The contemporary working environment is characterised by constant change and increased cognitive and emotional demands on employees. At the same time, long-term employment is no longer guaranteed and often employees are not loyal to one organisation throughout their careers. These changes alter and threaten the viability of the employment relationship. Employees still provide a competitive edge for organisations and their expectations should be managed in such a way that the current organisation remains the employee’s employer of choice. If employers fail to achieve this, employees will be less satisfied and voluntary turnover will result, with detrimental effects on the organisation, both directly and indirectly. In order to ensure the retention of valuable employees, organisations need to identify the predictors of employees’ intention to leave and the nature of the relationships between these factors. Previous studies focused on evaluating the content of the psychological contract and its relation to employee well-being and intention to leave. However, the focus should be less on what employees expect from employers and more on whether these expectations are being fulfilled, now and in future, and whether employees perceive it as fair. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the outcomes of the psychological contract, the evaluation of the state of the psychological contract and its predictive ability remains largely unexplored. More research is also needed to identify mediators in the psychological contract domain. Employability emerged as a coping resource for employees in times of uncertainty. Unfortunately, the more employable employees are, the more likely they will leave the organisation. Due to the assumed positive relationship between employability and performance, organisations should aim to enhance the employability of their employees but at the same time they should seek ways to retain these employees. Empirical research on the outcomes of perceived employability is limited and more research is also needed to identify moderators. The objectives of the study were 1) to determine whether the state of the psychological contract (as perceived by the employee) mediates the relationship between employees’ well-being and their intention to leave the organisation; and 2) to determine whether the state of the psychological contract (as perceived by the employee) moderates the relationship between perceived employability and employees’ well-being and their intention to leave the organisation, respectively. Structural equation modelling was used to establish the significance of the relationship between the variables simultaneously. Two structural models were evaluated; one with employee well-being as mediator and one with the state of the psychological contract as moderator. The results indicated that employee well-being partially mediates the negative relationship between the state of the psychological contract and intention to leave. The state of the psychological contract played a significant role in predicting individual outcomes. The results also indicated that perceived employability had a positive relationship with intention to leave. This is in line with previous international studies. Contrary to what was expected, no significant relationship was found between perceived employability and employee well-being. Furthermore, the state of the psychological contract did not moderate the relationship between perceived employability and employees’ well-being and their intention to leave the organisation, respectively. The results highlighted the importance of well-being as a factor in employees’ intention to leave the organisation. Recommendations were made for organisations and futher reseach. / Thesis (MCom (Human Resource Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The purpose of this essay has been to give an understanding of the possibilities and weaknesses in attract and retain social workers and preschool pedagogues in a smaller community in the middle of Sweden. Furthermore, the study contributes to the knowledge about what employees in a public-sector regard as attractive and less attractive in the workplace and how important it is to involve employees in the work with employer branding. To achieve this purpose, the method focus groups with the Attractive Work model have been used to find out what factors promote or under-mine the employer’s brand in attracting and retaining skilled employees. The pro-cess included two focus groups with three social workers versus five preschool ped-agogues. The results showed that the leadership has great significance for whether the work is regarded as attractive or not. Both focus groups indicated that the lead-ership is an important dimension in the well-being of work. The good leadership results in many dimensions being perceived as attractive and are showing that many dimensions and categories affect one another. The result also showed several other dimensions that promote an attractive work. These can be used to strengthen the employer's brand in such way as to maintain the good circumstances and highlight attractive dimensions in the recruitment work. From what was identified as attrac-tive in working life, a table has been created in which both improvement- and development proposals are presented, which the employer can use to create an attrac-tive workplace to be able to attract and retain workforce. / Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att ge en förståelse för vilka möjligheter och svagheter det finns i att attrahera och behålla socialsekreterare och förskolepedagoger i en mindre kommun i Mellansverige. Vidare så bidrar studien med kunskap kring vad medarbetare i en offentlig verksamhet anser är attraktivt respektive mindre attraktivt i arbetslivet och hur viktigt det är att involvera medarbetarna i arbetet med employer branding. För att uppnå syftet har metoden fokusgrupper med modellen Attraktivt Arbete använts för att ta reda på vilka faktorer som främjar eller stjälper arbetsgivarvarumärket i avseende att attrahera och behålla kompetenta medarbetare. Processen innefattade två stycken fokusgrupper med tre stycken socialsekreterare respektive fem stycken förskolepedagoger. Resultatet visade att ledarskapet har stor betydelse för huruvida arbetet ses som attraktivt eller inte, och båda fokusgrupper angav att detta är en viktig dimension för att trivas på arbetet. Det goda ledarskapet leder till att många dimensioner upplevs som attraktiva och visar på hur flertalet dimensioner och kategorier påverkar varandra i ett led. Resultatet visade också på ett flertal andra dimensioner som främjar ett attraktivt arbete. Dessa kan användas för att stärka arbetsgivarvarumärket på så sätt att bibehålla de goda omständigheter som råder och lyfta fram attraktiva dimensioner i rekryteringsarbetet. Utifrån vad som identifierades som attraktivt i arbetslivet har en tabell skapats över vilka för-bättrings- och utvecklingsförslag kommunen kan arbeta med för att skapa en attraktiv arbetsplats för att attrahera och behålla arbetskraft.

