Seguir o futebol na cidade foi a peculiaridade desta pesquisa etnográfica multi-situada num circuito de futebol de Porto Alegre, referido como o municipal da várzea. Isto foi realizado na esteira de estudos sobre a heterogeneidade das vivências e dos significados das práticas esportivas, com foco naquelas objetivadas e subjetivadas pelas pessoas comuns nos contextos urbanos das suas vidas cotidianas. Ao segui-las nos campos de futebol, nas salas de reuniões, em bares, residências e salões de festas, em distintas regiões e regimes urbanos, deparei-me com a necessidade de pensar e problematizar os significados do futebol não apenas em face da circunscrição de um circuito e suas lógicas, mas também em relação à circulação e à trajetória de vida das pessoas. Disso resultou o interesse em estudar a atribuição de significados imbricada (e imbricante) nas tramas urbanas, implicada (e implicante) numa construção multi-local e polifônica, tributária de distintas trajetórias de socialização e possibilidades concretas de circulação das pessoas e grupos, porém, sem que isso deixe de lado, em maior ou menor medida, a constituição do circuito como um espaço simbólico particular, institucionalizado (e institucionalizante). Como modo de pesquisa, procurei seguir as pessoas em ação (dirigentes, jogadores, torcedores, familiares, amigos, etc.), estando atento para como os significados de práticas e de artefatos se alteravam conforme transitava nos distintos espaços-tempos da cidade e do circuito de futebol. Como estratégia de análise-interpretação, recorri às principais controvérsias observadas e registradas, compreendendo que elas deixavam importantes rastros simbólicos do que estava “em disputa” na circulação-construção do futebol. Mapeei 4 controvérsias que, então, serviram como categorias de análise (“aqui é a várzea, não é o profissional”; “o clube de hoje é um jogo de camisas”; “o que incomoda é a pressão que vem de fora”; e “hoje eles foram só para jogar bola”). A partir dessas categorias, apresentei descrições (na forma de retratos) e interpretações relacionadas à atribuição dos significados, tendo como foco a problematização de categorias que são clássicas ao se pensar as configurações esportivas (a “organização”, os “times”, os “torcedores” e a “disciplina”). Estas problematizações, ao final, me possibilitaram concluir que os significados do futebol implicam e estão implicados num paradoxo: de um lado um movimento de purificação no sentido de que o circuito funcione enquanto uma arena relativamente fechada; de outro, um movimento de hibridização, de mistura, onde as tramas e as trajetórias de vida não são e nem se poderiam ser deixadas de lado. Quem "se movimenta" na cidade nos múltiplos espaços-tempos da várzea certamente estará diante desses dois movimentos. / Following amateur football in this city was the peculiarity of this ethnographic study, multi-situated in the football circuit of Porto Alegre, referred to as the town of amateur football. This was carried out in the wake of studies of the heterogeneity of experiences and meanings of the practice of sport, with a focus on those targeted and subjectified by ordinary people in the urban contexts of their everyday lives. By following them on the football fields, in meeting rooms, in bars and in their homes, in distinct urban regions and regimes, I began to feel the need to think about and discuss the meaning of football, not only with regards to the circuit division and its logic, but also in relation to the movement and trajectory of people‟s lives. This has resulted in the interest of studying the allocation of overlapping (and overlapped) meanings in urban schemes, implicated (and implicating) in a multi-site and polyphonic construction, tributary to distinct socializing trajectories and concrete possibilities of the circulation of people and groups, however, without setting aside, to a greater or lesser extent, the circuit constitution as a symbolic private institutionalized (and institutionalizing) space. As a research method, I followed people in action (managers, players, fans, family, friends, etc.), paying attention to how the meaning of the practices were altered as they moved within different time-spaces of the city and in the football circuit. As an analysis-interpretation strategy, I have used the principal controversies observed and registered, understanding that they have left important symbolic traces of what was “in dispute” in the circulation-construction of the football. I have mapped four controversies which have served as categories for analysis (“here it‟s amateur, not professional”; “nowadays the club is a game of shirts”; “what bothers me is the pressure comes from outside”; and “today they came only to play ball”). From these categories, I presented descriptions (in the form of portraits) and interpretations related to the attribution of meaning, having in focus the problem of classifications which are