Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:16:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioLM.pdf: 1201794 bytes, checksum: a0d59fd87797a00a671d5be8a4198404 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-29 / Funda??o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo / Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is a term used to characterize an ischemic or hemorrhagic vascular injury, which has got as main clinic manifestations, the motor and reflex function disturbance. In the first stage there is flaccidity and loss of voluntary movements that afterwards is substituted by mass patterns and spasticity. The spasticity brings with itself functional deficits and can generate negative impacts in various motor patterns. The aim of this research was to investigate the hyperreflexia and identify the immediate effects of transcutaneous nervous stimulation (TENS) and cryotherapy in the spasticity and electromyographic activity of hemiparetic subjects. The study is characterized as an almost experimental type, in which were selected, to compose the sample, 16 patients of both sex with CVA sequel. These individuals were evaluated by collecting the amplitude peak to peak and H reflex latency, Motor response (M response) in solear muscle and the electromyography (EMG) of the injured and healthy legs anterior tibial muscles. In the injured limb the evaluations occurred in different days for cryotherapy, TENS and control, in two moments, before and after the interventions. The healthy limb was evaluated one single time to serve as baseline, for comparison with the injured limb. It was used an statistic analysis, the t paired student test to identify the H reflex differences, latency and EMG of the injured and healthy limbs and to compare the results before and after the recourses application. The ANOVA for related samples was used to identify the differences among the recourses used. It was attributed for the statistic tests a significance level of 5%. The amplitude peak to peak of normalized maximum H reflex through the maximum motor response (Hmax/Mmax), showed itself significantly increased in the injured limb (p=0.0245). The H reflex latency was presented reduced in the injured limb (p=0, 0375). The electromyographic activity was showed decreased in the injured limb (p< 0.0001). After the TENS there was a Hm?x/Mm?x ratio decrease (0.60?0.16 versus 0.49.?0.18; P = 0.0006). Nonetheless, Just after the cryotherapy application there was an increase of Hm?x/Mm?x ratio (0.58 ? 0,15 to 0.77 ? 0.13, P=0,0007) and increase of signal latency (30.41 ? 1.87 versus 33.24 ? 2.19; P=0.0001). The electromyographic activity wasn t altered significantly by any resource. It was met statistic significant differences when the Hm?x/Mm?x P<0.0001) ratio and H reflex latency (P<0.0001) were compared between the post TENS, cryotherapy and control. One can conclude that the TENS can be used to spasticity immediate reduction, and that the cryotherapy can increase the hyperreflexia state in spastic patients. Nonetheless, the spasticity decrease or increase didn t provoke lectromyographic activity change in the muscle that is opponent to the spastic one / Acidente Vascular Encef?lico (AVE) ? o termo empregado para caracterizar uma les?o vascular isqu?mica ou hemorr?gica, que tem como principais manifesta??es cl?nicas, o dist?rbio da fun??o motora e reflexa. No est?gio inicial h? presen?a de flacidez e falta de movimentos volunt?rios, que posteriormente ? substitu?do por padr?es em massa e espasticidade. A espasticidade traz consigo d?ficits funcionais e pode gerar impactos negativos em diversos padr?es motores. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar os efeitos imediatos da eletroestimula??o nervosa transcut?nea (TENS) e crioterapia na espasticidade e na atividade eletromiogr?fica de sujeitos hemipar?ticos. O estudo caracteriza-se por ser do tipo quase experimental, no qual foram selecionados para compor a amostra, 16 pacientes de ambos os sexos com sequela de AVE. Estes indiv?duos foram avaliados captando-se a amplitude pico a pico e lat?ncia do reflexo H, resposta Motora (resposta M) no m?sculo solear e o eletromiograma (EMG) do m?sculo tibial anterior do membro comprometido e n?o comprometido. No membro comprometido as avalia??es ocorreram em dias diferentes para crioterapia TENS e controle, em dois momentos, antes e depois das interven??es. O membro n?o comprometido foi avaliado uma ?nica vez para servir como linha de base, para compara??o com o membro comprometido. Utilizou-se na an?lise estat?stica, o test t de student pareado para identificar as diferen?as do reflexo H, lat?ncia e EMG do membro comprometido e n?o comprometido e para comparar os resultados antes e depois da aplica??o dos recursos. A ANOVA para amostras relacionadas foi utilizada para identificar as diferen?as entre os recursos utilizados. Atribuiu-se para os testes estat?sticos o n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. A amplitude pico a pico do reflexo H m?ximo normalizado pela resposta motora m?xima (Hm?x/Mm?x), mostrou-se significativamente aumentada no membro comprometido (p=0.0245). A lat?ncia do reflexo H reduziu no membro comprometido, com essa redu??o sendo estatisticamente significativa (p=0,0375). A atividade eletromiogr?fica se mostrou diminu?da no membro comprometido (p< 0.0001). Depois da TENS houve uma diminui??o da rela??o Hm?x/Mm?x (0.60?0.16 versus 0.49.?0.18; P = 0.0006). No entanto, logo ap?s a aplica??o do gelo houve um aumento da rela??o Hm?x/Mm?x (0.58 ? 