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Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-07-13T20:35:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luiz de Souza Braga.pdf: 2328472 bytes, checksum: 4c21a28ade024286610ee1363829eaa3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T20:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luiz de Souza Braga.pdf: 2328472 bytes, checksum: 4c21a28ade024286610ee1363829eaa3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Doutorado Acadêmico em Ciências do Cuidado em Saúde / O presente estudo encontra-se inserido no Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Gestão e Trabalho em Saúde - NUPGES/CNPq, na Linha de Pesquisa: O cuidado em seu contexto sócio cultural. Apresenta como objetivos: Descrever os aspectos da atuação do enfermeiro de rede básica de saúde que oportunizem à tomada de decisões; Analisar a prática do enfermeiro de rede básica frente à ação-reflexão-ação sobre a utilização da informação em seu cotidiano de trabalho, como um instrumento para tomada de decisões; Discutir implicações da reflexividade sobre a prática do enfermeiro frente a informação em seu cotidiano de trabalho, no que tange a tomada de decisões. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, tendo como participantes doze enfermeiros de rede básica de saúde do município de Niterói/RJ. Como referencial teórico, utilizaram-se as ideias de Donald Schön ao assegurar que é a reflexividade constante sobre a própria prática, quem dará subsídios para encontrar respostas aos impasses que surgem no cotidiano do exercício profissional. Os dados foram analisados através da análise temática indutiva que descreve a indução como um procedimento que consiste de fatos singulares que remonta a uma proposição genérica, tendo sua aplicabilidade a proposições particulares semelhantes. Após da construção do corpus originaram três categorias: Aspectos que oportunizam a atuação do enfermeiro de rede básica para tomada de decisões - A racionalidade técnica como paradigma; as informações no cotidiano da prática do enfermeiro de rede básica e sua tomada de decisão - A racionalidade prática como paradigma; e a reflexividade crítica sobre a prática do enfermeiro de atenção básica frente à informação para tomada de decisão. Confirma-se a Tese de que: A prática do enfermeiro de rede básica de saúde da Fundação Municipal de Saúde do município de Niterói, no que concerne a utilização da informação para a tomada de decisão, ocorre com movimentos reflexivos que visam efetivar a qualidade do seu cotidiano de trabalho, a partir das competências adquiridas e desenvolvidas na prática, indicando a necessidade de formação permanente. O estudo evidenciou a natureza do processo de tomada de decisão subsidiado pelas informações, tendo como referência a experiência e a percepção inter-relacionadas com as características laborais locais, apresentando modelos distintos de decisão em diferentes momentos de atuação da prática profissional / The present study is located within the Nucleus of Studies and Research in Management and Work in Health - NUPGES / CNPq, in the Research Line: Care in its socio-cultural context. It presents as objectives: To describe the aspects of the actions of the nurse of basic health network that opportune to the decision making; To analyze the practice of basic network nurses in relation to action-reflection-action on the use of information in their daily work, as an instrument for decision-making; To discuss the implications of reflexivity on the nurses' practice regarding the information in their daily work, regarding decision making. This is a qualitative study, as case study type, involving twelve nurses from the basic health network of the city of Niterói / RJ. As a theoretical reference, the ideas of Donald Schön were used to assure that it is the constant reflexivity about the practice itself, who will give subsidies to find answers to the impasses that appear in the daily routine of the professional practice. The data were analyzed through the thematic inductive analysis that describes the induction as a procedure that consists of singular facts that goes back to a generic proposition, having its applicability to similar particular propositions. After the construction of the corpus, three categories emerged: Aspects that provide the basic network nurse for decision making - Technical rationality as a