Den svenska bostadsmarknaden är minst sagt bristfällig. Utbudet av prisrimliga bostäder ärbegränsat i mer eller mindre hela landet. De lägenheter som finns tillgängliga är dyrabostadsrätter eller nyproducerade hyresrätter med höga hyror. Den begränsadebostadstillgängligheten har resulterat i subventioner för att öka tillgängligheten avhyresbostäder. Investeringsstödet infördes som ett försök till att, bland annat, erbjuda billigahyresrätter till hushåll med låg eller genomsnittlig inkomst och pressa ner byggkostnader.Uppsatsen har som utgångspunkt att beskriva bostadssituationen i dagsläget samt utvärderainvesteringsstödet. Arbetet består både av en kvalitativ och kvantitativ studie där de kvalitativamomenten består av en teoretisk litteraturstudie och semi-strukturerade intervjuer medsakkunniga inom området. Det kvantitativa momentet bygger på en områdesbaseradkassaflödeskalkyl. Det vill säga att nyckeltal och antaganden som använts i kalkylerna beror påvilket område i landet som det fiktiva projektet genomförs i.Resultatet påvisar att investeringsstödets genomförbarhet är områdesberoende, det vill säga attdet styrs av hyresnivåerna i området. Respondenterna betraktade investeringsstödet som enkortsiktig lösning. Långsiktigt måste innovationen i byggbranschen utvecklas därbyggkostnaderna och byggrätterna är två hämmande faktorer i dagsläget.Med utgångspunkt från litteraturstudien och resultatet belyses den aktuella bostadsbrist ochdisfunktionalitet som grundar sig i en avsaknad av en tydlig bostadspolitisk plan. Resultatet avdetta är att det finns ett behov av subventionering på bostadsmarknaden. Om investeringsstödetär rätt lösning är argumenterbart. Stödet har inte haft en nämnvärd effekt på bostadsbyggandetoch bestraffar, genom en överkompensationsmodell, fastighetsutvecklare som kan pressa nerbyggkostnader. Vidare är det svårt att uppfylla målen med stödet när subventionering är riktadmot utbudssidan. Av dessa anledningar är investeringsstödet inte en bra lösning på dagensbostadsbrist. Subventioneringen bör genomföras på ett annorlunda sätt, möjligtvis genom attrikta subventioneringen mot efterfrågesidan.+ / The Swedish housing market is flawed. The supply of affordable housing is limited throughoutthe country. The available apartment stock consists of either expensive condominiums or newlyproduced rental apartments with high rents. The limited stock has resulted in subsidies toincrease the availability of rental apartments. The investment support was implemented as anattempt to increase the stock of affordable housing for low- to mid-income households and topressure real estate developers to minimize buildings costs.The essay aims to describe the current housing situation and to evaluate the investment support.Both a quantitative and qualitative study will be conducted where the qualitative parts consistof a theoretical literature review and semi-structured interviews with experts within the subjectarea. The quantitative segment of the essay consists of an area-based cash-flow simulationwhere the key figures and assumptions are dependent upon the chosen area.The results show that the investment supports feasibility is highly dependent on location. Theinterviewees consider the subsidy to be a short-term solution. In the long-term the intervieweesbelieve that innovation in the building sector is necessary to reduce building costs.The literature review and the results show that there is a clear housing supply shortage as aresult of the dysfunctionality that has emerged from the lack of a clear housing policy. This hasled to the need of housing subsidies. Whether the investment support is the right way tosubsidize housing is questionable. The subsidy has not had a notable effect on the housingsupply and decreases the profitability for real estate developers that have achieved low buildingcosts. Furthermore, it is quite difficult to achieve the goals that have been set when the subsidyis addressed towards the supply-side. For these reasons the investment support is not a goodsolution for the current housing supply shortage. The subsidy should be carried out in a differentmanner, possibly by subsidizing the demand-side.