0,15 para 0.77 ? 0.13, P=0,0007) e aumento da lat?ncia do sinal (30.41 ? 1.87 versus 33.24 ? 2.19; P=0.0001). A atividade eletromiogr?fica n?o foi alterada significativamente por nenhum recurso. Foram encontradas diferen?as estatisticamente significativas quando a raz?o Hm?x/Mm?x (P<0.0001) e lat?ncia do reflexo H (P<0.0001) foram comparadas entre o p?s-TENS, P?s- crioterapia e controle. Pode-se concluir que a TENS pode ser utilizada para fins de redu??o imediata da espasticidade, e que a crioterapia pode aumentar o estado de hiperreflexia nos pacientes esp?ticos. Entretanto, a diminui??o ou o aumento da espasticidade n?o ocasionou altera??o na atividade eletromiogr?fica do m?sculo antagonista ao esp?stico

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-14T19:10:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 evelinefariasilva.pdf: 1062182 bytes, checksum: c66c53575c4f6b0cd8768c25de2f63b4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-22T13:08:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 evelinefariasilva.pdf: 1062182 bytes, checksum: c66c53575c4f6b0cd8768c25de2f63b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-22T13:08:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 evelinefariasilva.pdf: 1062182 bytes, checksum: c66c53575c4f6b0cd8768c25de2f63b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-07 / A utilização da estimulação elétrica transcutânea do Nervo (TENS) utilizada para a indução de analgesia durante as fases do parto tem sido empregada por diversos centros de obstetrícia, com o objetivo de redução e/ou interrupção do uso de drogas, a fim de evitar efeitos colaterais materno-fetais. Ao realizarmos o presente trabalho, encontramos estudos realizados de forma descritivos e explicativos, mostrando á eficácia da corrente,e excluindo relatos dos efeitos colaterais no pós- natal imediato e tardio, incidindo sobre o recém-nascido, não têm sido relatados. Recentemente, com a modernização de técnicas de avaliação de genoma e proteoma, inúmeros trabalhos têm sido realizados evidenciando alterações fenotípicas tardias. Relatamos, neste trabalho, algumas das possíveis conseqüências longitudinais de tal procedimento, relacionados à Bio-eletrogênese.(Science,2004) Na realização deste estudo escolhemos o método: revisão sistemática que é um recurso importante da prática baseada em evidências, que consiste em uma forma de síntese dos resultados de pesquisas relacionados com um problema específico. O estudo tem como objetivo oferecer subsídios que proporcionem reflexões para a construção e/ou aplicação de revisões sistemáticas no cenário da atuação da fisioterapia na obstetrícia.. Para isto várias etapas foram cumpridas para avaliação quanto ao seu uso potencial em seres humanos. A etapa 1 refere-se a uma caracterização do problema, identificando a necessidade desta revisão, passando para uma proposta e desenvolvimento do projeto. A etapa 2 refere-se à utilização de bases de dados para averiguação de estudos pertinentes à extração dos dados relevantes, perfazendo um total de 25 artigos. Na etapa 3, para nossa surpresa, não identificamos parâmetros que pudessem ser utilizados para comparação e avaliação por testes estatísticos. A etapa 4 sintetiza o trabalho, por meio desta Dissertação ,que envolveu a aplicação de estratégias científicas, com a finalidade de limitar vieses, congrega, avalia criticamente e sintetiza todos os estudos relevantes que respondem a uma pergunta clínica específica; além disso, promove a atualização dos profissionais de saúde, uma vez que sintetiza amplo corpo de conhecimento e ajuda a explicar as diferenças entre estudos com a mesma questão clínica. / Many Obstetrical Centers have been using T.E.N.S. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) trying the reduction, or even the interruption of drugs on pain relief during labour. As we observe, only cross section studies were performed. No late effects were described. Recently, modern techniques have been used to evaluate the genomics and proteomics, and have also been able to detect gene mutations where proteomics change only later on cell’s life. Relate, in this work, some of the possible consequences of such a procedure longitudinal, related to the Bioeletrogenesis(Science,2004). In this study chose the method: systematic review that is a major feature of the practice based on evidence, which consists of a summary of the results of research related to a specific problem. The study is intended to provide subsidies that provide reflections for the construction and / or application of systematic reviews of the stage performance of physiotherapy in obstetrics. For that several steps have been completed for evaluation as to its potential use in humans. The stage one refers to a characterization of the problem, identifying the need for this review, to a proposal and development of the project. Stage two refers to the use of databases for investigation of studies relevant to the extraction of relevant data, a total of twenty-five articles. In stage three, don’t was identification parameters that could be used for comparison and evaluation by statistical tests. The stage four summarizes the work through this dissertation, which involved the application of scientific strategies with the aim of limiting biases, gathers, evaluates critically and synthesizes all the relevant studies that respond to a specific clinical question. Moreover, it promotes the upgrade of health professionals, since it synthesizes large body of knowledge and helps explain the differences between studies with the same question clinic.

Bakgrund: Vid smärtsamma muskuloskeletalatillstånd är patienten beroende av sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder och stöd till smärtlindring. Transkutan elektrisk nervstimulering (TENS) är en icke farmakologisk smärtlindringsmetod som med fördel kan kombineras med analgetiska läkemedel vid både akuta och långvariga smärttillstånd. För att optimera smärtlindringen i vardagen vid långvarig smärta kan patienten utbildas i att använda TENS i sin egenvård. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva effekten av transkutan elektrisk nervstimulering som en del av smärtbehandlingen för personer med muskuloskeletala smärttillstånd. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie med induktiv ansats där två kvalitativa artiklar samt sju kvantitativa artiklar granskats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två teman: TENS effekt vid akut smärtaoch TENS effekt vid långvarig smärta. Resultatet visade att behandling med TENS kunde ge adekvat smärtlindring och var en säker metod med få negativa konsekvenser för patienten. Det framkom även att behandlingen medförde en reducering av intag av analgetiska preparat för patienterna. Patienter som behandlades med TENS visade även på en högre grad av fysisk funktion och psykiskt välbefinnande. Konklusion: För sjuksköterskans omvårdnad av patienter med muskuloskeletala tillstånd ter sig TENS vara en effektiv och säker omvårdnadsåtgärd med fler fördelar än enbart  smärtlindrande effekt. Kunskap och utbildning för sjuksköterskan av denna behandlingsmetod kan ge sjuksköterskan ytterligare verktyg för multimodal omvårdnad av både akut och långvarig smärta. Sjuksköterskans kunskap om TENS ger även möjlighet till patientutbildning och kan stärka patientgruppens möjlighet till egenvård vid smärta. / Background: In painful musculoskeletal conditions, the patient is dependent on the nurse's nursing measures and support for pain relief. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacological pain relief method that can be advantageously combined with analgesic drugs for both acute and long-term pain conditions. To optimize the pain relief in everyday life in the event of long-term pain, the patient can be trained in using TENS in their self-care. Aim: The aim was to describe the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as part of the pain treatment for people with musculoskeletal pain conditions. Method: A General literature study with inductive approach, where two qualitative articles and seven quantitative articles were examined. Results: The results revealed two themes: TENS effect in acute pain and TENS effect in long lasting pain. The results showed that treatment with TENS could provide adequate pain relief and was a safe method with few negative consequences for the patient. Itwas also found that the treatment resulted in a reduction in the intake of analgesic pharmaceuticals for the patients. Patients treated with TENS also showed a higher degree of physical function and mental well-being. Conclusion: For the nurse's nursing of patients with musculoskeletal conditions, TENS appears to be an effective and safe nursing measure with more benefits than just a pain-relieving effect. Knowledge and training for the nurse of this treatment method can provide the nurse with additional tools for multimodal care of both acute and long lasting pain. The nurse's knowledge of TENS  also provides opportunities for patient education and can strengthen the patient group's opportunities for self-care in case of pain.

