exoplanet, high purity Te-Ge-Se experimental single mode fiber which can transmit light up to 16 μm has been successfully fabricated based on a new preform molding process. Moreover, Te-Ge-AgI glasses, which present no crystallization peak and far infrared transmittance beyond 30 μm (as bulk), are also candidates for infrared sensing. A structural model proposed in this work provides some explanations on their good thermal stability. Low-loss single index fibers drawn from these glasses have shown their capabilities to collect mid-infrared spectra from 2 to 16 µm. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first fiber evanescent wave spectra collected on such a wide range. This achievement will be essential for future medical applications.Otherwise, tellurium-based glasses, due to the intrinsic poor thermal conductivity and high Seebeck coefficient, are good candidates as new materials in the thermoelectricity field. Te-As-Se-Cu glass with the introduction of copper up to 25% has been explored. By sintering this glass with Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3, glass-ceramic composites were also obtained exhibiting maximum zT values equal to 0.365 at 413 K.