Bostadsmarknaden i Stockholm har sedan finanskrisen 2008 befunnit sig i en skönhetshistoria medstigande priser och korta försäljningstider. Idag befinner sig bostadsmarknaden i allt annat än enskönhetshistoria, prisutvecklingen har stannat av, rekordmånga objekt finns ute till försäljning ochbostadsutvecklare väljer att avvakta med nya bostadsprojekt. Med anledning av utvecklingen påbostadsmarknaden syftar studien till att konstruera ett nytt index som baseras på time on market,försäljningstid. Vidare syftar studien till att utreda vilka effekter de utvalda makroekonomiskafaktorer har på time on market och om time-on-market-index kan användas för att förklarahusprisutvecklingen. Metoden i denna studie utgår från såväl ekonomiska teorier somekonometriska analyser. Genom tillämpningen av regressionsanalyser, utifrån tvärsnittsdata ochtidsseriedata, kan ett index konstrueras. Resultat visar att time on market för både småhus- ochbostadsrättsmarknaden har ett cykliskt mönster. Vidare visar resultatet att bostadsmarknadentidigare har befunnit sig i en dal, tid med låg time-on-market-värde, för att sedan stiga och slutligenvända nedåt. Time on market korrelerar med de utvalda faktorerna, arbetslöshet, omx30,bolåneränta för tre månader samt prisutveckling för bostäder. Studiens resultat indikerar att demakroekonomiska faktorerna har en viss eftersläpning i förhållande till index. Vidare visarresultatet att time-on-market-index endast kan användas som indikator för bostadsrättsmarknaden,då indexet visar utslag sex månader innan husprisutvecklingen. / The housing market in Stockholm has since the financial crisis in 2008 been remarkable with risingprices and short sales periods. Today the housing market is everything but remarkable. The pricetrend has stopped, record numbers of objects are out for sales and housing developers choose towait with new housing projects. Due to the changes in the housing market, the study aims toconstruct a new index based on time on market. The aim also includes investigating what effectsmacroeconomic factors have on time on market and if the time on market index can be used as anindicator to show the price development on the housing market.The method used in this study is based on both economic theories and econometric analysis.Through the application of regression analyzes, based on cross-sectional data and time series data,an index can be constructed. Results shows that time on market for both the house- and tenantownedmarket has a cyclical pattern. Furthermore, the results show that the housing market haspreviously been in a valley, with low time on market value, to then rise and finally turn downwards.Time on market correlates with the chosen macroeconomic factors being unemployment, omx30,mortgage rate and price development for housing. The results indicate that the macroeconomicfactors have a certain lag in relation to the time on market index. Moreover, the result shows thatthe time on market index can only be used as an indicator for the tenant-owned market, as itchanges six months before the price development on the housing market.

The aim of this thesis was to study in how far housing mix contributes to social mix in Swedish midsized cities 2017. Social mix is a policy in Sweden argued to reduce socioeconomic residential segregation, by implementing housing mix to achieve heterogenous residential areas. The study was done by measuring the correlation between the share of different income groups and the share of tenure forms and housing sizes. This was measured with multiple linear regression analyses, using data from PLACE-data base compiled by SCB. The models show that tenure form and housing size affect the variation of income groups to similar extent. The results further show that to promote social mix, in the aspect of income groups, it is necessary to implement more rental housing to increase the share of low-income groups in a neighbourhood. Further, it shows that to increase the share of high-income households in a neighbourhood, co-op housing, small and large housing sizes is necessary. Housing mix can be argued to be a valuable strategy to achieve social mix, but not solely, due to moderate statistical results.

No description available.

This study utilises Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine media discourses on rent increases in the Swedish rental housing market and their reflection of crises within neoliberal regimes. Proceeding from newspaper articles from Dagens Nyheter, the largest newspaper in Sweden, two separate time periods are analysed, with one functioning as a control group. The analysis implements three levels of CDA: text, discursive practice, and social practice.The findings illuminate the complex nature of rent increases, with different perspectives from tenants, landlords, and policymakers. Power imbalances are evident, providing certain actors with more legitimacy and influence. The analysis confirms the influence of neoliberal forces in the Swedish rental market, reflected in language, values, and individual representation. Three of philosopher Michael Brie's identified crises— overaccumulation, integration, and representative democracy—are evident in the discourses on rent increases, with varying positions over time. The crisis of overaccumulation is more evident in the second period, potentially influenced by global economic conditions, while the crises of integration and democracy are consistent in their evidence. This analysis shines light on the interaction between discourses, ideology, and power dynamics, providing insights into the challenges posed by the process of neoliberalization.

