The COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected the lives of most Americans. People with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) were particularly vulnerable to the negative effects brought on by the pandemic. This study explored the increase in deaths due to opioid overdose during the pandemic exacerbated by factors such as increased stress, decrease in treatment options due to social distancing requirements and facility closures, social isolation, and an increase in spare time. Access to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) was interrupted by the measures meant to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Through a systematic review of current literature, it was demonstrated that existing patients were able to maintain access to care, while few new patients were able to initiate treatment. Telehealth proved to be a vital means of assuring PWUD were able to access life-saving treatment amid a pandemic. Further research is needed to determine whether SUD treatment measures during the COVID-19 pandemic warrants changing the policies long term.

Syftet med den kvalitativa studien var att undersöka om skolkuratorers uppfattning omhögstadieelevers psykiska ohälsa har förändrats under covid-19-pandemin, samt omskolkuratorernas arbetssätt har förändrats. De forskningsfrågor som berördes handlar om hurskolkuratorerna upplevde att högstadieelevernas psykiska hälsa såg ut under covid-19-pandemin, om deras psykiska hälsa har påverkats av distansundervisning samt hurskolkuratorerna har arbetat med elevernas psykiska hälsa under covid-19-pandemin. För attbesvara forskningsfrågorna har intervjuer med skolkuratorer på högstadieskolor genomförts.Det insamlande materialet har sedan analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Teorierna som har använts för att analysera resultatet var systemteori och KASAM. Resultateti studien visade att skolkuratorer upplevde att högstadieelevers psykiska hälsa påverkadesnegativt av covid-19-pandemin. Framför allt framkom att skolkuratorernas uppfattning var atthögstadieelevernas vardag förändrades i samband med covid-19-pandemin, vilket har bidragittill att de inte upplevde en känsla av sammanhang, vilket har lett till att deras måendepåverkades negativt. Med hjälp av systemteori uppmärksammades vikten av en bra elevhälsaså eleverna kunde få hjälp med sin psykiska ohälsa i skolan och därmed må bättre i övrigasystem som de ingår i. Om eleverna enligt skolkuratorerna mådde bra i skolan bidrog det äventill att de fick förutsättningar till att må bra på sin fritid. Studiens slutsats var att skolkuratorernaupplevde att högstadieelevernas psykiska hälsa påverkades negativt av covid-19-pandeminsamt att de har fått anpassat sitt arbetssätt utefter distansundervisning, restriktioner ochelevernas psykiska hälsa. / The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate whether school counsellors’ perceptionsof secondary school students’ mental health illness have changed during the covid-19-pandemic, and whether the school counsellors’ working methods have changed. Furthermorehow the counsellors have worked with the students mental health during the pandemic. Schoolcounsellors have been interviewed to provide relevant answers to these questions which havebeen analyzed using KASAM, general systems theory and qualitative content analysis. Theresult of the study shows that the counsellors perceived that the covid-19 pandemic has not onlyhad an adverse effect on secondary school students’ mental health but also changed theirlifestyle, which have contributed to a lesser sense of belonging in society at large among thestudents. By using general systems theory the importance of a working student care team thathelps students’ during mental illness is highlighted since that improves their health in othersystems too. If the students have good mental health in school, their mental health is consideredto be better in their spare time too. The conclusion of the study was that the school counsellorsfelt that secondary school students mental health was affected negatively of the covid-19-pandemic and that they had to adapt thier way of work in form om distance learing, restrictionsand the students mental health.

Att hantera konsekvenserna av klimatförändringarna är en av mänsklighetens störstautmaningar. Forskare, förespråkare och andra aktörer har länge försökt kommunicera tillallmänheten om klimatförändringar, men det tycks vara svårare än väntat. En paradox haruppstått som innebär att ju mer fakta som presenteras, desto mindre oro. Ett tydligt exempelpå var och hur det kan komma till uttryck är i medier. Ytterligare en global utmaning är denpågående covid-19-pandemin. I ett tidigt skede observerade vi att medierapporteringen påolika sätt började koppla samman covid-19-pandemin med klimatförändringarna. Syftet meddenna studie är att undersöka hur klimatkommunikationen tar sig uttryck under covid-19-pandemin via debattartiklar. Metoden för undersökningen var en latent innehållsanalys ochresultatet analyserades med hjälp av Per Espen Stoknes modell om de fem psykologiskabarriärerna samt teori om strategier inom klimatkommunikation. Resultatet visar attklimatkommunikationen uttrycktes på olika sätt genom både barriärer och strategier, men attkommunikationen till överhängande del uttrycktes genom strategier. Studien kan ökaförståelsen för hur klimatförändringar kan kommuniceras för att skapa klimatengagemangoch kan därmed fungera som en språngbräda för fortsatt forskning. / Dealing with the consequences of climate change is one of humanity's greatest challenges.Researchers, advocates and other actors have long tried to communicate to the public aboutclimate change, but it seems to be more difficult than expected. A paradox has arisen whichmeans that the more facts that are presented, the less concern. A clear example of where andhow it can be expressed is in the media. Another global challenge is the ongoing covid-19pandemic. At an early stage, we began to observe how different types of media started to linkthe covid-19 pandemic to climate change. Based on the background of climatecommunication and this observation, the purpose of this study is to investigate how climatecommunication is expressed during the covid-19 pandemic via debate articles. A latentcontent analysis was performed and the results was analyzed with Per Espen Stoknes modelon the five psychological barriers and theory on strategies in climate communication. Theresults show that climate communication was expressed in different ways through bothbarriers and strategies, but mainly through strategies. The study can further increase theunderstanding of how climate change can be communicated to create climate commitmentand can thus serve as a springboard for further research.

