Esta dissertação trata da reprodução social dos agricultores familiares do município de Praia Grande, região do Extremo-Sul Catarinense, diante do avanço da mercantilização da agricultura familiar e as transformações socioeconômicas derivadas. Foca-se à queda de renda e emprego agrícola, conformadas principalmente a partir de meados da década de 1980, dentro da concepção do que nos estudos rurais denomina-se Nova Ruralidade ou “Novo Rural”. Caracteriza-se por uma agropecuária baseada em commodities ligada às agroindústrias, um conjunto de atividades não agrícolas e “novas” atividades/ocupações localizadas em nichos de mercados. Quadro que reduziu a mão-de-obra ocupada no campo e faz os agricultores familiares depender cada vez menos da renda proveniente da agricultura, bem como despender menos tempo ocupados nestas atividades. Há um novo leque de fontes de rendas como aposentadorias e outras rendas não-agrícolas que consolidam a pluriatividade como estratégia entre os membros das famílias rurais. Dinâmicas estas determinadas por uma nova configuração do espaço rural/urbano onde cresce a urbanização em municípios como Praia Grande eminentemente rurais no passado. O corte temporal da pesquisa parte da década de 1970 aos dias de hoje, correspondendo ao período marcado pela modernização conservadora da agricultura no Brasil às novas dinâmicas atualmente gestadas. Modernização esta que afetou o modo de produzir e viver destes agricultores familiares, pois se aumentou os vínculos mercantis, afetando o mercado de trabalho, modificando as atividades/ocupações exercidas e, sobretudo, suas estratégias de reprodução. Mercantilização neste estudo define-se como o processo de redução de autonomia das famílias rurais e sua inserção crescente, em circuitos que predominam as trocas mercantis. Nesse processo, as estratégias de reprodução social tornaram-se cada vez mais subordinadas e dependentes, ampliando-se a interação mercantil de acordo com as características do ambiente social e econômico externo. Nesse sentido, em Praia Grande gerou-se intenso êxodo rural entre as décadas de 1970 e 1990 que tinha a característica de expulsar toda família, dada a queda crescente de emprego rural, dinamizadas por uma especialização produtiva, principalmente na formação da cadeia produtiva baseada no cultivo de arroz. Já nas últimas décadas, (1990 a 2010) traz consigo novos arranjos em busca de emprego e renda. Gera-se um êxodo “seletivo” que remete às cidades a população mais jovem (idade ativa), prevalecendo a feminina, gerando-se os fenômenos da masculinização, envelhecimento no campo, e individualização do processo produtivo. Neste escopo se enquadra a contribuição deste trabalho a fim de compreender a reprodução social destes agricultores familiares neste padrão de desenvolvimento. Tanto numa perspectiva estrutural a partir das tendências impostas por esse ambiente mercantilizado, e na perspectiva orientada aos atores, identificando-se as reações engendradas por estes, dada a diversidade da agricultura familiar e seu repertório de estratégias. Além disso, pretende-se, deste estudo, fornecer subsídios para implementação de políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento desta região. / This dissertation covers the social reproduction of family farmers in the community of Praia Grande, Southern region of Santa Catarina, facing the trade expansion of family agriculture and the socioeconomic transformations derived. Focus is given on the fall in income and agricultural employment, shaped mainly from mid-1980 on, within the concept that in rural studies it is called “New Rural” or "New Countryside". It is characterized by an agriculture based in commodities linked to agribusiness, a set of non-agricultural activities and "new" activities / occupations located in niche markets. A framework which reduced the manpower employed in the field and makes the farmers less dependent on income from agriculture, as well as spending less time engaged in these activities. There is a wide range of new income sources, such as pension and other non-agricultural sources that consolidate multi-activity as a strategy among members of rural families. Such dynamics are determined by a new configuration of rural / urban space, where urbanization grows in cities such as Playa Grande, predominantly rural in the past. The starting point of the research is in the 1970s to today, corresponding to the period marked by conservative modernization of agriculture in Brazil to the new dynamics carried currently. That modernization affected the way those farmers lived and worked, because there was an increase on the commercial ties, affecting the labor market, changing activities / occupations performed, and, especially, their reproductive strategies. Commodification in this study is defined as the process of reducing the autonomy of rural families and increasing their insertion in circuits that deal with commercial exchanges. In this process, the strategies of social reproduction have become increasingly dependent and subordinate, expanding commercial interaction according to the characteristics of the social and external economic environment. Thus, in Praia Grande, an intense rural exodus was generated between 1970 and 1990 which presented the feature of expelling entire families, given the increasing fall of rural employment, empowered by a specialization production, especially in the formation of supply chain based on rice cultivation. Yet, in recent decades (1990 to 2010), new arrangements are made in search of employment and income. This has generated a "selective" exodus which sends to towns the younger population (working age), favoring the female ones, generating the phenomena of masculinization, aging in the field, and individualization of the production process. In this scope, the contribution of this work fits in order to understand the social reproduction of family farmers, in this pattern of development. Both from a structural perspective of the trends imposed by this environment commodified, and of goal-oriented actors, identifying the reactions engendered by them, given the diversity of family farming and its repertoire of strategies. In addition, this study aims to provide support for implementation of public policies for the development of this region.

