Det har skett en förändring både på arbetsmarknaden och arbetsplatsen. Det som förändrats är förväntningarna på arbetet och på dess innehåll. Syftet med studien är att undersöka varför så många medarbetare väljer att lämna en avdelning i en organisation vars personalomsättning annars är låg. Resultatet ska kunna användas som ett underlag för att organisationer ska kunna höja sin retention och behålla befintliga samt framtida medarbetare på avdelningen. Denna studie är begränsad till en särskild avdelning och är utformad som en kvalitativ fallstudie med en abduktiv ansats. Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts till största delen ur ett arbetstagarperspektiv men även med två arbetsgivarrepresentanter. Intervjuerna visade att avsikten att lämna avdelningen oftast beror på flera faktorer i kombination med varandra. Om de lämnar vid ett tidigare skede kan bero på att förväntningar inte uppfylls. Bristen på möjlighet till karriärutveckling gör att medarbetare lämnar avdelningen om de vill utvecklas. Det har funnits en känsla av att bli orättvist behandlad samt en brist på egenkontroll när de anställda möter en högre arbetsbelastning. Faktorerna ovan i kombination med brist på stöd ökar den anställdas avsikt att lämna.

There exists a huge amount of quantitative research about organizational commitment, the psychological contract and its relevance for retention. We do, however notice a lack of qualitative research when it comes to commitment, the psychological contract and how different factors cooperate to achieve retention. Because of this, we would like to highlight the expectations employees have as well as which factors that make them committed to their organization, using a qualitative method. Through 15 semi-structured interviews with managers at IKEA Kalmar, we tried to identify what matters most för their wish to stay. We made the decision based on the assumption that managers will provide better inputs for our purpose thanks to a better insight regards to longer employment. One interview was held with the HR manager to provide the study with the organization's perspective. This study shows that professional and personal development and the work with employer branding and culture develop commitment and are a part of the psychological contract and important for managers’ willingness to stay. We also noticed that employee development is a part of the organization's culture, and that the factors cooperate to increase retention. These factors are important to uphold, as this study shows that they can increase over time in relevance, and continually affects commitment. We have also seen that what most affects retention in this context is the emotional bond between employee and organization, affective commitment. / Det finns stora mängder forskning om organizational commitment, det psykologiska kontraktet och dess relevans för anställdas önskan att stanna i en organisation av kvantitativ karaktär. Dock återfinns det en avsaknad av kvalitativ forskning ifråga om vad det är som har betydelse för att man vill stanna i en organisation i ljuset av organizational commitment, det psykologiska kontraktet och hur olika faktorer samspelar till det. Därför ville vi med en kvalitativ studie belysa vilka förväntningar anställda har och vilka faktorer som gör anställda committed till deras organisation. Vi genomförde 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer på IKEA Kalmar där chefer fick beskriva deras upplevelser och tankar kring vad som hade betydelse för att de ville stanna. Vi valde att fokusera på grupp- och avdelningschefer då IKEA är känt för sin internrekrytering och då vi ansåg att dessa är väl insatta i organisationen och har en bra erfarenhet då de har arbetat där en längre tid. En utav intervjuerna gjordes med en HRchef för att få organisationens perspektiv på varför anställda stannar och hur de arbetar med att behålla dem. Studien visar att kompetens- och karriärutveckling och arbetet med employer branding och organisationskultur, utvecklar commitment och ses som en del av det psykologiska kontraktet och har betydelse för chefernas vilja att stanna. Vi har även sett att aspekter såsom utveckling som har betydelse, inkluderas i organisationskulturen. Resultatet visar på att kompetens- och karriärutveckling och employer branding samverkar till viljan att stanna. Studien visar också på att de betydelsefulla aspekterna är viktiga att upprätthålla då de ökar i betydelse över tid och att commitment utvecklas över tid. Vi har också sett att det som mest förklarar att man vill stanna är att man känner ett känslomässigt band, affective commitment, till organisationen.