Our work is focused on the period of the global COVID-19 pandemic at its beginning, specifically in the spring and autumn of 2020. It particularly features the area of Czech educational system. We aim to reflect how the pandemic and the closely related distance education in schools affected teachers' attitude towards the education process and also their mental health. In the theoretical part we aspire to define basic terms, such as the teacher's personality, professional growth, motivation, stress, burn-out syndrome and mental hygiene. In addition, we offer an explanation of the process of distance education. The empirical part was realized via semi-structured interviews with teachers of theoretical subjects on vocational schools who were involved in the educational process during the time when it was forced to be led online. The most troublesome issues were the following: the teachers' inadequate technical skills and low self-confidence related to those, but also the minimal support from the schools' management regarding both the training in usage of on-line tools and the need of care of students', school employees' and parents' mental health. KEYWORDS personality, professional growth, motivation, mental hygiene, burn-out syndrome, COVID-19 pandemic, distance education

Given the negative consequences the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to both the physical and mental health, there is a growing need to find the ways how to support and strengthen psychological resilience and mental health of the individuals in such an unprecedent situation. Consequently, this thesis explores the A. Antonovsky's salutogenetic model of health with a focus on the concepts of sense of coherence (SOC) and sense of national coherence (SONC) as potential predictors of mental health during COVID-19 pandemic. In the theoretical part, the topic of mental health, it's coneptualisation and predictors are presented, with an emphasis on the concepts of SOC and SONC. Additionally, the review of present research on mental health during COVID-19 pandemic is included. The research project analyses the data obtained through an online survey as a part of an international research study investigating the predictive factors of mental health during COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection in Czech sample was conducted in December 2020 and January 2021, using the Mental Health Continuum, SOC-13 and SONC scales. The sample included 476 participants. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the SOC as a significant predictor of mental health during COVID-19 pandemic among Czech sample. However, the predictive value...

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur socionomstudenter hanterar samt upplever stress i relation till utbildningen under övergången från digital till fysisk undervisning. Målgruppen var socionomstudenter på termin två, termin tre samt termin sju på ett universitet i mellansverige. En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes där en semistrukturerad intervjuguide användes och fem respondenter deltog. Teorin om hantering av stress användes för att tematisera och analysera resultatet från intervjuerna. Resultatet i studien visar att socionomstudenter upplever stress under utbildningen i samband med övergången från digital till fysisk undervisning. Resultatet visar att den upplevda stressen kan vara kopplat till osäkerhet kring restriktioner i relation till fysisk undervisning samt ökade svårighetsgrader på kurserna. Resultatet visar även att socionomstudenterna använder sig utav socialt stöd samt problemfokuserade strategier vid hantering av stress i samband med utbildningen. Slutsatsen i denna studie är att det kan vara svårt att veta vilka faktorer som påverkar socionomstudenternas upplevda stress samt att socionomstudenters använder flera strategier för hantering av stress i samband med utbildningen. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how social work students handle and experience stress in connection to their education during the transition from digital to physical education. The target group was social work students in term two, term three and term seven at a university in central Sweden. A qualitative interview study was conducted where a semi-structured interviewguide was used and five respondents participated. The coping theory was used to thematize and analyze the results from the interviews. The results of the study show that social work students experience stress during their education in association to the transition from digital to physical education. The results show that the perceived stress may be linked to uncertainty about restrictions in connection with physical education and increased degree of difficulty in the courses of the program. The results also show that the social work students use social support and problem-focused strategies when managing stress in connection to their education. The conclusion of this study is that it can be difficult to know which factors that effect social work students' perceived stress and that social work students use several strategies for managing stress in connection to their education.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine if there was a significant relationship between school-wide academic outcomes and the instructional modalities utilized by public schools during the 2019-2022 school years. This study also determined if there was a significant difference in assessment scores earned by public school students in Tennessee before and after the shift from in-person schooling caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic. The researcher used a chi-squared test for independence to determine if there was a significant relationship between the modality of instruction used within a school during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 school years and the school-wide academic outcomes from the American College Test (ACT) and the Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program Test (TCAP). Furthermore, the researcher used a two-tailed t-test for paired samples to determine if there was a significant difference in school-wide ACT composite scores, school-level TCAP one-year success rates, and TVAAS growth rates by comparing data across the 2018-2019, 2020-2021, and 2021-2022 school years. The findings within this study showed mixed results relative to school-wide academic outcomes before, during, and after the pivot from in-person instruction caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic. Findings showed that school-wide academic success rates were significantly higher prior to the shift from in-person instruction caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic; however, school-wide TVAAS growth rates did not change significantly. Furthermore, this study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between instructional modality and student academic outcomes, but findings suggested that the relationship was weakly associated. Therefore, instructional modality may not have been a key determiner of student performance and practitioners should focus on providing quality instruction regardless of instructional modality.