Ce travail de recherche traite de l’engagement organisationnel au sein d’une association de Microfinance au lendemain d’un changement organisationnel. Une stratégie de sortie de crise a été mise en place dans le cadre dudit changement et a eu une incidence sur les contrats psychologiques des agents organisationnels et par conséquent sur les relations qui les lient à leur organisation (association).Notre objectif à travers l’adoption du contrat psychologique comme grille de lecture des contrats d’AL AMANA est d’expliquer les processus d’évolutions des contrats psychologiques individuels et collectifs des agents organisationnels suite à l’évènement du changement qui constitue, comme nous le verrons, un incident critique. Cela permettra de déterminer les facteurs intra-organisationnels et extra-organisationnels de l’évolution des contrats psychologiques qui impactent la résilience de l’organisation observée au sein de l’association et permettant la sortie de la crise. / This research is about the organizational commitment within a microfinance association after an organizational change. An exit strategy was put in place as part of this change and had an impact on the psychological contracts of the organizational agents and consequently on the relations that bind them to their organization (association).Our objective through the adoption of the psychological contract as a grid for reading AL AMANA's contracts is to explain the processes of evolution of the individual and collective psychological contracts of the organizational agents following the change event which constitutes, as we will see, a critical incident. This will help us to determine the intra-organizational and extra-organizational factors of the evolution of the psychological contracts that impact the resilience observed within the association and allowing it to exit the crisis.

Le contrat psychologique se définit comme une croyance de l'employé relative à des obligations réciproques entre lui-même et son employeur, lesquelles sont basées uniquement sur la perception des promesses de l'organisation mais qui ne correspondent pas obligatoirement à la réalité. Bien que ce concept suscite une littérature abondante, peu d'études se sont intéressées spécifiquement à ses relations avec la formation organisationnelle. La revue de littérature met en évidence que les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, organisationnelles et formationnelles influencent le contrat psychologique d'une part. D'autre part, les objectifs de performance organisationnelle et d'employabilité, les facteurs contextuels et le transfert des acquis de la formation contribuent à l'efficacité de la formation. Cette recherche-action vise à répondre à la question de l'influence du contrat psychologique sur la formation organisationnelle. L'échantillon de l'étude est composé de 119 ouvriers non diplômés d'un site de production automobile français. La première partie des résultats se consacre à l'étude de la validité psychométrique de l'outil de mesure du contrat psychologique, le « Psychological Contract Inventory » (PCI), à l'influence des variables sociodémographiques, organisationnelles et formationnelles sur le contrat psychologique. La seconde partie s'intéresse à l'influence de la réalisation du contrat psychologique sur la satisfaction de la formation. A partir de la revue de littérature et des résultats obtenus, un modèle théorique comprenant l'influence des caractéristiques individuelles, organisationnelles et formationnelles de l'employé sur le contrat psychologique et l'influence de la réalisation du contrat psychologique sur la satisfaction de la formation est proposé. Dans la troisième partie, les implications pratiques et théoriques des résultats sont discutées. / The Psychological Contract is defined as a belief of the employee on reciprocal obligations between himself and his employer, which is also based solely on the perception of the organization's promises but does not necessarily correspond to reality. Although this concept provides researchers with abundant literature, few studies have focused specifically on its relationship with organizational training. The literature review consulted for this research shows that socio-demographic, organizational and training characteristics influence the Psychological Contract and also that the objectives of organizational performance and employability, contextual factors and transfer of training contribute to the effectiveness of the training. The purpose of this action-research is to answer the question of the extent of the influence of the Psychological Contract on organizational training. The study sample consists of 119 unqualified workers in a French automotive production site. The first part of this research's results is dedicated to the study of the psychometric validity of the Psychological Contract's measurement tool, the "Psychological Contract Inventory" (PCI) and the influence of socio-demographic, organizational and formational variables on the Psychological Contract. The second part focuses on the influence of the realization of the Psychological Contract on training satisfaction. From the literature review and the results obtained, a theoretical model is proposed which would include the influence of individual, organizational and training characteristics of the employee's Psychological Contract and the influence of the realization of the Psychological Contract on training satisfaction. In the third part, the practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.