Title: Changes in central reactivity during thermal stimulation monitored by electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) Objectives: The objective of this thesis is to determine whether there are any changes in central reactivity during local thermal stimulation by heat and cold and to compare the effect of analgesic electrical stimulation by TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) applied after single thermal stimuli. The brain activity was scanned from the scalp EEG and the results were evaluated by using sLORETA program. Methods: Twelve young, healthy people over the age of 21 participated in this study. The requirement for the participation in this experiment was good health condition without any neurological or other diagnoses. The electrical activity of the brain was being recorded throughout the whole experiment using a 32-channel EEG cap. The measurement had multiple parts. During the whole experiment, the participants were lying on the therapeutic table and all stimuli were applied locally to the right hand. Firstly, the EEG was recorded while participants were resting with closed eyes for five minutes. Then we realized a measurement of a two-minute long application of electrical stimulation of TENS in above-threshold sensitive intensity, which was individual for each participant. The...

The thesis deals with the effect of two methods of physical therapy on myofascial trigger point, in particular combined therapy (US + TENS) and ultra- electrostimulation. Furthermore, there is investigated whether the release of MTrP is reflected in values of pressure pain threshold in chained muscles and there is discussed the use of combined therapy as an objectification tool. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with general and latest knowledge about myofascial trigger points. There are discussed some possibilities of the therapy with emphasis on physical therapy and transcutaneous electroneurostimulation, which form the basis for combined therapy (CT) and ultra-electrostimulation. The research part evaluates the effect of combined therapy and ultra-electrostimulation on a group of 12 probands randomly divided into two subgroups. Values of pressure pain threshold sensitivity, visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and the minimum intensity of electric current necessary to induce muscle contraction (measured by combined therapy) are used for objectification. Ultra-electrostimulation has proven to be a more effective method in VAS values, but in summary, the results cannot be considered statistically significant. The effect of MTrP release (of the trapezius muscle) on the chained muscles could not...

La neurostimulation périphérique (en anglais transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ou TENS) est une modalité thérapeutique fréquemment utilisée en réadaptation pour diminuer la douleur. À ce jour, cependant, l’efficacité analgésique du TENS chez les aînés demeure peu documentée. La majorité des études effectuées jusqu’à présent ont été réalisées chez les jeunes adultes ou chez des populations d’âge hétérogènes. La présente étude, un essai croisé randomisé à double insu, avait pour objectif de documenter l’efficacité analgésique du TENS conventionnel et du TENS acupuncture chez les aînés et d’observer si la réponse analgésique de ces deux modalités de TENS entre les aînés et les jeunes adultes est différente. Quinze aînés et quinze jeunes adultes ont participé à l’étude. Les participants étaient évalués à trois occasions distinctes pour recevoir en alternance un TENS conventionnel, un TENS acupuncture et un TENS placebo. Une douleur expérimentale était créée à l’aide d’une thermode de type Peltier, appliquée au niveau de la colonne lombaire pendant deux minutes, période durant laquelle les participants devaient évaluer l’intensité de leur douleur avec une échelle visuelle analogue reliée à un ordinateur (CoVAS). Les mesures de douleur ont été prises avant, pendant et après l’application de chaque type de TENS. Chez les jeunes adultes, lorsque comparée au niveau de douleur initiale, une diminution significative de la douleur a été observée pendant et après l’application du TENS conventionnel et acupuncture. Le TENS conventionnel et acupuncture étaient supérieurs au traitement placebo (toutes les valeurs de p < 0,05). Cependant, chez les aînés, le TENS conventionnel et acupuncture n’ont pas permis de diminuer significativement la douleur. De plus, aucune modalité TENS ne se démarquait du traitement placebo (toutes les valeurs de p > 0,05). Bien que le TENS conventionnel et le TENS acupuncture soient efficaces chez les jeunes adultes, les présents résultats suggèrent que le TENS n’est pas la meilleure option de traitement pour diminuer la douleur chez les aînés, du moins lorsqu’il est utilisé seul (monothérapie). Des études futures, visant à déterminer des façons de bonifier l’effet du TENS chez les aînés, sont nécessaires.