paradigm; the information in the daily practice of the basic network nurse and its decision making - Practical rationality as a paradigm; And critical reflexivity about the nurse's practice of basic attention to information for decision-making. It is confirmed that: The practice of the nurse of the basic health network of the Municipal Health Foundation of the city of Niterói, regarding the use of information for decision making, occurs with reflexive movements that aim at effecting the quality of their daily work, from the skills acquired and developed in practice, indicating the need for ongoing formation. The study evidenced the nature of the information-based decision-making process, based on experience and perception related to local labor characteristics, presenting different models of decision-making in different moments of professional practice

Le chapitre 1 évalue l'impact d'une politique publique au Pérou visant à améliorer l'accès à la justice et à réduire la violence contre les femmes. Ce chapitre utilise des données sur les centres de justice pour femmes (CJF) au Pérou, des institutions spécialisées qui emploient principalement des femmes et fournissent des services de police et des services juridiques pour réduire la violence fondée sur le genre. En examinant le déploiement progressif des CJF dans les districts, nous constatons que l'ouverture d'un centre augmente de 40 % le nombre de signalements de crimes spécifiques au genre et réduit d'environ 10 % l'incidence de la violence fondée sur le genre, mesurée par la violence domestique, les féminicides et les hospitalisations pour cause de santé mentale. Nous constatons en outre qu'une diminution de l'exposition des femmes à la violence domestique a des effets intergénérationnels : les CJF augmentent considérablement les investissements en capital humain pour les enfants, ce qui augmente la scolarisation, la présence scolaire et les résultats aux examens. Le chapitre 2 examine l'effet de la fécondité sur les décisions des parents albanais en matière d'offre de travail. Afin d'aborder la question de l'endogénéité potentielle de la décision de fécondité, j'exploite la préférence des parents albanais pour avoir des garçons combinés avec l'instrument de composition du genre des frères et sœurs comme source exogène de variation. En utilisant un échantillon représentatif de parents ayant au moins deux enfants, je constate un effet positif et significatif de la fécondité sur l'offre de travail pour les parents plus jeunes, moins scolarisés ou vivant dans une famille élargie. Les estimations pour les mères montrent qu'elles augmentent l'offre de travail en termes d'heures travaillées et de probabilité de travailler hors secteur rural. De même, la probabilité pour le père de travailler hors secteur rural et d'avoir un deuxième emploi augmente à la suite d'autres naissances. L'analyse de l'hétérogénéité suggère deux mécanismes plausibles : les services de garde offerts par des adultes non-parentaux (grands-parents) dans les familles élargies et les coûts financiers plus élevés liés au maintien d'un plus grand nombre d'enfants. Le chapitre 3 analyse l'effet du déplacement forcé de populations sur l'offre de travail des adultes et la scolarisation des enfants dans le contexte de l'après-guerre au Kosovo. Ce chapitre utilise la guerre du Kosovo de 1998-1999 et les déplacements massifs de population comme une expérimentation naturelle afin d'estimer l'impact du déplacement forcé dû au conflit sur les Kosovars qui sont partis et qui ont décidé de revenir par rapport à ceux qui sont restés pendant la guerre. J'exploite l'intéraction de la variation spatiale de l'intensité du conflit - mesurée par le nombre de victimes et de bombardements - et de la distance à la frontière albanaise comme source de variation exogène dans le statut de déplacement. Les résultats indiquent que les hommes kosovars déplacés sont moins susceptibles d'être employés dans le secteur agricole et de travailler pour leur propre compte, tandis que les femmes kosovares déplacées sont plus susceptibles d'être inactives. La perte d'actifs (terres, bétail, etc.) dans une économie agraire fondée sur les compétences et la perte de réseaux sociaux dans un marché du travail informel pourraient avoir réduit davantage la probabilité de trouver un emploi par rapport aux personnes qui sont restées. Toutefois, peu après le retour au pays, les résultats