traditional when considering sporting configurations (the “organization”, the “teams”, the “fans” and the “discipline”). Discussing these problems finally led me to conclude that the meanings of football imply, and are implied in, a paradox: on the one hand, a purification movement in the sense that the circuit works as a relatively closed arena; on the other hand, a hybridization movement, of mixture, where the schemes and trajectories of urban life are not life and cannot be left out. Whoever circulates in the city in the multiple space-time of amateur football, certainly faces these two movements. / Seguir al fútbol en la ciudad fue la peculiaridad de esta investigación etnográfica multisituada en un circuito de fútbol de Porto Alegre: el potrero (la canchita) municipal. Esto fue realizado a partir del estudio sobre la heterogeneidad de las vivencias y de los significados de las prácticas deportivas, con énfasis en las que son objetivadas y subjetivadas por las personas comunes en los contextos urbanos de sus vidas cotidianas. Al seguir estas prácticas en los campos de fútbol, en las salas de reuniones, en los bares, en las residencias, en los salones de fiestas y en distintas espacios urbanos y regionales, me deparé con la necesidad de pensar y problematizar los significados del fútbol no solo en la circunscripción de un circuito y sus lógicas, sino también en relación a la circulación y a la trayectoria de vida de las personas. De ello, resultó el interés en estudiar la atribución de significados imbricada (e imbricante en los tejidos urbanos, implicada (e implicante) en una construcción multilocal y polifónica, tributaria de distintas trayectorias de socialización y de posibilidades concretas de circulación de las personas y grupos; no obstante, sin dejar de lado, en mayor o menor medida, la constitución del circuito como un espacio simbólico particular, institucionalizado (e institucionalizante). Como modo de investigación, busqué seguir las personas en acción (dirigentes, jugadores, hinchas, familiares, amigos, etc.), atento a como los significados de prácticas y de artefactos se alteraban conforme transitaba en los distintos espacios y tiempos de la ciudad y del circuito de fútbol. Como estrategia de análisis e interpretación, recorrí las principales controversias observadas y registradas, comprendiendo que estas dejaban importantes rastros simbólicos de lo que estaba “en disputa” en la circulación y construcción del fútbol. Registré cuatro (4) controversias que, entonces, sirvieron como categorías de análisis (“este es el potrero, no el profesional”; “el club de hoy es un conjunto de camisetas”; “lo que molesta es la presión externa”; y “hoy ellos fueron sólo para jugar a la pelota en la canchita”). A partir de estas categorías, presenté descripciones (en forma de retratos) e interpretaciones relacionadas a la atribución de los significados, teniendo en cuenta la problematización de clasificaciones que son tradicionales cuando se piensan las configuraciones deportivas: la “organización”, los “equipos”, los “hinchas” y la “disciplina”. Estas problematizaciones, al final, me posibilitaron concluir que los significados del fútbol implican y están implicados en una paradoja: de un lado un movimiento de purificación en el sentido de que el circuito funcione como una “arena” relativamente cerrada; de otro, un movimiento de hibridización, de mezcla, donde los tejidos y las trayectorias de vida urbana no son ni se podrían dejar de lado. Quién circula en la ciudad en los múltiplos espacios y tiempos del potrero (la canchita) ciertamente estará frente a estos dos movimientos.

Title of the thesis: Analysis of the training unit for football older prepare players with a different level of performance. Objective of the thesis: Identify the representation of didactic forms and types of training processes in the older football product categories, taking into account the different performance level of the club (professional vs. amateur). Solving methods: Solution Methods: An indirect observation method was used to analyze when we used two camcorders to shoot two training units per week for each team. (AC Sparta Prague, SK Slavia Praha, FK Motorlet and SK Aritma). The training records were subsequently evaluated. Results: Comparison of professional clubs and amateurs had the most significant difference in game exercises, which was 38.3% for AC Sparta and SK Slavia vs. 22.8% for FK Motorlet and SK Aritma. On the other hand, amateur clubs used more training play (39.7%) compared to 22% AC Sparta and SK Slavia. There was no significant difference in socio-interactive forms, just as professional clubs make more use of group form, especially because of the higher number of trainers per training unit. A more significant difference was also seen in the training process where professional clubs use more fitness training than amateur (28% to 10%). Of all the results we have not found...