Introduction: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a recommended therapy as a strategy to control musculoskeletal pain including temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Objective: Analyze the immediate responses of TENS on pain intensity, pressure pain threshold, electromyographic activity and muscle fatigue in subjects diagnosed with muscular TMD. Methods: Were selected 40 subjects of 18-35 years, with signs and symptoms of muscular TMD. The diagnosis it was used Brazilian version of the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and volunteers were randomly distributed in to two groups: (1) TENS placebo (n=20) and (2) TENS active (n=20). A single application of TENS was performed bilaterally on the temporal anterior and masseter muscles (Dp = 90 μs, time = 50 minutes, the first 25 minutes with frequency of 100 Hz and the last 25 minutes with 4 Hz frequency, high intensity but without allowing muscle contraction). For the placebo TENS group the same parameters were used, but with directed stimulus to voluntary only in the first 40 seconds, which was later diverted to the internal resistance of a placebo circuit. The sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the degree of catastrophizing by Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). Before, immediately and 48 hours after application of TENS were evaluated the intensity of pain using a visual analog scale (VAS), pressure pain threshold (PPT) of masticatory and cervical muscles and electromyographic activity (EMG) in mandibular rest, maximal voluntary contraction and during normal mastication. Results: There was a reduction in pain intensity and increased pain threshold to pressure only in the TENS active group immediately and after 48 hours of treatment. The electromyographic activity showed heterogeneous behavior for the group TENS placebo while in the TENS active group to have more uniform responses. Just TENS active group showed greater resistance to fatigue, being observed a delay of the declining strength time and higher intensity peak of electromyographic signal immediately after therapy. Conclusion: TENS active was superior to TENS placebo on identified hypoalgesia. The masticatory function was more efficient in the TENS active group. Moreover, the active form of TENS contributed so the masticatory muscles could reach higher amplitudes of EMG signal and could last longer in contraction before the onset of muscle fatigue. Furthermore, it was found that the greatest degree of catastrophizing and poor sleep quality can influence hypoalgesic response induced by active TENS. / Introdução: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) é uma terapia recomendada como estratégia no controle da dor musculoesquelética incluindo a disfunção temporomandibular (DTM). Objetivo: Analisar as respostas imediatas da TENS sobre a intensidade da dor, limiar de dor à pressão, atividade eletromiográfica na dor, atividade eletromiográfica e fadiga muscular de sujeitos com diagnóstico de DTM muscular. Casuística e Métodos: Foram selecionados 40 indivíduos na faixa etária de 18 a 35 anos com sinais e sintomas de DTM muscular. O diagnóstico de DTM foi realizado seguindo-se a versão brasileira do Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) e os voluntários foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: (1) TENS placebo (n=20) e (2) TENS ativo (n=20). Foi realizada aplicação única da TENS bilateralmente nos músculos masseteres e temporais anteriores (Duração de pulso=90 μs, tempo=50 minutos, sendo os primeiros 25 minutos com frequência de 100 Hz e os últimos 25 minutos com frequência de 4 HZ, intensidade alta porém sem possibilitar contração muscular). Para o grupo TENS placebo foram utilizados os mesmos parâmetros, porém com estímulo transiente. A qualidade do sono foi avaliada através do Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) e o grau de catastrofização pela Escala de Pensamentos Catastróficos sobre a Dor (EPCD). Antes, imediatamente e 48 horas depois da aplicação da TENS, foram avaliados: a intensidade da dor através da escala visual analógica da dor (EVA), limiar de dor à pressão (LDP) de músculos mastigatórios e cervicais, bem como atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) em repouso mandibular, contração voluntária máxima e mastigação habitual. Resultados: Houve redução significativa da intensidade da dor e aumento do limiar de dor à pressão apenas no grupo TENS ativo, imediatamente e após 48 horas do tratamento. A atividade eletromiográfica demonstrou comportamento heterogêneo para o grupo TENS placebo enquanto que no grupo TENS ativo houve respostas mais uniformes em relação à redução da EMG durante o repouso, aumento durante a contração voluntária máxima (apertamento) e mastigação habitual. Para a maioria dos músculos analisados esses resultados se perpetuaram após 48 horas da terapia. Apenas o grupo TENS ativo demonstrou maior resistência a fadiga, sendo observado retardo no tempo de declínio da força e maior pico de intensidade do sinal eletromiográfico imediatamente após a terapia. Apenas no grupo TENS ativo, fator emocional desfavorável do tipo catastrofização se correlacionou de maneira negativa com a variação do limiar de dor à pressão do músculo temporal anterior imediatamente após aplicação da TENS. Conclusão: TENS ativo foi superior ao TENS placebo na hipoalgesia. A função mastigatória foi mais eficiente no grupo TENS ativo. A forma ativa da TENS contribuiu para que os músculos mastigatórios alcançassem maiores amplitudes de sinal eletromiográfico e perdurassem por mais tempo em contração antes da ocorrência da fadiga muscular. Além disso, foi verificado que o maior grau de catastrofização e má qualidade do sono podem influenciar a resposta hipoalgésica induzida pela TENS ativa.