indiquent également que les hommes et les femmes kosovars déplacés sont plus susceptibles de travailler hors secteur rural, en particulier dans les secteurs de la construction et de l'administration publique, ce qui indique une reprise relativement rapide. En outre, les filles kosovares déplacées sont plus susceptibles d'être inscrites à l'école primaire, mais je ne constate aucun effet sur la scolarisation des garçons. / Chapter 1 evaluates the impact of a policy intervention in Peru aimed at improving access to justice and reducing violence against women. In many developing countries, access to justice remains unequal, especially for women. What are the implications of this inequality for gender-based violence, intra-household bargaining, and investment in children? This paper provides evidence from Peru on all-women's justice centers (WJCs), specialized institutions that mostly employ female officers and provide police and legal services to reduce gender-based violence. Examining the gradual rollout of WJCs across districts/ villages, we find that the opening of a center increases reporting of gender-specific crimes by 40% and reduces the incidence of gender-based violence measured by domestic violence, femicides and hospitalizations due to mental health by about 10%. We find, moreover, that a decrease in the exposure of women to violence has intergenerational effects: WJCs substantially increase human capital investments in children, raising enrollment, attendance, and test scores. These results are consistent with a bargaining model in which women's access to justice determines the threat point. Chapter 2 examines the effect of fertility on labor supply decisions of Albanian parents, with particular attention to the intervening role of childcare provided by grandparents in extended families. In order to address the potential endogeneity in the fertility decision, I exploit Albanian parental preference for having sons combined with the sibling’s sex-composition instrument as an exogenous source of variation. Using a repeated cross-section of parents with at least two children, I find a positive and statistically significant effect of fertility on parental labor supply for those parents who are more likely to be younger, less educated or live in extended families. In particular, IV estimates for mothers show that they increase labor supply, especially in terms of hours worked per week and the likelihood of working off-farm. Similarly, father’s likelihood of working off-farm and having a second occupation increase as a consequence of further childbearing. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that this positive effect might be the result of two plausible mechanisms: childcare provided by non-parental adults in extended families and greater financial costs of maintaining more children. Chapter 3 analyzes the effect of forced displacement on adult’s labor market outcomes and children’s schooling in the context of the post-war Kosovo. This chapter uses the 1998-1999 Kosovo war and the following massive displacement of people as a natural experiment in order to estimate the impact of conflict displacement on Kosovars that left and decided to come back relative to those who stayed in the province. I exploit the interaction of the spatial variation in conflict intensity -as measured by casualties and bombings- and distance to the Albanian border as a source of exogenous variation in the displacement status. Results indicate that displaced Kosovar men are less likely to be employed in the agricultural sector and to work on their own account, while displaced Kosovar women are more likely to be inactive. Loss of assets (e.g. land, livestock) in an agrarian skill-based economy and also loss of social networks in an informal labor market might have further decreased the probability to find employment relative to stayers. However, shortly after the return home, the results also indicate that displaced Kosovar men and women are more likely to be working off-farm, especially in the construction and public administration sectors, which indicates a relatively quick recovery. In addition, displaced Kosovar girls are more likely to be enrolled in primary school, but I find no effect on education for boys. The refugee camp experience might have provided better conditions to young Kosovar girls compared to the precarious pre-war “parallel" education system.