O presente trabalho busca resgatar o papel que as tendências estudantis tiveram no processo de rearticulação do movimento estudantil durante a redemocratização do Brasil. Ao longo dos anos os estudantes vivenciaram inúmeros momentos de protagonismo, como na luta contra a implantação da ditadura militar em nosso país e posteriormente no processo de redemocratização da sociedade brasileira. Durante os períodos mais duros da repressão, muitos militantes juvenis foram para o enfrentamento armado com o regime, o que levou à uma fragmentação e posterior extermínio físico de centenas de militantes, afora as prisões, exílios e outras medidas punitivas.No entanto, na segunda metade da década de 1970 e início da de 1980 os estudantes voltaram às ruas para questionar o regime. Nesse momento, a organização dos estudantes em tendências estudantis (estruturas parapartidárias e semi-clandestinas) foi o que possibilitou o reencontro e articulação de lideranças estudantis no país inteiro, viabilizando o ressurgimento da União Nacional de Estudantes, das Uniões Estaduais de Estudantes e a retomada dos DCEs das mãos de setores ligados ao regime dentro do movimento estudantil. Esse novo movimento estudantil que ressurgiu pode ser descrito como um importante movimento social da época, visto que respondeu aos critérios utilizados por Alan Touraine para classificá-los como tal. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, busca à jornais e bibliotecas, bem como entrevistas de ex militantes, procuramos reconstituir um panorama do movimento estudantil gaúcho no período compreendido entre 1977 e 1985. / This paper intends to analyze the role played by the political tendencies in the students movement rearticulation process during the Brazilian redemocratization period. Along the years students have experienced several moments of protagonism, such as in the struggle against the imposition of the military dictatorship and subsequently in Brazilian redemocratization process. During the hardest moments of repression many young militants joined the armed struggle against the regime which led to the movement fragmentation and a subsequent physical extermination of hundreds of militants, apart from the imprisonments, exiles and other punitive measures. However, in the second half of the seventies and beginning of the eighties students went back to the streets to question the regime. At this moment, student‟s organization in political tendencies (para-partizan and semi-clandestine) allowed the reencounter and articulation of students leaderships in the whole country permitting the resurgence of the Students National Union, the Students State Unions and the re-seizing of universities students unions from the hands of groups inside the students movement which were linked to the regime. The resurgence of this new movement can be described as an important social movement of that period, since it matches the criteria used by Alan Touraine on this matter. Through bibliographical research, newspaper and archives investigation, as well as ex-militants interviews, we intend to reconstitute a view of the Rio Grande do Sul student‟s movement between 1977 and 1985.