No description available.

In the last 30 years, the Swedish housing market has changed from a market characterized by a centralized governing body with a focus on affordable housing for all, to a significantly less regulated market. This shift in the market landscape created a housing market that is not sufficient for the current housing demands. An insufficient supply should theoretically be visible in the personal experiences of a selected group and problems surrounding the acquisition of a place to live should be present. This study aims to identify how a local example could apply to a national phenomenon. To fulfil this aim, empirical evidence was created through interviews conducted with students at Umeå university.  The results show that less students had problems with finding housing when moving than what could be differentiated in the national statistics. This result could be explained by the presence of beneficial circumstances acquired through various forms of human capital. Having a social network, previous knowledge about the town itself or having economic stability indicated an easier acquisition of housing. However, it was deemed that this only aided the process and was not the direct factor in the acquisition of housing, as a correlation between those who experienced problems and the lack of benefits through human capital factors could not be established. The absence of human capital was also never the reason for the problems in acquisition, which further implicates that it is purely beneficially, not strictly mandatory for the acquisition of housing in a new place.

This thesis consists of five essays on the economic outcomes of immigrants and homosexuals on the labour and housing market. Essay I evaluates the effect of an in-work benefit on the labour supply of single immigrant women by means of simulation. Although, on average, there is no significant effect, we find that the in-work benefit increases the working hours of single women with low incomes and slightly decreases the working hours of those with high incomes. The increase in working hours is primarily a result of increased participation. As expected, the positive effect is largest for the immigrant groups with the lowest participation rates and lowest labour incomes. Essay II studies intergenerational transmissions in self-employment. The results show that immigrants transfer general human capital over three generations in the sense that individuals whose fathers and grandfathers are self-employed have a higher self-employment propensity. For natives, only the father’s self-employment affects the son’s probability of becoming self-employed. Furthermore, the results show that natives transfer specific human capital from father to son, which increases the probability of sons becoming self-employed in the industry in which their fathers are self-employed. Essay III explores the effect of self-employment experience on subsequent earnings and the employment of male and female immigrant wage earners. We find that, relative to continued wage employment, self-employment is associated with lower earnings and difficulties in returning to paid employment for both immigrant men and women. The effect is less severe for natives. Among immigrant groups, the results give little support that self-employment experience improves earnings and employment prospects compared to experience from wage employment.  Essay IV applies a field experiment to investigate how increasing the information about applicants affects discrimination against male Arab/Muslim applicants on the rental housing market. The Arab/Muslim applicants received fewer responses from the landlords than did the Swedish applicants. All of the applicants gained by providing more information about themselves, but the magnitude of discrimination against the Arab/Muslim applicants remained unchanged, indicating that increasing the amount of applicant information will not reduce discrimination. Essay V studies possible discrimination against lesbians in the rental housing market using a field experiment. We let two fictitious couples, one heterosexual and one homosexual, apply for vacant apartments on the Internet. We then explored if there were differences in callbacks, invitations to further contact and/or showings. The results show no indication of differential treatment of lesbians by landlords.

The thesis explores the role of social capital in shaping inequality among young adults. Social capital is defined as resources embedded in a social network and the thesis investigates differences in access to social capital, and the effects in the labor market and the housing market. The thesis consists of four empirical studies and an introductory chapter that develops the theoretical and empirical background. The four empirical studies use a Swedish survey titled “Social Capital and Labor Market Integration” that includes individuals born in 1990 living in Sweden. A gross sample based on three subsamples was selected based on the country of birth of the respondents’ parents (Sweden, former Yugoslavia, or Iran). The survey consists of two waves of panel data and most respondents were 19 years old at the time of the first survey and 22 at the time of the second. The four studies investigate: (1) the effect of social class and migration background on access to social capital through national and transnational ties, (2) the effect of socioeconomic segregation in schools and neighborhoods on access to social capital through occupational networks and close friendship ties, (3) the effect of social capital in the process of labor market entry, and (4) the effect of social capital on the likelihood to move away from parents. All four studies measure social capital with ego network measures and the main measurement is the position generator that asks the respondent about contacts in occupational positions spanning the socioeconomic structure. Results show that family background factors and socioeconomic segregation affects access to social capital, and that social capital affects labor market and housing market outcomes. The thesis concludes that social capital is an important factor to understand unequal outcomes among young adults. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p> / LIFEINCON