Esta tesis evalúa el papel de las características no deseadas del trabajo - llamadas disamenities - en el contexto del balance entre trabajo y familia. Particularmente, se plantean las siguientes preguntas: ¿es el descenso en el salario de las mujeres luego del nacimiento del primer hijo - llamado child penalty - acompañado por una reducción simultánea en las disamenities?; ¿cuánto salario están dispuestas las madres a sacrificar para reducir las disamenities?; ¿las disamenities propias del trabajo de las madres tienen algún efecto sobre el desarrollo cognitivo de sus hijos? En el capitulo I se describe empíricamente como las características del trabajo de las madres cambian luego del nacimiento del primer hijo y se testea la hipótesis de que si el child penalty se puede explicar como un diferencial salarial compensatorio. En el capitulo II se estima la disposición marginal a pagar de las madres para reducir las disamenities. La estrategia de identificación está basada en la baja por maternidad, la cual constituye un contexto que permite modelar más cabalmente la decisión sobre la participación laboral; y por consiguiente, mejora la metodología existente para estimar la disposición marginal a pagar por parte de las madres. Finalmente, en el capitulo III se investiga el impacto de las disamenities del trabajo de las madres sobre el desarrollo infantil. / This dissertation evaluates the role of job disamenities - job characteristics disliked by workers - in the context of work-family balance. In particular, the following questions are raised. Is the decrease in mothers' wages around first childbirth - the so-called child penalty - accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in job disamenities? How much wage are mothers willing to sacrifice in order to reduce job disamenities? Do disamenities involved in mothers' occupations go on to affect parenting behaviour and as a result harm children's cognitive development? Chapter I provides empirical evidence for changes in maternal working conditions around first childbirth and tests the hypothesis if the child penalty can be explained by a compensating wage differential? Chapter II estimates mothers' marginal willingness to pay to reduce job disamenities. The identification strategy relies on the framework of maternal leave, a setting which allows us to model mothers' decision to join the labor force accurately and hence to improve on the existing methodology to estimate the marginal willingness to pay. Chapter III investigates how disamenities involved in mothers' occupation go on to affect children's cognitive outcomes.

Prevailing low fertility rates in several European states, such as Germany, have been studied widely in recent years. Findings include discrepancies between fertility preference and actual family size as well as between fertility intentions and fertility behavior; an ‘unmet need’ for children found on the individual and the societal level. Fertility preference is specified as the individual ideal number of children, and fertility intentions as the long- or short-term plans to have a child. Apart from investigating the rates of realization, these measures have been understudied. The objective of this study is to illuminate a new angle of low fertility rates in Germany by reviewing fertility measures previously considered to be stable predictors of fertility behavior. The aim is to investigate the stability of fertility preferences and of positive short-term fertility intentions of Germans in their reproductive age. According to the Theory of Planned Behavior and the life-course perspective, attitudes and experiences can influence fertility preferences and short-term fertility intentions. In this study, the suspected connection between unstable preferences and intentions and certain attitudes towards and experiences with the career, working life, and childcare situation is examined. These processes are expected to differ between men and women, and between childless individuals, parents with one child and parents with more than one child. Using data from seven survey waves of the German family panel pairfam, fixed-effects and random-effects regression models are run separately for women and men and for those of different parities. The results suggest that those with high career importance and those who expect or perceive a negative effect of children on the career are more likely to have unstable positive intentions. Although fertility preferences are shown to be somewhat unstable, no relevant relationships can be found. The differences between the findings on men and women regarding relevant determinants and direction of the relationships are unexpectedly small. Childless individuals are as likely to hold unstable preferences and intentions as parents.