Postoperativ smärta i samband med kirurgi är ett vanligt förekommande tillstånd eftersom smärta är en komplex och individuell upplevelse. För att kunna ge adekvat smärtlindring behöver anestesisjuksköterskor vara öppna för och implementera andra metoder, så kallade icke-farmakologiska smärtlindringsmetoder. Musik och TENS är två icke-farmakologiska metoder som kan lindra postoperativ smärta. Anestesisjuksköterskan har ett ansvar att se till varje patients enskilda behov och ge individuell vård med personen i centrum. Vården är under konstant utveckling och för att utvecklas hållbart krävs det forskning kring användning av alternativa metoder som tillägg till farmakologisk smärtbehandling. Syftet med studien var att undersöka effekten av musik eller TENS som tillägg till farmakologisk behandling för att lindra postoperativ smärta. En systematisk litteraturöversikt har gjorts. Sökning av vetenskapliga artiklar gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och Medline. Totalt inkluderades 19 kvantitativa artiklar som uppnådde medel eller hög kvalitet efter kvalitetsgranskning. Studierna innefattade olika typer av ingrepp, där alla deltagare var över 18 år samt både män och kvinnor. Alla artiklar var godkända av etisk kommitté eller granskningsnämnd. Resultatet redovisas utifrån två kategorier: musik och TENS. Både musik och TENS visade sig vara säkra metoder som gav effekt på den postoperativa smärtan, dessutom kan TENS minska opioid konsumtionen. Musik och TENS kan tillämpas av anestesisjuksköterskor. Musik är en kostnadseffektiv metod medan TENS inte är det. Det krävs ytterligare forskning kring både musik och TENS inom perioperativ vård. / Postoperative pain after surgery is a common state because pain is a complex and individual experience. To be able to give adequate pain relief, nurse anesthetist should be open to and implement other methods, such as alternative therapies. Music and TENS are two alternative therapies that could ease postoperative pain. The nurse anesthetist has a responsibility to see every patients individual need and give person centered care. Healthcare is under constant development and to achieve sustainable development, research is needed on how to use alternative therapies in addition to pharmacological pain relief. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of music or TENS as an addition to pharmacological treatment to ease postoperative pain. A systematic review was conducted. The databases Cinahl and Medline were used for the search for scientific articles. Which in total consisted of 19 quantitative articles that achieved medium or high quality after a quality review was performed. The studies included different types of surgeries, all participants were 18 or older, as well as both male and female. All articles were approved by an ethics committee or review board. The results are categorized into two main outcomes: music and TENS. Both music and TENS proved to be safe alternative therapies that had positive effects on the postoperative pain perception, in addition TENS seemed to decrease the opioid consumption. Both music and TENS can be administered by nurse anesthetists. Music is a cost-effective method whereas TENS is not. However, both music and TENS need to be researched further in perioperative care.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:59:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 451033.pdf: 4023283 bytes, checksum: f5ff6b363661cfa2b354502e0156edb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-19 / Photoelasticity is an important technique to the mechanics stress analysis in complex geometry structures and exposed to equally complex loads. Such technique is based in the principle in which some materials present different refraction index when subjected to load. When the part is crossed by a polarized light beam in the opposite face it is possible to visualize colored fringes whose appearance is related to the stress to which the structure is exposed. The analysis of the colored fringes image of the part is an indirect measure of mechanical stress. Despite the advances in photoelasticity, it is still widely used the semiquantitative analysis by calculating the stress in the part to pre-determined points which somehow submits the colors analysis to the inaccuracy from the human eye, compromising repeatability and reproducibility of the experiment. In order to overcome this adversity, software was