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de la formation endogène des juridictions et en particulier ses propriétés ségrégatives suite à l'introduction de différents facteurs susceptibles de les intensifier ou de les réduire. Le premier chapitre est consacré à une revue de la littérature sur la formation endogène de juridictions basée sur les intuitions formulées par Tiebout: les ménages choisissent leur commune en fonction de la quantité de bien public disponible et du montant de taxe à y acquitter. Les différentes modélisations de ces hypothèses, les conditions sous lesquelles un équilibre existera, les possibles définitions de la ségrégation et les facteurs pro et anti-ségrégation développés par la littérature sont résumés et confrontés. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'impact de l'introduction d'un gouvernement central mettant en oeuvre une politique de péréquation fiscale suivant un objectif bien-êtriste. Le gouvernement central peut ainsi taxer les ménages et/ou certaines communes afin de verser des subventions à d'autres communes. Bien que la péréquation fiscale soit susceptible de modifier l'ensemble des structures de juridictions stables, la condition nécessaire et suffisante pour que toute structure de juridictions stable soit ségrégée n'est pas affectée par l'introduction du gouvernement central si celui-ci cherche à maximiser une fonction de bien-être social utilitariste généralisée. La présence d'un marché compétitif du logement et l'existence de plusieurs biens publics locaux sont introduites dans le chapitre 3. Si la condition nécessaire et suffisante à la ségrégation de toute structure de juridictions stable n'est pas affectée par l'introduction du marché du logement, et reste nécessaire s'il existe plusieurs biens publics locaux, une hypothèse sur les préférences doit être ajoutée pour que la condition reste suffisante. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre relaxe l'hypothèse selon laquelle un bien public local ne souffre pas de problèmes de congestion et ne peut être consommé que par les membres de la juridiction qui le produit. Ainsi, s'il semble apparaître que la congestion favorise la ségrégation, alors que l'existence d'externalités positives générées par le bien public d'une juridiction dans les autres juridictions la réduit, la condition nécessaire et suffisante à la ségrégation de toute structure de juridictions stable est robuste à cette généralisation du modèle. / This thesis analyzes the endogenous formation of jurisdictions and in particular its segregative properties after the introduction of several factors that may mitigate or increase them. The first chapter is devoted to a survey of the literature on the endogenous formation of jurisdictions based on Tiebout's intuitions: households choose their place of residence according to a trade-off between the available amount of public good and the tax rate. The different models of these assumptions, the conditions under which an equilibrium exists, the possible definitions of segregation and the factors pro and anti-segregation developed in the literature are summarized and compared. The second chapter examines the impact of the introduction of a welfarist central government implementing a equalization payments policy. The central government can tax the household and/or certain jurisdictions in order to subsidize other jurisdictions. Although the equalization payments policy is likely to modify stable jurisdictions structures, the necessary and sufficient condition to have any stable jurisdiction structure segregated is not affected by the introduction of the central government if it pursues a generalized utilitarian objective. The presence of a competitive housing market and the existence of several local public goods are introduced in Chapter 3. If the necessary and sufficient condition for the segregation of any stable jurisdiction structure is not affected by the introduction of the housing market, and remains necessary if there are several local public goods, an additional assumption on the preference must be made for the condition to remain sufficient. Finally, the fourth chapter relaxes the assumption that a local public good does not suffer from congestion and can be consumed only by the members of the jurisdiction that produces it. Although it seems that the congestion favors segregation, while the existence of positive externalities generated by a jurisdiction's public good in other jurisdictions mitigates them, the necessary and sufficient condition to ensure the segregation of any stable jurisdictions structure is robust to this generalization of the model.