Bien que le continuum discursif de l’information télévisée soit marqué par un rituel quotidien, il inscrit les événements dans différents niveaux de profondeur pathémiques. Lors de grandes catastrophes telles que le tsunami d’Asie du Sud-Est de 2004 ou le 11 septembre de 2001, le degré de profondeur atteint semble avoir cristallisé une forme particulière, que le travail de thèse désigne comme information d’urgence, à l’égard de laquelle il s’attache à dessiner les plans conceptuels et définitionnels. Majoritairement manifestée par l’immixtion massive d’images d’amateurs, l’information d’urgence installe des conditions de lecture capables d’élever le pathos à son paroxysme, sur le fond d’une vérité probatoire qui plonge ses racines dans les pratiques sociales/culturelles. Alors qu’ils filtrent la « bonne » réception de l’image, comment les signes de l’imperfectibilité (caractéristiques de ces images) arrivent-ils à renvoyer au monde naturel avec une vérité saisissante ? Comment participent-ils à l’élaboration de la visée pragmatique de l’urgence ? Constituent-ils une autonomie ? En s’appuyant sur un corpus télévisuel de différents pays (France, Portugal et États-Unis), l’exploration des éléments constitutifs de l’information d’urgence guide la réflexion au-delà de la strate sémio-textuelle, vers l’analyse du paradigme communicationnel. En conséquence, s’inscrivant dans une polyphonie sémiotique (autour du verbal, du visuel et des pratiques), cette traversée interrogera les plans d’immanence avant de conduire à une définition stable du syntagme information d’urgence / Despite being a discursive continuum, broadcasted news is marked by daily ritual; it inscribes events into various pathemic depth levels. When catastrophes such as the 2004 South-Asian tsunami or the 9/11 attacks of 2001 occur, the depth level that is reached seems to crystallize into a specific form. My thesis work has led me to conceptualize this particular form as “emergency news” (information d’urgence) and the research aims at defining its conceptual and constitutive traits.“Emergency news” is mainly characterized by a significant amount of amateur images, intermingled with standard professional images. “Emergency news” thus sets up interpretation/reception conditions which in turn are able to heighten pathos to its maximum, within a background frame consisting of a proven truth rooted into social and cultural practices. When signs of imperfection —which are characteristic of amateur images— filter the “right” image reception, how can they reflect the natural world in a strikingly realistic way? How do they contribute to the pragmatic aims of urgency and emergency? Do they work in an autonomous manner? Based on a corpus composed of broadcasted images and news reports from three different countries (France, Portugal and the United States), the exploration of the various elements constitutive of “emergency news” guides the reflexion beyond the semio-textual strata, toward the analysis of the communicational paradigm. Thus, with its inscription in semiotic polyphony (revolving around the visual, the verbal and practices), this journey will question planes of immanence before leading to a stable definition of the “emergency news” syntagm

Le naturaliste français Charles Janet (1849-1932) est resté en marge des grandes figures scientifiques. L’Académie des sciences avait pourtant reconnu certains de ses travaux entomologiques et aujourd’hui, sa classification atomique émerge dans les discussions des chimistes. Centralien, ingénieur civil et manufacturier en province, il fut entre autres géologue, paléontologue, entomologiste, biologiste et chimiste même si ces disciplines ne reflètent qu’une partie de ses recherches. Méconnus et scindés dans ses spécialités, ses travaux ont été très peu étudiés et jamais dans une vision d’ensemble. La biographie envisagée ici permettra de dépasser ces clivages disciplinaires. À partir des propres perceptions de Janet, nous engagerons notre projet vers une microhistoire qui nous offrira le moyen d’observer le travail d’un savant. Elle sera révélatrice des fonctionnements, usages et sociabilités des sociétés savantes locales ou nationales qui se posent en véritables autorités scientifiques et dont nous examinerons les liens avec l’Académie des sciences. La principale sera la Société zoologique de France dont Janet deviendra président. Il nous autorisera en sus à observer une tendance macro historique qui est celle de la spécialisation et de la marginalisation de l’entomologie. Ce qui nous conduira à remettre en question la classique dualité « professionnels vs amateurs » chez les scientifiques.Janet, par sa polyvalence, sa longue