The aim of this thesis is to study the structures and contents of art paraphrases during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic through semiotics, intertextuality and intermediality, to create an understanding of what the reuse, or appropriation, of art can mean and which roles it could play in a contemporary visual culture. To achieve this, six “Covid paraphrases” are analysed alongside a rich complementary material collected from November 2021—February 2023 through netnographic methods focused on the social media platform Instagram. The study is centred around three categories of Covid paraphrases: positively modified paraphrases, negatively modified paraphrases and paraphrases modified through the act of substitution. The study finds that Covid paraphrases often build upon famous classical art works that contain human figures. These figures, as well as other elements of the image, are shown to be removed, relocated or replaced in the paraphrase. In other Covid paraphrases, new details are added to the image, often portraying objects connected to the pandemic, such as face masks or toilet paper. Most often, they are created, distributed and viewed through digital media, unlike the art works they build upon which generally take the shape of physical paintings. Surprisingly, the study of art paraphrases during the pandemic shows that the visual culture of Covid-19 consists of a considerable amount of humour despite the unstable state of the world. In this context, the Covid paraphrases play the role of the entertainer, and by reminding the public of the authorities’ restrictions in the fight against the new coronavirus, as well as of the long history of art, the paraphrases can also be seen as a source for information. Together with other new images, the Covid paraphrases create a new visual language filled with pandemic-specific signs. This reuse of images updates classical art works and gives them a new meaning in a modern setting, while simultaneously attaching the new paraphrase to an established history. These processes leave room for a revised and expanded art historical canon suitable for a global Internet culture.