Dans le cadre de leurs démarches de modernisation, les entreprises tunisiennes sont à la recherche d’un modèle de gestion efficace de leurs Ressources Humaines permettant, au-delà de la flexibilité et des restructurations nécessaires, d’assurer un développement de leurs performances, ainsi qu’une sécurisation des parcours professionnels de leurs salariés. L’hypothèse centrale que nous avons déterminée comme réponse à cette problématique est la suivante : la rénovation de Gestion des Ressources Humaines, par la mise en place d’une politique de développement de l’employabilité, aide les entreprises tunisiennes à faire progresser leur performance sociale et économique et à sécuriser les parcours professionnels de leurs salariés.Les résultats de cette recherche mettent tout d’abord en évidence les principales difficultés de modernisation de Gestion des Ressources Humaines au sein des entreprises tunisiennes (managériales, structurelles, institutionnels et culturelles), puis l’apport de développement de l’employabilité pour la rénovation des pratiques de GRH et à l’accroissement de performances sociales et économiques à moyen et à long terme et, enfin, les conditions nécessaires à l’intégration d’une politique de développement de l’employabilité à la GRH. / As part of their efforts to modernize the Tunisian companies are looking for a model of effective management of their human resources with, beyond restructuring and flexibility necessary to ensure development of their performance and a career security of their employees. The central hypothesis we have determined as a response to this problem is: the renovation of Human Resource Management, for the establishment of a policy of development of employability, with Tunisian companies to advance their performance social and economic security and career paths for their employees.The results of this research are first identified the major challenges of modernizing human resources management in the Tunisian firms (managerial, structural, institutional and cultural) and the provision of employability development for renovation Human Resource Management practices and increasing social and economic performance in the medium and longer term and finally the conditions for the integration of a development policy employability of HRM.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been a subject of increasing interest among academics and business practitioners globally. This thesis contributes to the discourse on CSR in the context of the Nigerian oil industry with regard to corporate-community relations. Specifically, the thesis constitutes a critique of CSR initiatives by multinational oil companies (MOC) operating in the Niger Delta region and their impact on the traditional livelihoods of local communities. The research attempts to understand the link between CSR and Psychological contract from the perspective of both the host communities and the MOCs. This thesis examines community perceptions, expectations and seeks to interpret the relationship between the host communities and the MOCs. The study provides empirical data through the use of twenty-eight semi-structured interviews and three focus groups. This is significant given that most of the research conducted into CSR in this region has been limited to descriptive and extensive theoretical explanations. Findings from the research suggest that the relationship between the host communities and the MOC is a very complex one and that the impact of the MOCs activities can be interpreted from the host communities’ negative actions. The thesis makes an important contribution to the emerging literature on social license to operate (SLO) and in what manner the local communities seek to enforce it. It also offers an alternative approach to CSR based on need assessment and stakeholder involvement rather than corporate obligations and expectations from society in general.

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Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-03T20:23:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - definitiva.pdf: 907088 bytes, checksum: 20f0cf3a751c84dbede235597a731e48 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-03T20:23:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - definitiva.pdf: 907088 bytes, checksum: 20f0cf3a751c84dbede235597a731e48 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-03T20:24:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - definitiva.pdf: 907088 bytes, checksum: 20f0cf3a751c84dbede235597a731e48 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-03T20:24:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO - definitiva.pdf: 907088 bytes, checksum: 20f0cf3a751c84dbede235597a731e48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Este estudo versa sobre contrato psicológico e comprometimento organizacional, no contexto das agências reguladoras, autarquias da administração pública brasileira. Os contratos psicológicos são as expectativas e crenças dos indivíduos a respeito das obrigações recíprocas entre eles e suas organizações. O contrato psicológico é criado de forma espontânea e não faz parte do acordo formal entre empregado e empregador. O comprometimento organizacional refere-se à forma como cada pessoa percebe a motivação de seu vínculo com a organização, que pode ser de cunho afetivo, que reflete um desejo, instrumental, que reflete uma necessidade ou normativo, que reflete uma obrigação. A pesquisa realizada objetivou identificar se existe alguma relação e qual seria esta relação, entre os quatros tipos de contrato psicológico: relacional, equilibrado, transacional e transitório, com os três tipos de comprometimento organizacional, dos servidores públicos de agências reguladoras, que têm direito à estabilidade funcional, o que significa direito de manter o emprego permanentemente. O resultado da pesquisa demonstrou as relações existentes entre as variações de contrato psicológico e comprometimento organizacional dos servidores, apontando para a predominância do contrato transitório e do comprometimento instrumental. / This study focuses on the psychological contract and organizational commitment in the context of regulatory agencies, municipalities in the Brazilian public administration. The psychological contracts are the expectations and beliefs of individuals about the reciprocal obligations between them and their organizations. The psychological contract is created spontaneously and is not part of the formal agreement between employee and employer. The organizational commitment refers to how each person perceives the motivation of their bond with the organization, which can be affective, which reflects a desire, instrumental, reflecting a need or normative, which reflects an obligation. The research aimed to identify whether there is any relationship and what would this relationship between the four types of psychological contracts: relational, balanced, transactional and transitional, with the three types of organizational commitment, of public servants from regulatory agencies, who are entitled to functional stability, which means the right to keep the job permanently. The research result showed the relationship between changing psychological contract and organizational commitment of the servers, pointing to a predominance of transitional contract and instrumental commitment.