[pt] Na literatura mais recente da gestão observa-se o crescente discurso ressaltando a importância das pessoas dentro da organização. Como conseqüência, as empresas vêm implementando políticas e práticas que visam elevar o comprometimento e a produtividade de seus empregados. Entre essas ferramentas está o Sistema de Gestão de Desempenho. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a influência dos Sistemas de Gestão de Desempenho no comprometimento dos indivíduos com relação às organizações e às metas estabelecidas. Através de um estudo de campo com a utilização de questionários, a pesquisa observou que as variações nos níveis de comprometimento são mais visíveis quando indivíduo percebe que o Sistema de Gestão de Desempenho propicia ganhos para o funcionário, tais como oportunidades de crescimento profissional, maior acesso à informação e maior autonomia de decisão. Além de uma maior influência sobre o comprometimento para com as metas, tais práticas levam à formação de um comprometimento normativo (quanto à organização e a meta) e, em menor escala, a um comprometimento afetivo com a organização. / [en] In the current literacy we observe a growing speech showing the importance of the employees to the organizations. As a consequence, organizations have been implementing policies and practices with the aim to increase employee´s commitment and productivity. Among these practices we identify the Performance Management System. The present study intends to investigate the influences of Performance Management System in individual commitments towards the established goals and the organizations itself. Analyzing the questionnaires handed out to individuals working in different organizations, the present study concluded that commitment level´s variation are more visible when the employee has the perception that Performance Management System offers him some kind of return, like an opportunity to develop their careers, greater information´s availability or a chance to acquire more autonomy to make decisions. In addition of increasing the influence over goals commitments, these practices also ascend over normative commitment (towards the goals and the organizations as well) and, in a minor scale, over an affective commitment towards the organization.

Aujourd'hui la vie au travail est caractérisée par une grande complexité, une imprévisibilité, et une insécurité. L'intérêt pour l'employabilité a été suscité par l'impact économique des pénuries de compétences et de main-d'œuvre et la nature changeante des carrières ainsi que par l'érosion de la sécurité de l'emploi. Pour assurer la sécurité d'emploi de ses salariés qui sont garants de son adaptation et de sa performance, l'entreprise doit mener des actions pour maintenir et développer leur employabilité. La finalité de cette recherche est de comprendre comment les pratiques RH influencent l'employabilité et l'implication organisationnelle. La réponse à cette problématique contribue à proposer aux organisations une approche adaptée de l'utilisation des pratiques RH qu'elles ont à leur disposition. Deux types de méthodologie ont été croisés. D'abord une étude qualitative exploratoire a été menée auprès d'un échantillon multi-acteur de 21 personnes (Dirigeants, DRH et salariés). Elle a visé à enrichir et à vérifier la pertinence du modèle proposé à l'issue de l'analyse de la littérature, à identifier les pratiques RH favorables à l'employabilité et à explorer le concept de l'employabilité à travers une explicitation de ses dimensions. Ensuite une étude quantitative, auprès de 266 salariés, nous a permis de vérifier le type de relations qui peuvent exister entre les pratiques RH, l'employabilité et l'implication organisationnelle. Notre recherche montre que, d'une manière générale, les pratiques RH influencent positivement l'employabilité et l'implication organisationnelle notamment la dimension affective. Cette étude propose cinq familles de pratiques RH (l'organisation qualifiante et la mobilité, la formation et l'évaluation, la communication, la GPEC et la rémunération) qui agissent sur l'employabilité (individuelle, par les compétences, et interne/externe) et sur l'implication organisationnelle (affective et calculée). / Today working life is characterized by highly complex, unpredictability and insecurity. The interest for employability was motivated by the economic impact of skills shortages and labor force; the changing nature of careers, and the erosion of job security.To ensure the job security of its employees who are guarantors of its adaptation and its performance, the organization must take action to maintain and to develop their employability.The purpose of our study is to understand how HR practices influence employability and organizational commitment. The answer to this issue helps organizations provide a suitable method in terms how to use HR practices which they have at their disposal approach.Two types of methodology were crossed. First, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted with a multi-actor sample, 21 persons (executives, DHR and employees) were interviewed. It aimed to enrich and to verify the relevance of the research model proposed after the literature review; to identify HR practices in favor to employability; and to explore the concept of employability through an explanation of its dimensions. Then a quantitative study among 266 employees helps us to confirm the type of relationship that may exist between HR practices, employability and organizational commitment.Our research shows that in a general way, HR practices positively influence the employability and organizational commitment particularly affective dimension. This study suggests five families of HR practices (the learning organization and mobility, training and evaluation, communication, compensation and management planning of employment and skills) acting on employability (individual approach, skills approach, and internal / external approachs) and organizational commitment (affective dimension and continuance dimension).