MARQUES, Marcelo Santos. A qualificação profissional no foco da crítica ao sistema do capital: em busca dos egressos do CEFETCE. 2009. 387f. Tese (Doutorado em Sociologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-01-10T15:37:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TESE_MSMARQUES.pdf: 2445595 bytes, checksum: afc1130426010f7be2f1cd4b4ee7be05 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-01-11T15:21:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TESE_MSMARQUES.pdf: 2445595 bytes, checksum: afc1130426010f7be2f1cd4b4ee7be05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-01-11T15:21:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TESE_MSMARQUES.pdf: 2445595 bytes, checksum: afc1130426010f7be2f1cd4b4ee7be05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The present Thesis comprises a critical examination of the structure of the working of the system of the capital, in the light of the central contradiction indicated by Karl Marx in the Grundrisse. The expression of the contradiction gets visibility with the substitution for dead labor (machines) of live labor (human direct labor). Therefore, the substance of value becomes empty and the direct laborers are reduced to the condition of appendix of machines they work with, remaining to them the activities of regulating and supporting the automatic complexes. The logical movement of value and the historical course of the process of subsumption of labor to capital provide the hypothesis that the working class were being submitted to a perverse trend that qualifies in a disqualifying manner its aptitudes and abilities. At the same time, that process simplifies the labor and devaluates labor-force. In order to investigate such process of disruption of the world of labor it was crucial to choose an object of research that allowed checking the performance of workers recognized by common sense as highly qualified. That is the reason for which the “search of the egresses of the CEFETCE” in the labor market was the core of the investigation. Technological assets of mechathronics and telematics technicians were investigate. The basic question of the inquiry is to verify to what extent these high-tech operators activate, the gamma of knowledge acquired during theoretical and practical formation at CEFETCE, to their everyday professional activities. Sixty technologists were interviewed, as well as, professors, industrial managers and laborers of various branches of merchandise production. The interviews always were seconded by visits to some productive plants. As a result, the researcher was awarded with a fertile sociological material, pregnant of symbolic expressions and technological constructs. The materiality and the immateriality of the experiences evidenced “the contradiction in process” in the heart of automatic systems of production. In those systems, fetishist production acts are set aside for the direct workers, in the form “caring of” (machines), “watching” (production lines), “looking at” (monitors) and “changing plates” (electronics) etc. / A presente Tese compreende um exame crítico da estrutura de funcionamento do sistema do capital, à luz da contradição central assinalada por Karl Marx nos Grundrisse. A contradição vai se tornando visível com a substituição do trabalho vivo (trabalho humano direto) pelo trabalho morto (máquinas). Em decorrência, esvazia-se a substância do valor e os trabalhadores diretos são reduzidos à condição de apêndice de máquinas que trabalham, restando-lhes as atividades de reguladores e de suportes para complexos automáticos. O movimento lógico do valor e o transcurso histórico do processo de subsunção do trabalho ao capital, propiciam a hipótese de que o conjunto dos trabalhadores estaria sendo submetido a uma tendência perversa que qualifica desqualificando suas aptidões e habilidades. Ao mesmo tempo, simplifica o trabalho e desvaloriza a força-de-trabalho. A fim de averiguar tal processo de disrupção do mundo do trabalho, constituiu-se um objeto de pesquisa que permitisse checar a atuação de trabalhadores tidos, pelo senso comum, como altamente qualificados. Eis a razão pela qual se tomou como plano investigativo, a “busca dos egressos do CEFETCE” no mercado de trabalho, centrando a investigação nos haveres tecnológicos de mecatrônicos e telemáticos. A questão básica é verificar até que ponto esses operadores high-tech ativam a gama dos conhecimentos obtidos em sua formação teórico-prática cefeteana, no dia-a-dia das atividades profissionais. Foram entrevistados sessenta tecnólogos, além de professores, administradores industriários e operários de fábrica vinculados a díspares ramos de produção de mercadorias. As entrevistas foram sempre secundadas por visitas a várias plantas produtivas. Como resultado, o pesquisador foi premiado com um fértil material sociológico, prenhe de expressões simbólicas e de constructos técnicos. A materialidade e a imaterialidade das experiências, explícita e implicitamente vivenciadas, evidenciaram a “contradição em processo” no coração de sistemas de produção automáticos. Nestes, estão reservados para os trabalhadores imediatos atos fetichistas como “cuidar” (de máquinas), “assistir” (linhas de produção), “olhar” (supervisórios) e “trocar placas” (eletrônicas) etc.