Esta dissertação trata da reprodução social dos agricultores familiares do município de Praia Grande, região do Extremo-Sul Catarinense, diante do avanço da mercantilização da agricultura familiar e as transformações socioeconômicas derivadas. Foca-se à queda de renda e emprego agrícola, conformadas principalmente a partir de meados da década de 1980, dentro da concepção do que nos estudos rurais denomina-se Nova Ruralidade ou “Novo Rural”. Caracteriza-se por uma agropecuária baseada em commodities ligada às agroindústrias, um conjunto de atividades não agrícolas e “novas” atividades/ocupações localizadas em nichos de mercados. Quadro que reduziu a mão-de-obra ocupada no campo e faz os agricultores familiares depender cada vez menos da renda proveniente da agricultura, bem como despender menos tempo ocupados nestas atividades. Há um novo leque de fontes de rendas como aposentadorias e outras rendas não-agrícolas que consolidam a pluriatividade como estratégia entre os membros das famílias rurais. Dinâmicas estas determinadas por uma nova configuração do espaço rural/urbano onde cresce a urbanização em municípios como Praia Grande eminentemente rurais no passado. O corte temporal da pesquisa parte da década de 1970 aos dias de hoje, correspondendo ao período marcado pela modernização conservadora da agricultura no Brasil às novas dinâmicas atualmente gestadas. Modernização esta que afetou o modo de produzir e viver destes agricultores familiares, pois se aumentou os vínculos mercantis, afetando o mercado de trabalho, modificando as atividades/ocupações exercidas e, sobretudo, suas estratégias de reprodução. Mercantilização neste estudo define-se como o processo de redução de autonomia das famílias rurais e sua inserção crescente, em circuitos que predominam as trocas mercantis. Nesse processo, as estratégias de reprodução social tornaram-se cada vez mais subordinadas e dependentes, ampliando-se a interação mercantil de acordo com as características do ambiente social e econômico externo. Nesse sentido, em Praia Grande gerou-se intenso êxodo rural entre as décadas de 1970 e 1990 que tinha a característica de expulsar toda família, dada a queda crescente de emprego rural, dinamizadas por uma especialização produtiva, principalmente na formação da cadeia produtiva baseada no cultivo de arroz. Já nas últimas décadas, (1990 a 2010) traz consigo novos arranjos em busca de emprego e renda. Gera-se um êxodo “seletivo” que remete às cidades a população mais jovem (idade ativa), prevalecendo a feminina, gerando-se os fenômenos da masculinização, envelhecimento no campo, e individualização do processo produtivo. Neste escopo se enquadra a contribuição deste trabalho a fim de compreender a reprodução social destes agricultores familiares neste padrão de desenvolvimento. Tanto numa perspectiva estrutural a partir das tendências impostas por esse ambiente mercantilizado, e na perspectiva orientada aos atores, identificando-se as reações engendradas por estes, dada a diversidade da agricultura familiar e seu repertório de estratégias. Além disso, pretende-se, deste estudo, fornecer subsídios para implementação de políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento desta região. / This dissertation covers the social reproduction of family farmers in the community of Praia Grande, Southern region of Santa Catarina, facing the trade expansion of family agriculture and the socioeconomic transformations derived. Focus is given on the fall in income and agricultural employment, shaped mainly from mid-1980 on, within the concept that in rural studies it is called “New Rural” or "New Countryside". It is characterized by an agriculture based in commodities linked to agribusiness, a set of non-agricultural activities and "new" activities / occupations located in niche markets. A framework which reduced the manpower employed in the field and makes the farmers less dependent on income from agriculture, as well as spending less time engaged in these activities. There is a wide range of new income sources, such as pension and other non-agricultural sources that consolidate multi-activity as a strategy among members of rural families. Such dynamics are determined by a new configuration of rural / urban space, where urbanization grows in cities such as Playa Grande, predominantly rural in the past. The starting point of the research is in the 1970s to today, corresponding to the period marked by conservative modernization of agriculture in Brazil to the new dynamics carried currently. That modernization affected the way those farmers lived and worked, because there was an increase on the commercial ties, affecting the labor market, changing activities / occupations performed, and, especially, their reproductive strategies. Commodification in this study is defined