Cette recherche a pour objet l’étude des déterminants et des effets psychosociaux des situations de travail en termes de stress et de souffrance. C’est sous l’angle du contrat psychologique qu’elle s’intéresse à l’impact des transformations du travail de ces dernières années sur les conditions de son exercice et les relations d’emploi. Elle porte plus particulièrement sur les processus d’interprétation des ruptures du contrat psychologique et les processus d’ajustement et de restructuration des sujets consécutifs aux évolutions de ces relations d’emploi. Au plan théorique la recherche se démarque sensiblement des modèles traditionnels en intégrant, dans l’étude du stress et de la souffrance au travail, les dynamiques subjectives. Notre position théorique considère que, le sujet est actif et pluriel dans sa socialisation et dans le développement de ses relations avec son contexte de travail, autant que dans la recherche de réponses aux exigences de l’organisation et aux siennes que dans les régulations subjectives des conflits qui en naissent. Une consultation hospitalière de souffrance au travail constitue le cadre de cette recherche. Les données recueillies auprès de 103 personnes reçues en accompagnement psychologique dans ce dispositif ont fait l’objet d’une analyse qualitative et d’une analyse quantitative. Des observations cliniques ont été systématiquement confrontées aux résultats d’analyses statistiques.Nous mettons en évidence un lien entre la perception d’une violation du contrat psychologique et la dégradation de l’état de santé psychologique des personnes reçues en consultation. Nous soulignons l’impact de la rupture du contrat, souvent déclenchée par une transformation dans le milieu du travail, autant sur l’individu que sur sa relation de travail. De ces observations et résultats ressort la nécessité de développer des démarches de prévention pluridisciplinaires / The purpose of this research is to study the origins and psychosocial consequences of the working situations leading to stress and mental suffering. It is looking primarily at how the psychological contract has been impacted by the changes that have evolved in the working environment in the past years. It is more particularly centered on the mental processes through which a breach of the psychological contract is being perceived and on the processes that are applied to cope with this altered employment relationship.From a theoretical standpoint, this research departs from the traditional approach to occupational stress insofar as it integrates subjective dynamics into the study of stress and suffering at work. Our theory suggests that the heterogeneous experiences and temporalities of employees have an influence on the organizational socialization as well as on the development of the employment relationship and the subjective regulation of conflicts. A local public hospital service offering psychological care for people suffering from their working situation provide the frame of the research. The information collected via this clinical work done with 103 persons is used for the qualitative and quantitative data analyses. The clinical observations are systematically compared to the results of the statistical analysis. We establish a link between the perception of a violation of the psychological contract and the deterioration of the mental health of the persons received in this psychological care center. We underline the impact of the contract’s breach, often a consequence of changes occurring in the working environment, on the individual as well as on the employment relationship. The empirical and the statistical results emphasize the need for the development and the implementation of psychosocial risks prevention measures by multidisciplinary working groups.