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, 2009. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-12-07T15:14:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cynthiasantanna.pdf: 678748 bytes, checksum: e12aed0ddfab199186a8ebf489e42560 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-12-09T23:21:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cynthiasantanna.pdf: 678748 bytes, checksum: e12aed0ddfab199186a8ebf489e42560 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-09T23:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cynthiasantanna.pdf: 678748 bytes, checksum: e12aed0ddfab199186a8ebf489e42560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A Estratégia Saúde da Família, estruturada na atenção básica formada por equipes multidisciplinares inseridas em um território delimitado, desenvolve seu processo de trabalho atuando com as famílias adscritas a este, tendo enfoque na compreensão do ser humano como individual e coletivo, considerando o ambiente em que vive e interage. Neste sentido, a aproximação entre trabalhador da saúde e comunidade possibilita o desenvolvimento de ações direcionadas a sua população específica, por meio do conhecimento e atuação embasada nos Determinantes Sociais de Saúde. Desta forma, este estudo objetivou identificar os Determinantes Sociais de Saúde que despontam nos depoimentos das enfermeiras, ao caracterizarem a comunidade, analisando sua relação com o trabalho desenvolvido; bem como, compreendendo a comunidade como objeto coletivo constituído por famílias e contextos socioambientais, com e nos quais as enfermeiras desenvolvem seu trabalho, objetivou-se compreender em que concerne a constituição da interação da enfermeira com a comunidade, considerando o(s) sujeito(s) e a(s) finalidade(s). A metodologia utilizada é exploratório-descritiva com análise qualitativa, utilizando entrevista semi-estruturada gravada com consentimento das 65 enfermeiras atuantes na Saúde da Família, pertencentes à 3ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde/RS, durante janeiro e julho de 2006. Evidenciou-se a inter e intrarrelação nos fatores determinantes da saúde, obtendo 104 citações para as características anatomofisiológicas dos indivíduos/comunidade correspondentes aos determinantes proximais e em associação predominantemente ao trabalho desenvolvido pelas enfermeiras. Para os determinantes intermediários houve 27 citações e, para os distais, 166, com predominante referência à localização territorial das comunidades em áreas rurais e periféricas. Em relação ao contato existente entre enfermeira e comunidade evidenciou-se duas abordagens desta interação: imediata relacionada às entidades coletivas da própria comunidade; e mediata por meio da relação com os demais trabalhadores da equipe. Nas finalidades acerca desta interação emergiram dois objetos de ação: a população e a equipe. A população na resolutividade e integralidade com enfoque na qualidade da ação, formação de vínculo, prevenção de doenças e promoção da saúde direcionada à autonomia com corresponsabilização; e a equipe na organização do trabalho direcionada à resolutividade da atenção. Desta forma, identificou-se que as enfermeiras relataram uma estreita relação existente entre as características proximais e o trabalho por elas desenvolvido, bem como visualizam a relação com os demais determinantes na relação com o processo de adoecimento. Enfatiza-se, no processo de trabalho na ESF, a importância da interação enfermeira-comunidade visando ações que fortaleçam potencialidades dos indivíduos/grupos e, integralidade e resolutividade da assistência pela organização do trabalho. / The Family Health Program is structured in primary care by multidisciplinary teams formed placed in a defined territory, developing their work process working with the families registered for this, with a focus on understanding the human being as individual and collective, considering the environment in which live and interact. In this sense, the approach between health workers and community allows the development of actions aimed at their specific population, through knowledge and action grounded on the Social Determinants of Health Therefore. This study aimed to identify the Social Determinants of Health Care which highlighted in the nurses’ statements, when they characterize the community, analyzing its relation to the work carried out by them; and to understand the constitution of interaction of nurses and community, considering the subject(s) and the purpose(s). The methodology is exploratory, descriptive qualitative analysis, applying semi-structured interview recorded under the permission of the 65 nurses working in the Family Health Strategy of the 3rd Regional Health Care Coordination/RS, during January and July of 2006. It has been shown the inter and intra-relation in the health determinant factors, achieving 104 citations for the anatomo-physiological features of the corresponding individuals/community to the proximal correspondents and in association, mainly, to the work carried out by the nurses. For