Att leda på distans har aktualiserats inom flera delar av den offentliga sektorn till följd av Covid-19 pandemin och dess tillhörande restriktioner. Tillitsbaserad styrning har varit en omdiskuterad styrform som från politiska beslutsfattare har försökt implementeras i offentlig sektor. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka hur ledarskapet har påverkats i den offentliga sektorn till följd av den plötsliga omställningen till distansarbete och hur arbetet med tillit kan ha påverkats. Studiens ändamål är att identifiera de möjligheter och utmaningar ett distansledarskap kan medföra samt hur tilliten påverkas när arbetet bedrivs bortkopplat från den fysiska kontorsmiljön. Det empiriskt insamlade materialet består av intervjuer med 17 ledare som är verksamma i olika delar inom den offentliga sektorn i Västra Götalandsregionen. Samtliga chefer har medarbetaransvar och har till största del utfört sitt arbete på distans under Covid-19 pandemin. Resultatet från datainsamlingen som intervjuerna bidrog med visade att cheferna har upplevt många möjligheter, men även utmaningar med att arbeta på distans. De största möjligheterna ansågs vara den ökade flexibiliteten i arbetsdagen, ökad tillit och upplevd närvaro från cheferna. Utmaningarna har varit att hantera gränsen mellan arbetstid och privatliv, att upprätthålla goda relationer när en viktig del av den sociala interaktionen försvinner och behöver ersättas, upptäcka medarbetares mående samt anpassa kommunikationen efter de förändrade förutsättningarna. Kopplat till tillit ansåg cheferna att den har ökat i arbetsgrupperna. Vidare visar studien att den plötsliga förändringen har bidragit till att en mer tillitsbaserad styrning lättare har kunnat implementeras och vara en naturlig del i arbetsvardagen. En avslutande reflektion i studien är att en medvetenhet, utformandet av alternativa kommunikationsvägar samt ett ökat känslomässigt och individuellt fokus minskar dessa risker som utmaningarna kan medföra. Ytterligare en reflektion vi kan konstatera är att tilliten spelar en central roll för att skapa en välmående arbetsgrupp och att en mer tillitsbaserad styrning är något som har upplevts positivt inom verksamheterna. Avslutningsvis kan vi fastställa att distansledarskap och tillitsskapande är en process som kräver mycket resurser samt behöver upprätthållas och underhållas över tid. / Distance leadership has become a more important aspect in several parts of the public sector as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic and its restrictions. Trust-based governance has been a discussed form of governance that political decision-makers have tried to implement in the public sector. The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate how leadership has been affected in the public sector as a result of the fast readjustment to work from distance and how the trust has been affected. The intention is to identify opportunities and challenges of distance leadership and how the work of trust is being affected when the workplace is disconnected from the physical workplace. The empirically collected material consists of interviews with 17 leaders who are active in various parts of the public sector in the region of Västra Götaland. All managers have responsibility over employees and have for the most part performed their work on distance during the Covid-19 pandemic.  The results from the data collection from the interviews showed that the managers have experienced both opportunities and challenges during the distance work. The greatest opportunities were considered to be the increased flexibility in the working day, increased trust and higher presence from the managers during the workday. The challenges have been to manage the boundary between working hours and a private life, to maintain good relations when an important part of the social interaction disappears and needs to be replaced, to discover employees' moods and to adapt communication to the changed conditions. Linked to trust, managers felt that it had increased. Furthermore, the sudden change had contributed to a more trust-based governance being easier to implement and be a natural part of everyday work. A concluding reflection in the study is that an awareness, alternative communication paths and an increased emotional and individual focus may reduce these risks. Another reflection is that trust has a central role in creating a prosperous working group and a more trust-based governance is something that has been experienced positively in the businesses. In conclusion, we can state that distance leadership and trust building is a process that requires a lot of resources and needs to be maintained over time.  This thesis is going to be written in Swedish.

La détresse morale est un phénomène observé en premier chez les infirmières . Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, la définition utilisée est celle de Morley et al. (2019, p. 3) d’« un lien causal entre l’expérience d’un événement moral et d’une détresse psychologique » [traduction libre]. La détresse morale peut entraîner plusieurs conséquences psychologiques, physiques et organisationnelles. La COVID-19 exacerbe et ajoute des éléments contraignants contribuant à la détresse morale des infirmières des unités des soins intensifs (USI). Le cadre de référence est la typologie de la détresse morale écrite par Morley, Sese et al. (2020). Le but vise à mieux comprendre l’expérience de la détresse morale vécue par les infirmières d’une USI adulte durant la pandémie de la COVID-19. Un devis qualitatif d’ethnographie ciblée de Bourbonnais (2015) est utilisé. Les méthodes de collectes de données sont des observations accompagnées de notes de terrain, des échanges informels avec des informateurs généraux, des entretiens semi-structurés et des questionnaires sociodémographiques auprès d’informateurs clés et un journal réflexif. La méthode d’analyse de données est celle de comparaison constante de Côté et al. (2020). Huit informateurs clés âgés de 26 à 50 ans ont participé. Quatre thèmes principaux en ressortent : temporalité, facteurs influençant, détresse morale ainsi que les besoins de formation à l’expérience et la détresse des infirmières. Les résultats de cette étude ont plusieurs retombées pour la discipline infirmière dont la formation, pratique, gestion, recherche et politique. / Moral distress is a phenomenon that was first observed in nurses. The definition used in this thesis is provided by Morley et al. (2019, p. 3) who define moral distress as "a causal link between the experience of a moral event and psychological distress." Moral distress can lead to several psychological, physical, and organizational consequences. COVID-19 exacerbates and adds to the constraining elements contributing to moral distress in intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. The framework of this thesis is the typology of moral distress written by Morley, Sese et al. (2020). The purpose is to better understand the experience of moral distress by nurses in an adult ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic. To accomplish this, a qualitative focused ethnography design from Bourbonnais (2015) is used. The data collection methods are observations with field notes, informal exchanges with general informants, semi-structured interviews and sociodemographic questionnaires with key informants, and a reflective journal. The method of data analysis is the constant comparison method of Côté et al. (2020). Eight key informants between the ages of 26 and 50 participated. Four main themes emerged: temporality, influencing factors, moral distress, , and the need for education about nurses' experience and distress. The results of this study have several implications for the nursing discipline including education, practice, management, research and policy.