as the process of reducing the autonomy of rural families and increasing their insertion in circuits that deal with commercial exchanges. In this process, the strategies of social reproduction have become increasingly dependent and subordinate, expanding commercial interaction according to the characteristics of the social and external economic environment. Thus, in Praia Grande, an intense rural exodus was generated between 1970 and 1990 which presented the feature of expelling entire families, given the increasing fall of rural employment, empowered by a specialization production, especially in the formation of supply chain based on rice cultivation. Yet, in recent decades (1990 to 2010), new arrangements are made in search of employment and income. This has generated a "selective" exodus which sends to towns the younger population (working age), favoring the female ones, generating the phenomena of masculinization, aging in the field, and individualization of the production process. In this scope, the contribution of this work fits in order to understand the social reproduction of family farmers, in this pattern of development. Both from a structural perspective of the trends imposed by this environment commodified, and of goal-oriented actors, identifying the reactions engendered by them, given the diversity of family farming and its repertoire of strategies. In addition, this study aims to provide support for implementation of public policies for the development of this region.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de faire une étude comparative de la traduction suédoise Le Ventre de l’Atlantique par Lotta Riad avec le texte source à la lumière des douze tendances déformantes d’Antoine Berman. Nous nous efforçons également de présenter « notre traduction » illustrant la méthode bermanienne. Force est de constater, qu’elle n’est pas toujours réalisable, néanmoins, cette démarche permet une réflexion stimulant la clairvoyance. / The goal of this essay is to compare the Swedish translation of The Atlantics belly by Lotta Riad with the original text using Antoine Berman’s twelve deforming tendencies. Also we will try to present "our translation" to illustrate the Berman’s method. It has to be said that it is not always workable, however, this approach allows a reflexion which stimulates the insight.

Les troubles du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) sont caractérisés par des difficultés persistantes dans les domaines de la communication et des interactions sociales. Les individus atteints de TSA ont notamment des difficultés à décoder les émotions d’autrui et il est souvent suggéré qu’un déficit général du traitement des visages émotionnels est à l’origine de ces difficultés. Cependant, les résultats de la littérature sont incohérents et soulignent l'importance de facteurs méthodologiques qui pourraient influencer la performance des personnes TSA. Deux théories actuelles sont pertinentes au regard de ces difficultés rencontrées dans les interactions sociales : 1) la théorie de la régulation comportementale propose que ces difficultés résultent de dysfonctionnements du traitement des émotions et/ou des mécanismes permettant de répondre de façon appropriée à ces émotions; et 2) la théorie de la motivation sociale propose au contraire que ces mécanismes sont intacts et que les difficultés rencontrées sont le résultat d’un déficit de motivation sociale. Cette thèse avait pour but de départager ces deux théories, tout en contrôlant de nombreux facteurs méthodologiques qui pourraient influencer la performance des personnes TSA. L’expérience 1 visait à étudier l’impact de la direction du regard sur le traitement de la peur et de la colère. L’expérience 2 étudiait les choix d’actions spontanées en présence de visages de peur ou de colère et la catégorisation de ces émotions présentées en vision périphérique. Ces deux études révèlent des résultats similaires chez des adolescents neuro-typiques et TSA. Ces deux groupes sont capables de décoder des expressions de peur et de colère, présentées au centre de l’écran ou en périphérie, ils sont aussi sensibles aux variations d’intensité de ces émotions et aux variations de contexte (ici étudié sous la forme de la direction du regard). D’autre part, les deux groupes répondent de façon similaire à ces émotions, notamment en choisissant des actions qui leur permettent d’éviter des individus menaçants. Pris dans leur ensemble, ces résultats indiquent que les mécanismes impliqués dans le traitement des émotions, l’intégration des facteurs contextuels, et dans l’adaptation de son comportement en réponses à ces signaux sociaux sont intacts chez des adolescents atteints de TSA. Ces résultats sont discutés au regard des théories de la motivation sociale et de la régulation