carrière à la fois hors et dans la science officielle est un témoin privilégié des sciences naturelles à la charnière du XIXe. Retracer sa vie et son œuvre, c’est observer les sciences sous l’angle des anonymes qui se haussent un temps au niveau des gloires de leur époque. Mais, si cette recherche témoigne des pratiques d’un scientifique méconnu, elle représente paradoxalement (selon nous) celles de la majorité des naturalistes de son temps. / The French naturalist Charles Janet (1849-1932) is remained on the margins of the great scientific figures. However, the Academy of Sciences acknowledged some of his entomological works and nowadays, his atomic classification emerges in discussions of chemists. Graduated from Ecole Centrale, civil engineer and manufacturer in province, he was among other things, geologist, paleontologist, entomologist, biologist and chemist even if these disciplines reflect only a part of his research. Unsung and split in his specialities, his works have been very little studied and never in an overall view. Hence, the biography proposed here will go beyond these disciplinary divides. Through the own perceptions of Janet, we will engage our project towards the microhistory that gives us the way to observe the work of a scholar. It will be revealing some functions, uses and sociability of the local or national societies that arise in real scientific authority and we will examine their links with the Academy of Sciences. The main will be the Zoological Society of France of which Janet became president. In addition, he allows us to observe a macro-historical trend, which is that of the specialization and the marginalization of entomology. This will lead us to question the classic duality 'professionals versus amateurs' among scientists.Thanks to his polyvalency, his long career both off and in the official science, Janet is a privileged witness of the natural sciences at the turn of the 19th century. Trace Janet’s life and work, is observing science through the anonymous people who might be raised for a while at the level of the glories of their era. If this research reflects the practices of an unsung scientist, it represents paradoxically (in our view) most of the naturalists of his time.

This work consists of three parts: the translation theory of drama and the specifics of school theatre, the translation of a play by David Llorente, Los árboles dormidos, and a commentary discussing the translation. The theoretical part focuses on problems and characteristics of translations of this genre. The commentary to the translation includes a translation analysis, a discussion of the translation problems and their solutions, and a typology of translation shifts. Keywords: Recipient, paradox, obsolescence of translation, scenic notes, school theatre, amateur theatre, translation analysis, translation shifts.

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Cette thèse se déploie dans un espace de discours et de pratiques revendicatrices, à l’inter- section des cultures amateures informatiques et biotechniques, euro-américaines contempo- raines. La problématique se dessinant dans ce croisement culturel examine des métaphores et analogies au coeur d’un traffic intense, au milieu de voies de commmunications imposantes, reliant les technologies informatiques et biotechniques comme lieux d’expression médiatique. L’examen retrace les lignes de force, les médiations expressives en ces lieux à travers leurs manifestations en tant que codes —à la fois informatiques et génétiques— et reconnaît les caractères analogiques d’expressivité des codes en tant que processus de convergence. Émergeant lentement, à partir des années 40 et 50, les visions convergentes des codes ont facilité l’entrée des ordinateurs personnels dans les marchés, ainsi que dans les garages de hackers, alors que des bricoleurs de l’informatique s’en réclamaient comme espace de liberté d’information —et surtout d’innovation. Plus de cinquante ans plus tard, l’analogie entre codes informatiques et génétiques sert de moteur aux revendications de liberté, informant cette fois les nouvelles applications de la biotechnologie de marché, ainsi que l’activité des biohackers, ces bricoleurs de garage en biologie synthétique. Les pratiques du biohacking sont ainsi comprises comme des individuations : des tentatives continues de résoudre des frictions, des tensions travaillant les revendications des cultures amateures informatiques et biotechniques. Une des manières de moduler ces tensions s’incarne dans un processus connu sous le nom de forking, entrevu ici comme l’expérience d’une bifurcation. Autrement dit, le forking est ici définit comme passage vers un seuil critique, déclinant la technologie et la biologie sur plusieurs modes. Le forking informe —c’est-à-dire permet et contraint— différentes vi- sions collectives de l’ouverture informationnelle. Le forking intervient aussi sur les plans des iii semio-matérialités et pouvoirs d’action investis dans les pratiques biotechniques et informa- tiques. Pris comme processus de co-constitution et de différentiation de l’action collective, les mouvements de bifurcation invitent les trois questions suivantes : 1) Comment le forking catalyse-t-il la solution des tensions participant aux revendications des pratiques du bioha- cking ? 