20% d’une classe d’âge sort du système éducatif sans qualification. Est-ce la non-qualité d’un processus qui dysfonctionne ? Peut-on appliquer dans l’Ecole la gestion de la qualité, qui est aujourd’hui un modèle organisationnel de la culture managériale commune. L’émergence d’un nouveau type de contrat social, caractérisé par un nouvel ordre du travail (New Work Order), semble concomitante du New Public Management qui voit une importation des concepts généralement liés au monde des entreprises dans la sphère des institutions. Ces transpositions ne sont pas sans poser des problèmes notamment dans la traduction deprincipes dans un contexte qui peut s’avérer différent, et dont les parties prenantes ne sont pas en demande ou en refusent les paradigmes tout autant que leur application. Il nous a donc paru intéressant d’analyser les conditions d’applicabilité de la norme ISO 9000 aux établissements éducatifs, en nous focalisant plus particulièrement sur les lycées professionnels qui présentent des caractéristiques originales permettant d’appréhender la question de la finalité d’insertion vers l’emploi du système scolaire. A partir d’entretiens semi-directifs, nous proposons une modélisation des processus mis en oeuvre ainsi que des recommandations sur les conditions d’applicabilité d’une démarche qualité dans une institution scolaire. Au-delà de l’analyse des impacts organisationnels de l’application de l’ISO 9000 dans un contexte éducatif, faisant notamment apparaître un système complexe de voix de clients parfois contradictoires, ou de parties prenantes jouant plusieurs rôles dans le processus, nousnous sommes attachés à mettre au point un outil de pilotage de la relation individu/organisation ou élève/institution. Pour ce faire, nous avons adapté le Psychological Contract Index de Rousseau, à la fois au public et au contexte de cette relation. Une étudequantitative nous a permis de distinguer les facteurs influençant la dynamique du contrat implicite et explicite qui est en oeuvre dans l’éducation et l’apprentissage. Une procédure, ce n’est pas nécessairement une suite de réponses mais cela peut être unefaçon de poser les questions. / 20% of an age group comes out of the educational system without qualification. Should this non-quality of the educational process be questioned? Quality management is now a widely accepted an organizational framework of managerial culture. The emergence of a new social contract, characterized by the New Work Order seems concomitant of New Public Management which promotes organizational concepts taken from the business culture and applied to institutions. These transfers can nonetheless cause problems. For example, translating principles in a different context, and also when stakeholders are not receptive or even refusing both the paradigms and their implementation. We analyze the applicability conditions of the ISO 9000 norm to educative institutions, focusing on vocational education which contains special features that allow us to understand the aim of the educational system as the preparation to a first professional position. Based on a field-work of semi-structured interviews, we propose a modelization of the process as well as recommendations about applicability conditions of a quality management course of actions in an educative institution. We also try to go beyond the impact analysis of organizational issues when applying ISO 9000 in an educative context. We unveil a complex system of sometimes contradictory customer voices, or stakeholders taking up different roles and functions in the process. We have tried to set up an analytic tool to monitor the relation between an individual and an organization, or a student and an institution. To do so, we adapted Rousseau’s Psychological Contract Index both to the public target population and to the context of the relation. A set of collected data quantitative study allowed us to isolate a series of factors influencing implicit and explicit dynamics at work in education and professional training. A procedure is not necessarily a continuation of answers but it can be a means of asking questions.

The HIV and AIDS pandemic is arguably the greatest threat facing the world today. The pandemic has a far-reaching impact on society, including the workplace. The effect in the workplace is observed in various areas including a reduction in certain skills levels, mortality and declining job performance of employees living with HIV or AIDS. In addition, the fear of discrimination and stigmatisation prevents infected employees from disclosing their HIV status, thus driving the pandemic underground. Despite the potential negative impact that is looming, many employers still do not have any workplace support programmes in place to manage HIV and AIDS in their organisations. However, some employers have implemented workplace support programmes. This research thus explored the influence of workplace support programmes on the job performance of employees that were living with HIV or AIDS. The findings suggest that job performance is positively influenced where workplace support programmes have been implemented. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Comm. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)