developed for analysis of the entire image area through the univocal identification of the colors of the fringes. The software was developed using the basic concepts of image processing such as connectivity pixels and edge detection, besides a design using a color space created by the International Commission on Illumination. Using this computational tool, it was possible to obtain results of the average shear stress in the structure from the analysis of all pixels in the image, something almost inconceivable to be manually done by the traditional methodology. / A fotoelasticidade ? uma importante t?cnica para an?lise de tens?es mec?nicas em estruturas de geometria complexa e expostas a cargas igualmente complexas. Esta t?cnica baseia-se no princ?pio de que alguns materiais apresentam diferentes ?ndices de refra??o quando submetidos a esfor?os mec?nicos. Quando a pe?a ? atravessada por um feixe de luz polarizado, na face oposta podem ser visualizadas franjas coloridas cujo aspecto ? relacionado ? tens?o a qual a estrutura est? exposta. A an?lise destas franjas coloridas da imagem da pe?a ? uma medida indireta da tens?o mec?nica. Apesar dos avan?os na fotoelasticidade, ainda ? muito utilizada a an?lise semiquantitativa calculando-se a tens?o na pe?a em pontos pr?-determinados, o que de certo modo submete a an?lise das cores a inacur?cia do olho humano, comprometendo a repetitibilidade e reprodutibilidade do experimento. A fim de superar esta adversidade foi desenvolvido um programa para an?lise de toda a ?rea da imagem passando pela identifica??o un?voca das cores das franjas. O programa foi desenvolvido utilizando-se conceitos b?sicos de processamento de imagens como conectividade de pixels e detec??o de borda, al?m de uma concep??o utilizando-se um espa?o de cor criado pela Comiss?o Internacional de Ilumina??o. Com o uso desta ferramenta computacional foi poss?vel obter resultados da tens?o de cisalhamento m?dia na estrutura a partir da an?lise de todos os pixels da imagem, algo praticamente inconceb?vel de ser feito manualmente pela metodologia tradicional.

Context: Knee injury is a common problem for runners. Knee pain is a common symptom in knee injury and is associated with alterations in knee and hip muscle activation and hip joint angles. Relieving pain through intervention may help to restore neuromuscular function. Objective: To examine the effects of ice and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) combination treatment on perceived knee pain, hip frontal plane angle, and muscle activation during running in individuals with experimental knee pain (EKP). Design: Crossover. Setting: Laboratory. Subjects: 19 participants (11 males and 8 females, 23.2 ± 1.9 y, 176 ± 11.6 cm, 71.5 ± 16.9 kg; right leg dominant). Interventions: Hypertonic saline was infused into the infrapatellar fat pad for 74 minutes (total 11.1 mL). Subjects underwent 2 treatment conditions (sham; ice/TENS combination). Measurements were recorded during running at 4 time points (preinfusion, postinfusion, posttreatment, and postinterval). Main Outcome Measures: Perceived knee pain on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS), knee and hip muscle peak electromyography (EMG) amplitude, and hip adduction angles. Results: Hypertonic saline infusion increased perceived anterior knee pain in all participants. The average of peak perceived knee pain was 28 mm on a 100-mm VAS in EKP application. While the increased perceived knee pain level stayed consistent across time in the sham session, ice/TENS combination treatment significantly reduced perceived knee pain by 35% at 6 minutes after the treatment start (p = 0.049), and the reduced knee pain lasted for 22 minutes (p > 0.05). Peak EMG amplitude of the gluteus medius was decreased by 13.5% and 14.3% (p = 0.023; p = 0.013) during running after EKP in sham and treatment sessions, respectively. However, the peak EMG amplitude was not restored to pain-free level during running after the treatment (p = 0.026). No other muscles changed their peak EMG amplitude due to EKP or treatment. Hip adduction angles during running were also not altered by EKP or treatment (p > 0.3) in both sham and treatment sessions. Conclusions: EKP increased perceived knee pain and decreased peak muscle activation of the gluteus medius during running. Ice/TENS combination treatment reduced perceived knee pain quickly, but did not restore neuromechanics during running.