2) Dans ce processus de solution, de quelles manières les revendications changent de phase, bifurquent et se transforment, parfois au point d’altérer radicalement ces pratiques ? 3) Quels nouveaux problèmes émergent de ces solutions ? L’effort de recherche a trouvé ces questions, ainsi que les plans correspondants d’action sémio-matérielle et collective, incarnées dans trois expériences ethnographiques réparties sur trois ans (2012-2015) : la première dans un laboratoire de biotechnologie communautaire new- yorkais, la seconde dans l’émergence d’un groupe de biotechnologie amateure à Montréal, et la troisième à Cork, en Irlande, au sein du premier accélérateur d’entreprises en biologie synthétique au monde. La logique de l’enquête n’est ni strictement inductive ou déductive, mais transductive. Elle emprunte à la philosophie de la communication et de l’information de Gilbert Simondon et découvre l’épistémologie en tant qu’acte de création opérant en milieux relationnels. L’heuristique transductive offre des rencontres inusitées entre les métaphores et les analogies des codes. Ces rencontres étonnantes ont aménagé l’expérience de la conver- gence des codes sous forme de jeux d’écritures. Elles se sont retrouvées dans la recherche ethnographique en tant que processus transductifs. / This dissertation examines creative practices and discourses intersecting computer and biotech cultures. It queries influential metaphors and analogies on both sides of the inter- section, and their positioning of biotech and information technologies as expression media. It follows mediations across their incarnations as codes, both computational and biological, and situates their analogical expressivity and programmability as a process of code conver- gence. Converging visions of technological freedom facilitated the entrance of computers in 1960’s Western hobbyist hacker circles, as well as in consumer markets. Almost fifty years later, the analogy drives claims to freedom of information —and freedom of innovation— from biohacker hobbyist groups to new biotech consumer markets. Such biohacking practices are understood as individuations: as ongoing attempts to resolve frictions, tensions working through claims to freedom and openness animating software and biotech cultures. Tensions get modulated in many ways. One of them, otherwise known as “forking,” refers here to a critical bifurcation allowing for differing iterations of biotechnical and computa- tional configurations. Forking informs —that is, simultaneously affords and constrains— differing collective visions of openness. Forking also operates on the materiality and agency invested in biotechnical and computational practices. Taken as a significant process of co- constitution and differentiation in collective action, bifurcation invites the following three questions: 1) How does forking solve tensions working through claims to biotech freedom? 2) In this solving process, how can claims bifurcate and transform to the point of radically altering biotech practices? 3) what new problems do these solutions call into existence? This research found these questions, and both scales of material action and agency, in- carnated in three extensive ethnographical journeys spanning three years (2012-2015): the first in a Brooklyn-based biotech community laboratory, the second in the early days of a biotech community group in Montreal, and the third in the world’s first synthetic biology startup accelerator in Cork, Ireland. The inquiry’s guiding empirical logic is neither solely deductive or inductive, but transductive. It borrows from Gilbert Simondon’s philosophy of communication and information to experience epistemology as an act of analogical creation involving the radical, irreversible transformation of knower and known. Transductive heuris- tics offer unconvential encounters with practices, metaphors and analogies of code. In the end, transductive methods acknowledge code convergence as a metastable writing games, and ethnographical research itself as a transductive process.