Na agenda de pesquisa sobre comprometimento organizacional, predomina o modelo de pesquisa de corte transversal, quantitativa, que busca relacionar os vínculos com antecedentes e consequentes de maneira direta, considerando variáveis internas à organização. Esta abordagem tem sido foco de discussão nesta área, que começa a apontar a necessidade de estudos exploratórios buscando compreender a dinâmica dos vínculos ao longo do tempo. O presente trabalho busca contribuir com esta lacuna, e tem por objetivo compreender o papel de elementos de contexto individual na dinâmica dos vínculos do trabalhador com a organização ao longo de sua trajetória. A etapa preliminar quantitativa foi realizada por meio de uma survey que obteve 1584 respostas válidas, coletando com escalas validadas padrões dos vínculos de comprometimento e entrincheiramento com a organização. A partir destes padrões, foram destacados 30 indivíduos com diferentes padrões de vínculos para uma etapa principal qualitativa, que ocorreu por meio de entrevistas exploratórias com estes participantes. As análises de narrativa, conteúdo e eventos foram combinadas para processar estes dados, visando compreender o papel do contexto individual nos vínculos. Estas análises buscaram compreender o papel de diferentes temas da vida do indivíduo: A fase da vida e careira, as âncoras de carreira, eventos marcantes de sua vida, elementos de seu contexto individual (família, comunidade, lazer, amizade, outros trabalhos e autodesenvolvimento) e fenômenos da literatura de vínculos organizacionais. Como resultado, foi encontrado que as fases da vida e carreira exercem papel relevante na dinâmica dos vínculos, e as fases de equacionamento e manutenção são mais propensas a registrarem alto comprometimento, e a fase de manutenção também com alto entrincheiramento. As âncoras de carreira modelam as expectativas que geram os contratos psicológicos, e atuam também na forma com que o indivíduo lida com os eventos em sua vida. Em termos dos eventos, os que se relacionam com mudança cultural e liderança/gestão tem relação com quebras de contrato psicológico, que geram diminuição ou quebra do comprometimento com a organização, se relacionando com o fenômeno da literatura de quondamcommitment. No contexto individual, ele atua como um mediador entre a dinâmica dos vínculos e os eventos vivenciados pelo indivíduo, sendo também pautados pela permeabilidade entre a vida pessoal e profissional. As dimensões de amizade, família e comunidade tem relação mais relevante com a dinâmica de vínculos. Por fim, foi elaborado um modelo teórico que organiza e sistematiza todas as áreas observadas neste estudo, apontando o papel delas na dinâmica dos vínculos. Conclui-se que os vínculos de comprometimento e entrincheiramento são afetados indiretamente pelas fases da vida, e que a depender da âncora de carreira, o indivíduo tenderá a desenvolver maior comprometimento com diferentes focos. Ainda, o estudo explicita o papel de eventos de liderança/gestão e cultura organizacional, que estão associados à quebra de contrato psicológico e diminuição dos níveis do comprometimento. Por fim, o presente trabalho possibilita uma maior compreensão dos fenômenos contextuais na agenda de pesquisa dos vínculos organizacionais, trazendo elementos à tona que podem ser aprofundados em futuras pesquisas. / In the research agenda on organizational commitment, the cross-sectional, quantitative research model predominates, which seeks to relate the links with antecedents and consequents in a direct way, considering internal variables to the organization. This approach has been a focus of discussion in this area, which begins to point out the need for exploratory studies seeking to understand the dynamics of bonds over time. The present work has the objective to contribute to this gap, and aims to understand the role of individual context elements in the dynamics of the worker \'s bonds with the organization throughout its trajectory. The preliminary quantitative stage was accomplished by means of a survey that obtained 1584 valid answers, collecting with validated scales standard of the bonds of organizational commitment and organizational entrenchment. From these standards, 30 individuals with different patterns of bonds were selected for a qualitative main stage, which occurred through exploratory interviews with these participants. Narrative, content, and event analyzes were combined to process these data to understand the role of the individual context in the bonds. These analyzes sought to understand the role of different subjects in the individual\'s life: the life stage and career, career anchors, life events, elements of their individual context (family, community, leisure, friendship, other work and self-development) and bond´s organizational phenomena. As a result, it was found that the life stages and career stages play a relevant role in the dynamics of the bonds, and the phases of equation and maintenance are more likely to register high commitment, and the maintenance phase also with high entrenchment. Career anchors shape the expectations that generate the psychological contracts, and also act on how the individual deals with the events in his or her life. In terms of events, those related to cultural change and leadership / management are related to psychological contract breaches, which generate a decrease or decrease in commitment to the organization, related to the quondam commitment literature phenomenon. In the individual context, it acts as a mediator between the dynamics of the links and the events experienced by the individual, and are also guided by the permeability between personal and professional life. The dimensions of friendship, family and community are more relevant to the dynamics of links. Finally, a theoretical model was elaborated that organizes and systematizes all the areas observed in this study, pointing out their role in the dynamics of the links. It is concluded that the bonds of commitment and entrenchment are affected indirectly by the life cycle, and that depending on the career anchor, the individual will tend to develop greater commitment with different foci. Furthermore, the study explores the role of leadership / management events and organizational culture, which are associated with psychological contract breakdown and decreased levels of commitment. Finally, the present work contributes to a greater understanding of the contextual phenomena in the research agenda of organizational bonds, bringing elements to the fore that can be deepened in future researches.

