This study studies the way trafficking for sexual exploitation is constructed by the EU and the ASEAN by analyzing their discourse in their policies. Further, the study also seeks what potential implications exist in the policiesand how it is problematized. The following policy documents; Directive2011/36/EU, The EU Strategy on Combatting Trafficking in Human Beings 2021-2025, ASEAN Convention Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children and lastly, ASEAN Plan of Action Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, were analyzed in order to meet the aim of the study. The discourse analysis of the thesis is called “What’s the problem represented to be?” and will be used as the analytical framework, while the framing theory acts as the theoretical framework. The results of the study reveal that trafficking for sexual exploitation is a problem of law enforcement and judicial cooperation, a violation of human rights, and due to gender inqeuality according to the EU, while the ASEAN consider the issue as a regional problem benefitting from poor regional instruments, a violation of human rights and increasing government corruption and lacking criminalisation. Further, the way the organizations construct victims endorses gender stereotypes.

This study examines how The Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) communicates via their commercials and how this may affect their brand. The Swedish Armed Forces has always been an important authority and their priority is to prevent war and crisis in Swedish society. According to SAF themselves, one of their strategies with using commercials frequently is to attract potential recruits. Even though this is their goal, the SAF hasn't always been as open minded as today. In fact it’s been a relatively closed authority in earlier years, according to previous research. This has created a lack of knowledge among the public regarding what they do. This study compares two time periods to see if their commercials have changed. The first time period extends from 2011 until 2016 and the second period extends from 2017 to 2022. The theories that are applied to this study are semiotics, framing and representation theory and the methods that are used are a quantitative content analysis and a semiotic analysis. By using these theories and methods it might be possible to discover similarities and differences in the commercials and also to seek for a greater meaning in the empirical material. The reason why this topic is interesting to research is because the SAF is one of the most important authorities in Sweden and also because Sweden re-introduced compulsory conscription in 2017. Because of that it is of importance that the SAF appears as an attractive brand and a good employer. The result of the study states that the commercials have developed a lot over years and that they nowadays exhibit several parts within the SAF and that they represent diversity. In earlier years only one type of human was represented in their films but by the years they have included humans with different ethnicities, gender, sexuality and lifestyles within their films. They also show parallels between daily life and the life within the armed forces. By doing this they appear to be closer to the people which creates a feeling of safety and importance towards their work.

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Researcher conducted a content analysis in order to examine how the media framed Julian Assange after the Ecuadorian government granted him political asylum at their embassy in London on August 16, 2012. Researchers compared 380 English and Spanish language newspaper articles from North America, Europe, Australia/New Zealand, Asia, and Latin America to examine regional differences in the way Assange was framed. This study revealed that generally the tone toward Assange was mostly neutral or positive in all continents. Furthermore, European media gave more attention to Julian Assange than did media from North America or other continents. Exploratory research revealed that English language newspapers placed Julian Assange in headlines more frequently than Spanish language sources. Interestingly, even when Assange’s participation in the publication of secret documents affected many different countries, he was not given page prominence in newspapers.

Researchers conducted a content analysis to measure framing of the public relations industry in 354 English language broadcast transcripts from the United States, Canada, and Australia from Sept. 1, 2009 to Aug. 31, 2010. The overall tone toward public relations was strongly negative. Mentions reflected one-way forms of communication and mentions of the pejorative term "PR" appeared more frequently than mentions of "public relations". The profession was almost always mentioned within the body of the broadcast, as opposed to the headline or the lead paragraph. Exploratory research showed 15 shows that included negative mentions 100% of the time. Additionally, 27 shows included zero positive mentions of either term. Of 251 speakers recorded during data analysis, 126 spoke of the industry negatively 100% of the time. American shows were most often negative. Stories about the public relations industry were most likely to reflect public relations as a two-way form of communication.

A content analysis was conducted to analyze how media frame roller derby. The research included an analysis of newspaper articles published all around the world in 20 different nations from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2011, and different languages were considered. The research did not support previous studies concerning women athletes and the sport. Overall tone toward roller derby was mainly neutral, and the description of roller derby was not defined as sexist or using violent terms. Women journalists who wrote articles were slightly more sexist and used violent terms than men. Exploratory research showed that the previous findings did not change no matter the date of publication of the article or when roller derby was implemented in the nation. Results were not statistically significant. Also, the movie Whip It did not change people's point of view on roller derby even after the movie came out.