intermediate determinants there were 27 citations and, for distals, 166, with predominant reference to the territorial localization of the communities in rural areas and peripheries. For the contact between nurse and community, it has been noticed two approaches of interaction: immediate, in the collective entities; and mediate, with the rest of the workers of the team. In the purposes, it has emerged two action objects: the population in the resolution and integration with approaches in the quality of action, bond formation, disease prevention and promotion of health aimed to autonomy with correspondence and team direction in the organization of work aimed to the resolution of attention. Thus, it was found that the nurses have stated a narrow relation between the proximal features and by the work carried out by them, besides the visualization of the relation with other determinants in the relation with the process of getting sick. Emphasis is in the process of working in the primary health care, the importance of the interaction between nurse-community aimed to actions which strengthen potentialities of the individuals/groups and also the integration and resolution of assistance by work organization. / La Estrategia de Salud de la Familia se estructura en atención primaria por equipos multidisciplinarios formados colocado en un territorio definido, el desarrollo de su proceso de trabajo que trabajan con las familias registradas con este, con un enfoque en la comprensión del ser humano como individuo y colectivo, teniendo en cuenta el entorno en que vivir e interactuar. En este sentido, el acercamiento entre los trabajadores de la salud y la comunidad permite el desarrollo de acciones dirigidas a la población específica, a través del conocimiento y la acción fundamentada sobre los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud. Por lo tanto, este estúdio tuvo el objetivo de identificar los Determinantes Sociales de Salud que se destacan en las declaraciones de las enfermeras, al caracterizar la comunidad, analizando su relación con el trabajo desarrollado; y comprender en que consiste la constitución de la interacción de la enfermera con la comunidad, considerando el(los) sujeto(s) y la(s) finalidad(es). Se trata de un estudio exploratorio-descriptivo con análisis cualitativa, fue utilizada la entrevista semiestructurada grabada con el consentimiento de las 65 enfermeras de la Salud de la Familia, pertenecientes a la 3ª Coordinación Regional de Salud/RS, durante el periodo de enero a julio de 2006. Fue evidenciado la inter e intrarrelación en los factores determinantes de la salud, obteniendo 104 citaciones para las características anatomofisiológicas de los individuos/comunidad correspondientes a los determinantes proximales y en asociación predominantemente al trabajo desarrollado por las enfermeras. Para los determinantes intermediarios hubo 27 citaciones y, para los distales, 166, con predominante referencia a la localización territorial de las comunidades en áreas rurales y periféricas. Para el contacto entre la enfermera y la comunidad fue evidenciado dos abordajes de la interactividad: inmediata, en las entidades colectivas; y mediata, con los demás trabajadores del equipo. En las finalidades, emergían dos objetos de acción; la población en resolución e integración con enfoques en la cualidad de acción, formación de vínculo, prevención de enfermedades y promoción de la salud dirigida a la autonomía con corresponsabilización y el direccionamiento del equipo en la organización del trabajo dirigido a la resolución de la atención. Así, se constató que las enfermeras relataron una estrecha relación entre las características proximales y el trabajo por ellas desarrollado, además de como visualizan la relación con los demás determinantes en la relación con el proceso de enfermarse. Se enfatiza la importancia de la interacción enfermera/comunidad visando las acciones que fortalezcan potencialidades de los individuos/grupos y también integración y resolución de la asistencia por la organización del trabajo.

Influence of non-state transnational actors on decision-making of sovereign states is one of the most important topics in the international relations discipline. Some academic approaches consider this influence as quite important. Others perceive it as only secondary. Economic actors are a specific case because they on one hand bring know-how, employment and economic growth. On the other hand, they decrease sovereignty of the host states. This thesis tries to uncover influence of the two strongest non-state transnational economic actors in the Czech Republic - German and Japanese Chambers of Commerce. The topic of lobbying of these actors in the case of lack of labor force in the Czech Republic was chosen because of its good empirics. The text also aims to test assumptions according to which bargaining power of such actors is influenced by geographical distance between the host state and home country of the transnational actor. This thesis also wants to address the general topic of influence of the transnational actors on states in the international relations, based on the findings of this case study.