This essay is a qualitative study that examines the relationship between the Swedish kulturskola (non-compulsory cultural school for children and young adults), the non-profit cultural life and the phenomenon of lifelong learning. It raises the question wether teachers in the cultural school have a plan for their students lifelong learning or not; what their experience is of collaboration with the non-profit cultural life and if they take any concrete actions to facilitate the students entry into the local cultural life as amateur cultural practitioners. The theoretical framework is the situated learning theory by Lave & Wenger and the context of action theory by Dreier. Six teachers have been interviewed in the study. The result of the study is that the teachers see great values of their students lifelong learning, however, the collaboration with non-profit cultural associations is not always easy because of differences in perspective. It is helpful if the teacher him-/herself has the possibility of being personally engaged in, or at least has experience from, the non-profit cultural life, in order to be able to bridge the gap that arises for students trying to enter the adult cultural world. It is also suggested that teachers need to be given enough resources and support to be able to participate in collaborations with the associations of the local non-profit cultural life. The matter of students’ lifelong learning is urgent not only for the individual student or cultural organizations, but also for the society as a whole.

La relation entre l’être humain et son environnement naturel a été explorée dans une multitude de domaines de recherche qui ont mené à différents courants de pensée. Ce mémoire de recherche qualitative explore cette relation en tenant compte autant de la littérature des sciences sociales que de celle des sciences naturelles afin de mieux comprendre ce qui rattache l’être humain aux éléments de son environnement naturel. J’axe plus spécifiquement cette recherche sur l’activité de la photographie animale et la notion de l’amateur. En utilisant un cadre conceptuel des attachements ainsi que les concepts d’activité de loisir sérieux et d’amateur, cette recherche questionne 13 photographes ayant pour sujet photographique les espèces de la faune. Lors d’entrevues semi-dirigées, leurs réponses permettent d’analyser la façon dont les éléments du cadre des attachements (objet, dispositif, collectif et corps) s’imbriquent les uns dans les autres chez des individus québécois pratiquant la photographie animalière comme activité de loisir sérieux. À la lumière de cette analyse, je présente un cycle d’investissement dans lequel ces photographes s’engagent et qui les mène à s’attacher davantage à la pratique de la photographie animalière. Cet investissement dans la relation d’attachement et la valorisation qu’ils(elles) font du naturel pourrait aussi leur donner le rôle d’amateurs concernés dans un contexte de crise écologique. Enfin, ce mémoire incite à poser un regard attentif entre la frontière du naturel et de l’artificiel qui, malgré une forte appréciation du naturel ici illustré, peut devenir floue lorsqu’il est question des pratiques post-photographiques. / The relationship between human beings and their natural environments has been explored in various research fields using different research traditions. This qualitative research thesis draws on both social science literature and the natural sciences to better understand what connects human beings to elements of their natural environment. It focuses specifically on photography and the notion of the amateur. Using the sociology of attachment as a conceptual framework and the notions or serious leisure and amateurs, I interviewed 13 wildlife photographers in order to explore 1) the role of photography in the attachment relationship between photographers and wildlife species, and 2) how the elements of the framework of attachments (object, device, collective and human body) overlap with each other for these individuals who practise photography as a serious leisure activity. My analysis reveals a cycle of engagement in which the more amateur photographers invest (emotionally and in terms of time and money) the more attached they become to practising wildlife photography. This commitment and the value they attach to the natural allows them to potentially become engaged as concerned citizens in a context of ecological crisis. Finally, despite the amateur photographers’ strong appreciation of nature and the natural, the thesis invites us to reflect on how distinctions between the artificial and the natural may become blurred, particularly where digital photo treatment is concerned.

This investigation was based on a production performed by the Irving, Texas, Community Theatre in March, 1978, directed by the author of this thesis. The paper concerned the problems of producing a play under adverse conditions, such as lack of money, inadequate technical equipment, and a small stage. Chapter I included an investigation of the reviews of the original production in order to establish criteria by which to judge the Irving production. Chapters II and III dealth with varied technical aspects and their application under the adverse conditions. Examples of the technical factors were included in Chapter IV, with a scene synopsis. Chapter V contained a primarily favorable analysis based on the critic's and the audience's judgments, indicating most production elements to be successful.