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It has been well documented that female athletes receive much less media attention than male athletes, with estimates placing coverage of male athletes at 95% of all sport-related media (Coakley, 1986). While not to that extent, studies focusing on media portrayals of Olympic athletes also confirm that the media dedicates the majority of coverage to male athletes (Duncan, 1990; Duncan & Hasbrook, 1988; Hambrick, Simmons, Greenhalgh, & Greenwell, 2010; Higgs, Weiller, & Martin, 2003; Lee, 1992; Kinnick, 1998; Pfister, 1978). Some evidence suggests that media coverage of female athletes and the recognition of their achievements are slowly increasing (Higgs et al., 2003; Kinnick, 1998). While the aforementioned studies show many of the same results, no recent research on the subject was found. The majority of past research has focused on summer Olympians specifically, and no studies were found looking at the past five Olympic Games. This study will add to the literature by providing new data to compare to that of previous studies. The author conducted a content analysis, looking at six online media outlets, and selecting 100 athlete profiles. The profiles were coded for any reference to the physical/emotional or strength/weakness characteristics of the athlete. The author analyzed the data using SPSS. Findings show no statistically significant relationships between gender and athlete characteristics, suggesting noticeable improvements in the quality and quantity of media coverage for female athletes when compared to previous studies.

Since the 1990s, Sweden's societies has changed in terms of the prevalence and spread of criminal environments. Gun violence in criminal environments has become more frequent and has grown during the last couple of years. The police explains the increased gun violence through organized crime. Previous research has showed that newspapers portrayal of gang crime lacks in a distinct definition of the criminality and are more likely to use condescending descriptions rather than positive ones. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate how the Swedish news media portray and describe gang crime in terms of attribute and definition. To enable the survey, a qualitative content analysis with a limited selection of newspaper articles were used. The study has been conducted with two theories, framing theory and the agenda-setting theory to create an understanding of the news media's presentation of gang crime. To achieve the aim of the study, 18 articles in three newspapers were used in a process of coding to highlight the descriptions of gang crime. The results of the study demonstrated in two main categories and six subcategories. The results of the collected empirical evidence showed that gang crime was presented mainly in a negative way to describe vulnerable areas, young men, shootings and rappers. The results also showed that the definition in Swedish news media is vague and lacks a clear description of what the issue is about.

This study covers how Amber Heard and Johnny Depp were portrayed during their defamation trial in Virginia 2022 by the British newspaper The Sun. The research questions include both how Amber Heard and Johnny Depp were portrayed during the timeframe as well as how they were perceived as a couple. The research questions also cover if there were any differences in how The Sun were framing them during the time period. The method that was used was a thematic analysis of all the articles that The Sun published in the time period that the trial took place, the 11th of April 2022 to the 1st of June 2022. To better help our understanding of the subject we used framing theory and celebrity studies as the theoretical framework. The framing theory also includes a subcategory which is the theory about the ideal victim. Since both Johnny Depp and Amber Heard accused each other of abuse, it was relevant to include if one of them were portrayed as a victim. In the thematic analysis we created three categories based on the research questions. Different themes were found in the articles and were placed as subcategories to the three main categories. The first category was about how the relationship between Johnny Depp and Amber Heard was portrayed. Three themes were found: The relationship as a circus, Difference in fame and The trial. The second category was about how Johnny Depp was portrayed. Three themes were identified: Depp as the perpetrator, Superstar Johnny Depp and Innocent or a bully? The third category depicts how Amber Heard was portrayed. Four themes were identified: Heard accused of lying, Heard as the perpetrator, Heard ridiculed by the public and Heard innocent? The results of the study conclude that both Depp and Heard have been portrayed as perpetrators and victims all though Depp was given more attention in the articles than Heard. Another conclusion is that some of the articles describe the case as Depp suing Heard for lying, in contrast to the articles where the case is described as Depp suing Heard for libel.