The research focused on constructing a psychological career profile for staff retention practices by investigating the relationship between employees’ psychological career meta-competencies (psychological career resources, career adaptability and hardiness) and their retention-related dispositions (job embeddedness and organisational commitment). A quantitative survey was conducted on a convenience sample of employed adults (N = 355) at managerial and staff levels in the human resource management field. A canonical correlation analysis indicated a significant overall relationship between the psychological career meta-competencies and the retention-related dispositions. Multiple regression analyses indicated the psychological career meta-competencies as significant predictors of the retention-related dispositions variables. Structural equation modelling indicated a good fit of the data with the canonical correlation-derived measurement model. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses showed that gender and marital status significantly moderated the relationship between the participants’ psychological career meta-competencies and the retention-related disposition job-embedded fit. Tests for mean differences revealed that males and females differed significantly regarding their self/other skills and hardy-commitment while the marital status groups differed signifcantly regarding their behavioural adaptability and hardiness. On a theoretical level, the study deepened understanding of the cognitive, affective, conative and interpersonal behavioural dimensions of the hypothesized psychological career profile. On an empirical level, the study produced an empirically tested psychological career profile in terms of the various behavioural dimensions. On a practical level, organisational staff retention practices in terms of the behavioural dimensions of the psychological career profile were recommended. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D.Com.(Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Denna studie var av explorativ karaktär. Syftet var att undersöka digitaliseringens effekter på det psykologiska kontraktet; ett forskningsfokus som tidigare inte har uppmärksammats i litteraturen. En kvalitativ design med utgångspunkt från teorin om sociala representationer valdes (Moscovici, 2000). Femton anställda (11 kvinnliga och fyra manliga) med varierande yrken i olika typer av organisationer deltog. Data samlades in med semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades därefter med tematisk analys. Resultaten visade i korthet att digitaliseringen är representerat i det kollektiva medvetandet som positiv förväntan, social distansering, digitalisering som en förmedlande part i det psykologiska kontraktet och dess konsekvenser för ett socialt kontrakt. Dessa förståelser av den pågående digitaliseringsprocessen diskuteras avslutningsvis i rapporten. De har potentiell betydelse för hur olika organisationer och företag implementerar digital teknik. / This study was of an exploratory nature. The purpose was to explore the effects of digitalization on the psychological contract; a focus that has not been noticed in previous research. A qualitative design based on the theory of social representations was chosen (Moscovici, 2000). Fifteen employees (11 female and four male) with varying occupations in different types of organizations participated. Data were collected with semi-structured interviews and then analyzed with thematic analysis. In short summary, the results showed that digitization is represented in the collective consciousness as positive expectations, social distancing, digitization as a mediating party in the psychological contract and its consequences for a social contract. These understandings of the ongoing digitization process are discussed in the report. They have a potential impact on how different organizations and companies implement digital technology.