comportementale. / Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterised by persistent deficits in social reciprocity. Deficits in emotion perception are common in ASD and suggested to stem from a generalised deficit in the processing of facial affect. The literature however is inconsistent, stressing the importance of methodological factors that might bring individuals with ASD to a disadvantage. Two relevant theoretical frameworks are considered: 1) the behavioural self-regulation account proposes that affective atypicalities stem from deficits in the processing of the emotional signals and/or the regulation of appropriate responses to these signals; and 2) the social motivation account proposes that the mechanisms behind either of these two stages of emotion understanding are intact and that behavioural deficits stem from reduced weighting of social information. This Ph.D. aimed to disentangle between the two theories in the context of social threats by taking into account the necessary methodological factors. Experiment 1 investigated the contextual impact of gaze direction on the categorisation of facial expressions of anger and fear. Experiment 2 investigated both free action choice in response to implicit social threats –facial expressions of anger and fear- and their emotion categorisation accuracy in visual periphery. Across both studies ASD and typically developing (TD) adolescents demonstrated intact processing of both anger and fear in direct view and in visual periphery and were sensitive to the changes in emotional intensity of the stimuli. In Experiment 1, although the control group was overall more accurate than the ASD group in emotion decoding, gaze direction impacted the processing of threat similarly in both groups. Specifically, gaze direction raised the saliency of the threat for the observer and enhanced their sensitivity to the most salient ones. In Experiment 2, both groups demonstrated an overall tendency to avoid emotional agents, which was particularly evident in the case of anger. Taken together, the mechanisms behind the processing of facial social threats appear relatively spared in ASD adolescents and the impact of contextual factors are similar ASD and typical development. Adolescents with ASD are able to use social threats to adapt their behaviour by avoiding the emotional agent, which is not surprising during a developmental period characterised by enhanced reactivity to threat. These findings are discussed in terms of the social motivation and behavioural self-regulation frameworks and future directions are proposed.

The dissertation thesis entitled Selected Post-conceptual Approaches in the Contemporary Czech Painting reflects the author’s expressions of the youngest artists’ generation working with the conceptual forms in the painting medium after 1996. The aim of the dissertation is to outline the conflict and overlapping of the conceptualism and painting. Apart from the development of conceptual art, the reference framework of the submitted thesis also comprises the post-modern turn in visual arts associated with a global change in its social status during the second half of the 20th and at the beginning of 21st century. The development of the domestic artistic scene and particular approaches are presented on the basis of a representative selection of the most distinctive tendencies and significant authors, being compared with the work of foreign artists. The text interprets the key theoretical treatises, reviewed responses and artists’ statements covering the domain of “contemporary painting to conceptual art”.

The aim of this study is to use a verbal guise test to investigate Swedish upper secondary school students’ language attitudes toward GA and RP. While research has been conducted on this topic before, few studies have incorporated all three cognitive, affective and conative components of the mentalist approach to language attitude, and even fewer with younger student participants, which are two components the present study included. The findings of the present study indicate differences in evaluation of the RP and GA speakers. The investigated L2 speakers of English, the 17-19 year old participants, favoured the RP speaker in terms of the cognitive categories serious, intelligent and responsible, while the GA speaker was evaluated more favorably for the categories not arrogant, kind, calm and gentle. The participants also felt more trust while listening to the RP speaker, while other affective categories did not generate considerable differences in evaluation of the speakers. Lastly, in the conative component, the students self-reported using and aiming for similar pronunciation to GA rather than RP. Several of these results are supported by previous research, but contrasting findings occur as well.

The high unemployment rate, especially amongst schoolleavers could be counterbalanced by raising awareness of entrepreneurship as a career option. This investigation explores the relationship of entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurship and who the entrepreneur is, as is presented in the literature. The focus has shifted from testing for personality traits to identifying entrepreneurial attitude, attributes, behaviour and activities. A questionnaire, the GET (General Enterprising Tendencies test) was used to determine the levels of entrepreneurial attitude amongst a group of grade ll learners in three South African secondary schools, with the aim of raising awareness of their personal levels of entrepreneurial attitude and making them aware of entrepreneurship as a career option. It was found that inter alia, a culture of entrepreneurship is not prevalent amongst learners and prospective school leavers in South Africa. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)

This thesis is focused on research of style tendencies, which show themselves in Czech scientific texts at the present. The aim of the study is to describe these style tendencies based on detailed analysis of two traditional and two contemporary scientific texts and comparison of each other. The whole thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter introduces the reader to development of professional style with respect to the separation of scientific style. The second chapter deals with typologies of traditional culturally different intellectual styles - Teutonic, Saxonic and Gallic - and characteristics of traditional Czech scientific style. The third chapter brings a picture of contemporary scientific discourse in the Czech Republic. In the fourth chapter are subsequently defined methods of research, research questions and research criteria; based on these the selected texts are analyzed in the fifth chapter. The results of research are presented and specified in conclusion of the thesis. Key words: style tendencies, traditional scientific texts, contemporary scientific texts, Teutonic intellectual (scientific) style, Anglo-Saxon intellectual (scientific) style

L'une des caractéristiques principales de la méditation de pleine conscience est la réalisation que les événements perçus ou imaginés ne sont pas nécessairement une représentation exacte de la réalité, un processus connu sous le nom de déréification. La déréification est aussi l'objectif de nombreuses approches psychothérapeutiques, puisque l'on sait que l'immersion excessive dans le mental peut être liée à la détresse psychologique et à certains troubles psychiatriques. L'objectif de notre étude était d'évaluer dans quelle mesure la réification des contenus mentaux (réalisme subjectif) contribue aux dispositions automatiques et de comprendre les mécanismes permettant aux pratiques de méditation de les modifier. Notre hypothèse principale était que la reconnaissance du réalisme subjectif grâce aux pratiques méditatives de pleine conscience réduit le biais cognitif. Nous avons mené deux études auprès de méditants novices et expérimentés. Dans la première nous avons exploré l'effet d'une instruction brève de pleine présence sur l'attitude envers la nourriture, pour étudier comment le réalisme subjectif module les tendances automatiques d'approche et d'évitement. La seconde étude nous a permis d'explorer l'impact de la méditation sur la modulation des attentes sémantiques automatiques dans un paradigme de narration. Nous avons adopté une approche neurophénoménologique, combinant des données moléculaires, physiologiques, électroencéphalographiques et comportementales, avec des données à la première personne recueillies à l'aide d'auto-évaluations et d'entretiens qualitatifs. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats multimodaux ont confirmé notre hypothèse selon laquelle la déréalisation peut entraîner la réduction du biais cognitif. Les résultats de l'exploration phénoménologique indiquent que les participants ont utilisé différentes stratégies cognitives pour réaliser la déréification, et que de telles stratégies varient en fonction de l'expérience en méditation. Les participants novices utilisent plus souvent des stratégies de type réévaluation cognitive et régulation émotionnelle, qui se reflètent dans la modulation des composantes tardives des potentiels évoqués (PE) cérébraux. En revanche les méditants utilisent moins souvent des stratégies élaboratives, en accord avec la modulation de composantes plus précoces des PE. / One of the key features of Mindful meditation is realizing that imagined or perceived events are not necessarily an accurate depiction of reality, a process known as dereification. Dereification is also a target of many psychotherapeutic approaches, as excessive immersion into one's mental contents has been related to psychological distress and several psychiatric conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent engagement with mental content as being real (i.e. subjective realism) can bias automatic tendencies toward the world, and to elucidate the mechanisms by which meditation practices can modulate it. Our main hypothesis was that recognizing subjective realism during mindfulness-related practices de-automatizes cognitive bias.We ran two studies in naïve and experienced meditators: Firstly, we explored the effect of a brief mindful-attention instruction on a food engagement paradigm to investigate how subjective realism modulates automatic approach-avoidance tendencies. Secondly, we explored whether mindful-attention meditation could modulate automatic semantic expectations in a modified storytelling paradigm. We used a neurophenomenological approach, combining molecular, physiological, electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral data, with first-person data collected using self-reports and qualitative interviews.Overall, behavioral, physiological and EEG results supported our hypothesis that derealization can prompt des-automatization of cognitive bias. Neurophenomenological accounts indicate that participants used different cognitive strategies to achieve dereification, and that such strategies vary as a function of meditation expertise, among others. Naïve participants use more often cognitive reappraisal/emotional regulation-type strategies, which are reflected in the modulation of late ERP components. In contrast, meditators used less often elaborative strategies as reflected by the modulation of early sensory ERPs