Dagens revisionskår lider av ett stort problem som hotar dess framtid. Sedan 1990 har antalet revisorer minskat från 4400 auktoriserade till 3300. En bakomliggande orsak till minskningen är revisorsassistenters avhopp. Revisorsassistenter förväntas bli framtida revisorer men avhoppen har lett till att revisionsbranschens framtid har hamnat i fara. Tidigare studier har undersökt varför revisorsassistenter har lämnat branschen, dock finns det bristande kunskap om revisorsassistenters förhållande till revisionsbyråer. Därför är det av yttersta vikt att undersöka avhoppen ur det psykologiska kontraktets perspektiv i syfte att ta reda på huruvida uppsägningsavsikten influeras av det psykologiska kontraktet eller inte. Det psykologiska kontraktet är en teori som tar hänsyn till den mellanmänskliga relationen mellan den anställde och organisationen och baseras på den anställdes uppfattningar om ömsesidiga och implicita överenskommelser mellan denne samt organisationen. Kontraktet bygger på en subjektiv tro som den anställde har och är även en viktig aspekt att ta hänsyn till vid undersökandet av uppsägningsavsikten i relation till det psykologiska kontraktet. Syftet med studien är att ge en ökad förståelse för hur det psykologiska kontraktet influerar revisorsassisteters uppsägningsavsikt. För att genomföra studien användes en kvalitativ metod där sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med revisorsassistenter från sex olika revisionsbyråer. Studien visar att det psykologiska kontraktet har en inverkan på revisorsassistenters uppsägningsavsikt. När en anställd upplever att kontraktet är ömsesidigt och uppfyllt uppstår ingen känsla av att man vill lämna organisationen. Om den anställde däremot känner att kontraktet inte är ömsesidigt, kan denne vilja lämna organisationen eftersom den får en känsla av att den gör sin del i kontraktet medan organisationen förbiser sin del. Vidare framkom det även att löften som skall uppfyllas består främst av utvecklingsmöjligheter, trivsam arbetsmiljö och stöd som revisionsbyråer är förpliktade att hålla. Revisionsbyråer som inte respekterar det psykologiska kontraktet anses ha brutit mot kontraktets villkor och kan därmed leda till att de förlorar sina revisorsassistenter. / Today’s audit profession is facing a major issue that threatens the future of auditing. Since 1990, the number of auditors has decreased from 4,400 authorized to 3,300. One of the reasons behind the reduction is the audit assistants' intention to resign. These accounting assistants are expected to become the future accountants, but the turnover has led to a threatening future. Previous research has investigated the reasons behind why audit assistants are leaving the profession. However, there is not enough understanding of the relationship between accounting assistants and audit firms. Therefore, it is crucial to research how the psychological contract affects the turnover intention of the audit assistants.The psychological contract is a theory that takes into consideration the interpersonal relationship between the employee and the organization, and the theory is based on the employee´s perceptions of mutual and implicit agreements between him/her and the organization. The contract is based on a subjective belief held by the employee, and it is also an important aspect to take into consideration when examining the turnover intention in relation to the psychological contract. The purpose of this study is to provide a deeper understanding of how the psychological contract affects audit assistants’ intention to resign. In order to go through with the study, a qualitative method with six interviewees, from six different audit firms was used. The study shows that the psychological contract has an impact on accounting assistants' intention to resign. When an employee feels that the contract is mutual and fulfilled, there is no feeling of wanting to leave the organization. If, on the other hand, the employee feels that the contract is not reciprocal, he may want to leave the organization because he feels that he is doing his part of the contract while the organization is neglecting their part. In addition, it was found that the commitments to be followed consist primarily of development, a pleasant work environment, opportunities and support, and the audit firm is obliged to abide by these commitments. Accounting firms that fail to fulfil the psychological contract are deemed to be in default and therefore tend to lose their audit assistants

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been a subject of increasing interest among academics and business practitioners globally. This thesis contributes to the discourse on CSR in the context of the Nigerian oil industry with regard to corporate-community relations. Specifically, the thesis constitutes a critique of CSR initiatives by multinational oil companies (MOC) operating in the Niger Delta region and their impact on the traditional livelihoods of local communities. The research attempts to understand the link between CSR and Psychological contract from the perspective of both the host communities and the MOCs. This thesis examines community perceptions, expectations and seeks to interpret the relationship between the host communities and the MOCs. The study provides empirical data through the use of twenty-eight semi-structured interviews and three focus groups. This is significant given that most of the research conducted into CSR in this region has been limited to descriptive and extensive theoretical explanations. Findings from the research suggest that the relationship between the host communities and the MOC is a very complex one and that the impact of the MOCs activities can be interpreted from the host communities’ negative actions. The thesis makes an important contribution to the emerging literature on social license to operate (SLO) and in what manner the local communities seek to enforce it. It also offers an alternative approach to CSR based on need assessment and stakeholder involvement rather than corporate obligations and expectations from society in general. / Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND), Cross River State government in Nigeria, and Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC).