Bakgrund och problem: Investeringar i företag och samhälle bidrar till en ökad BNPtillväxt därför är det av betydande vikt att identifiera investeringsbegreppet. Investeringar är även avgörande för ett företags framtida överlevnad därav är det viktigt att förstå investeringsprocessen och vilka faktorer som påverkar den. Framförallt är det viktigt att definiera detta i kommunägda bostadsbolag eftersom nya investeringar påverkar nyttan för kommuninvånarna. Trots detta faktum är tidigare forskning kring investeringsprocessens kontext genomförd i aktiebolag. Hur ser då investeringsprocessen ut i kommunägda bostadsbolag och vilka är de främsta faktorerna som påverkar investeringsprocessen? Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att skapa en fördjupad förståelse för hur olika faktorer påverkar investeringsprocessen i svenska kommunägda bostadsbolag. Vidare är syftet att belysa ett ämnesområde som inte tidigare har undersökts och därför göra ett bidrag inom ämnet. Metod: Studien har följt en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och genomfört en komparativ fallstudie som forskningsdesign. Vidare var utgångspunkten för insamling av empiriskt material semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats: Investeringsprocessen i kommunägda bostadsbolag är komplexa eftersom flera intressen och mål ska tillgodoses längs hela investeringsprocessen samtidigt som processen ska utformas i enlighet med offentlighetsprincipen. Faktorer som påverkar investeringsprocessen har identifierats som; Företagsspecifika, Marknadsförutsättningar, Ekonomisk påverkan, Allmännytta och samhällsansvar samt Kommunens intresse. Faktorerna påverkar investeringsprocessen gällande vilka investeringsmöjligheter som finns samt beslutsfattande om hur, vart och vilka investeringar som ska genomföras. / Background and problem: Investments in companies and the community creates a higher GDP growth, therefore, it is important to identify the investment concept. Investments are crucial to the future survival of a company hence it is important to understand the investment process and which factors that affect it. This is especially important in municipal-housing companies, as new investments affect the local residents. Despite this fact, research about the investment process has been done in private companies. However, regarding municipal-housing companies how is the investment process and which are the main factors that affect the investment process? Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to create an understanding of how different factors affect the investment process in Swedish municipal-housing companies. Furthermore, is the purpose to lighten a subject that is not previously investigated in. Method: The thesis is based on a qualitative research strategy and comparative multiple case study as a survey design. Furthermore, the collection of empirical material has been semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: The investment process in municipal-housing companies is complex because it has to meet several interests and goals along the whole process, as well as it must follow the principle of public access to official records. Factors that influence the investment process are: Company specific, Market conditions, Economic impact, Public good and the Municipality´s interest. The factors are affecting the investment process regarding the investment opportunities and also the decision making of how, where and which investment project that should be implemented.

一般而言，國際間無償移轉有兩大分析方向。為公共財理論（考慮外部性效果）；一為國際貿易理論（考慮貿易條件變動效果）。此兩種截然不同的分析方式卻有類似的結論（國際間移轉支付發生時，關係的國家之福利水準，可能會有各種矛盾的情形）。此點引起吾人之好奇，若將兩模型合併，是否使會此不同兩領域之分析結果改變。也就是說，若同時考慮外部性及貿易條件時，所有結論是否仍能成立。 　　本文中以一較符合真實狀況（有公共財之存在且考慮國際貿易）之模型成功的推翻了僅由公共財或國際貿易觀點分析時，所得之結論及矛盾條件。也得知在較複雜較接近真實之情形的模型下，移轉支出發生時，很難確定福利水準之變動。

<p>During the past twenty years, the Swedish school systems have slowly changed to becomemore and more performance-driven. Private schools have been growing in general and, likeindependent schools and schools managed by municipalities, they profile themselves. Schoolsare becoming more performance and result-oriented, which has changed the roles of teachersin a dramatic way and is in general, still changing.</p><p>By profiling students based on theirindividual performance, schools are able to help students identify themselves and their owngoals. The process of profiling is a slow one in which some teachers adapt more quickly thanothers, and one that is critical for other teachers to learn in order to keep up with the demandsof society.Schools, like ordinary businesses, are in constant competition with each other to keep up withthe newest and greatest models of teaching and to rank among the best in high achievements.Perhaps the downside of this modern school structure is that it is often difficult to have aschool where both school management and teachers see eye to eye. School management must heavily focus on the school’s results as a whole. They rely on the teachers to produce theseresults among their students, which at times creates a heavy burden on teachers. The teachersare expected to have a much larger role, often ones that have to do with advertising for theschool in addition to teaching their students. In order to attract more student applications,school management expects that their teachers follow a curriculum that will produce highscores and grades.</p><p>This study was done with a secondary school in Stockholm, where four teachers and oneprincipal were interviewed in order to have their opinion of the discussion about teachers newposition in the school as they operate today.</p>

No description available.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="">The study shows the financial impacts on costs per student at academic module level, at departmental level, at faculty level, and at institutional level, thereby showing the effects of cross-subsidisation at all levels of management. The reports were developed in termsof the guidelines compiled in terms of Llewellyn's five levels of theorisation.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: Garamond / "><o:p></o:p></span></p>

Cette thèse vise analyser les déterminants (objectifs et subjectifs) à l’origine de l'hétérogénéité des évaluations de projets. Dans un premier temps, j'analyserai comment les quantités (objectives) sont incorporées dans l'analyse coût-bénéfice. Le premier chapitre principal traite de la manière dont l'analyse coût-bénéfice est affectée par la distribution temporelle des impacts considérée. À travers l'exemple du changement d'affectation des terres provenant de la production de biocarburants, il ressort que les décisions concernant les projets ayant des impacts environnementaux non constants dans le temps s'appuient sur des valeurs actuelles nettes biaisées, ce qui peut entraîner la mise en œuvre de projets en réalité non souhaitables ou la non-implémentation de projets réellement souhaitables. Ce travail est à la fois théorique et numérique.Ensuite, j'étudie le rôle de la structure des préférences sur la prise de décision individuelle dans un cadre individuel puis un cadre collectif. Au niveau individuel, nous développons un modèle théorique qui permet soit de la substituabilité, soit de la complémentarité entre les biens en fonction du contexte (revenu et qualité de l'environnement). Il en résulte que l'élasticité-revenu du consentement à payer marginal peut être négative dans un contexte de substituabilité inter-biens, ce qui contraste avec les modèles habituels qui ne permettent que des élasticités positives du revenu (le bien environnemental ne peut jamais être inférieur mais est toujours normal). Notre cadre théorique affecte également la façon dont la consommation et la qualité de l'environnement sont actualisées, ce qui est d'autant plus pertinent dans un contexte de chocs sur les revenus. Au niveau collectif, j’utilise une approche expérimentale pour analyser l'effet de l'interaction entre les individus ayant des structures de préférences différentes sur les contributions au bien public. Il en résulte que la substituabilité parfaite est associée à un plus grand nombre de passagers clandestins que la complémentarité. Cependant, une aversion à l'inégalité avantageuse émerge également des individus dont les préférences sont à l'origine d'une parfaite substituabilité vis-à-vis de ceux dont les préférences sont fondées sur la complémentarité. / This thesis aims at providing insights on the (objective and subjective) determinants of the heterogeneity of project evaluations. At first, I analyze how (objective) quantities are incorporated in the cost-benefit analysis. The first main chapter deals with the way cost-benefit analysis is affected by the time distribution of impacts considered. Through the example of land use change from biofuel production, I find that decisions regarding projects with non-constant environmental impacts rely on distorted net present values, which may result in the implementation of actually non-desirable projects or the non-implementation of actually desirable projects. This work is both theoretical and numerical.Second, I investigate the role of the structure of preferences, i.e. whether private goods and environmental goods are substitutable or complementary in providing utility, on individual decision-making in an individual framework and a collective framework. At the individual level (second main chapter), we develop a theoretical model which allows either for substitutability or complementarity depending on the context (income and environmental quality). It results that the income elasticity of willingness to pay can be negative in contexts of between-goods substitutability, which contrasts with usual frameworks which only allow for positive income elasticities (thus the environmental good can never be inferior but is always normal). Our framework also affects the way consumption and environmental quality are discounted, which is all the more relevant in the context of income shocks. At the collective level (third main chapter), we use an experimental approach to analyze the effect of the interaction between individuals with different structures of preferences on contributions to the public good. It results that perfect substitutability is associated with more free-riding than complementarity. However, an aversion to advantageous inequality also emerges from individuals whose preferences underlie perfect substitutability towards those whose preferences are based on complementarity.

Submitted by Isabela Brandão Furtado (belabfurt@gmail.com) on 2013-06-24T13:07:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Isabela.pdf: 790962 bytes, checksum: addfae3ad3fe759333b1099f0f0265a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-06-24T15:51:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Isabela.pdf: 790962 bytes, checksum: addfae3ad3fe759333b1099f0f0265a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-24T18:17:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Isabela.pdf: 790962 bytes, checksum: addfae3ad3fe759333b1099f0f0265a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-24 / This paper investigates role played by public good provision on individual's labor supply choice of working in formal or informal sector. An extension of Sandmo's (1981) tax evasion model, with the inclusion of government spending in the individual's utility function, provides theoretical motivation to analyze the effect of public good provision on the decision of individuals to allocate hours in the formal or informal sector. Using PNAD (National Household Sample Survey) 2008 and 2009 data it is possible to obtain information about households accessing infrastructure (water, electricity, sewage and garbage collection), using public school, college and health services as well as individual safety feeling. The empirical analysis establishes a correlation between infrastructure (negative), primary and secondary school, college, health and safety (positive) and the share of informal hours. These correlations may suggest that the provision of those public goods effects differently the formal and informal labor supply. Due to the large differences between individuals with and without access to public services, it is not possible to identify causal effect of public good provision on the probability of working in the formal sector. / Este trabalho investiga a relação entre a provisão de bens pelo setor público e a escolha dos indivíduos de trabalhar no setor formal ou informal da economia. A extensão do modelo de evasão fiscal de Sandmo (1981), com a inclusão do gasto do governo na utilidade dos indivíduos, estabelece motivação teórica para analisar o efeito do bem provido publicamente sobre a decisão dos indivíduos de alocar horas no setor formal ou informal. Utilizando dados da PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) de 2008 e 2009, são obtidas informações sobre domicílios com acesso à infraestrutura (água, energia elétrica, esgotamento sanitário e coleta de lixo), utilização de Educação Básica, Ensino Superior, serviços públicos de saúde e sentimento de segurança dos indivíduos. A análise empírica estabelece uma correlação entre infraestrutura (negativa), Educação Básica, Ensino Superior, saúde e segurança (positiva) e a proporção de horas dedicadas ao trabalho informal. Isto pode sugerir que a provisão destes bens afeta o mercado de trabalho formal e informal de maneira diferenciada. Devido à grande diferença entre indivíduos com e sem acesso aos serviços públicos, não é possível identificar efeito causal do bem provido publicamente sobre a probabilidade de trabalhar no setor formal.

Magister Educationis - MEd / The study shows the financial impacts on costs per student at academic module level, at departmental level, at faculty level, and at institutional level, thereby showing the effects of cross-subsidisation at all levels of management. The reports were developed in termsof the guidelines compiled in terms of Llewellyn's five levels of theorisation.

Cette thèse étudie le rôle des émotions morales dans le choix des agents lorsqu’ils font face à undilemme social. Lors des deux premiers chapitres, nous présentons une revue de littérature étendue, quimobilise des recherches en économie expérimentale, psychologie sociale et gestion des organisations, afin decerner comment les émotions morales, et en particulier la gratitude, influent sur la prise de décision des agentséconomiques. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous nous intéressons, à travers une revue des travaux en économiecomportementale, à l’intégration progressive du rôle des émotions dans les modèles économiques. Nousmontrons ainsi en quoi cette intégration, concomitante à l’apparition des modèles dits de « préférencessociales », permet de représenter de manière plus réaliste le processus de décision des agents, dans dessituations où les comportements économiques observés expérimentalement remettent en cause une visionégoïste et matérialiste des êtres humains. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous présentons en détail le jeu du bienpublic, ainsi que les principaux résultats expérimentaux qui lui sont associés, pour mieux saisir en quoi ilconstitue un cadre propice à l’analyse formelle de l’influence des émotions morales. Enfin, notre travailaboutit, dans les cinquième et sixième chapitres, à l’élaboration d’un modèle original en économiecomportementale, qui vise à analyser comment l’émergence des émotions morales peut influencer, à la fois enstatique et en dynamique, le choix stratégique des individus dans le jeu du bien public et comment l’ajoutd’une phase de récompense peut renforcer la coopération entre les partenaires / This thesis studies the role of moral emotions in the decision making of agents when they face asocial dilemma. The first two chapters present a large literature review, which gathers research inexperimental economics, in social psychology and in the management of organizations, in order to delineatethe way moral emotions, and specifically gratitude, are able to influence the economical decision process. Inthe third chapter, through a review of works in the field of behavioral economics, we take an interest in theprogressive integration of moral emotions into economic modeling. We thus show how this integration, whichis concurrent with the emergence of social preferences models, allows agents' decision-making processes to berepresented in a more realistic way, in situations where the behaviors that are observed empirically challengean egoistic and materialistic vision of people. In chapter four, the public good game is presented in detail,along with the main experimental results associated with it, in order to understand why this game suits theformal analysis of moral emotions' influence. Finally, our work culminates in the development of an originalmodel in behavioral economics, during chapters five and six, which aims at assessing how the emergence ofmoral emotions can influence, both statically and dynamically, the strategic choice of individuals in the publicgood game, and how the introduction of a reward phase can promote cooperation and help individuals todevelop good interpersonal relationships.

Qu'est-ce que la Responsabilité Sociale des Entreprises (RSE) et peut-elle être induite par la demande ? Le fait de fournir un bien public est-il rentable pour les entreprises ou ces biens devraient-ils être exclusivement fournis par l’État ? Les produits verts sont-ils excessivement chers et devraient-ils être taxés ? Une fois la taxe imposée, qui seront les bénéficiaires et qui paiera effectivement la taxe ? En quoi les résultats dépendent-ils de la complémentarité ou substituabilité entre l'investissement en RSE en question et le bien public fourni par l’État ? Le chapitre 1 de cette dissertation répond à ces questions et crée un cadre conceptuel pour approfondir l'analyse, dans les chapitres suivants, de la RSE en tant que pratique désirable par laquelle les entreprises fournissent un bien public à côté du bien privé qu'elles produisent. Une des questions qui émergent de l'analyse est le besoin d'identifier et d'explorer une nouvelle forme de dichotomie qui est l'arbitrage entre la fourniture du bien public par le marché via la RSE et sa fourniture à travers l’État. Cette question est très intéressante dans le cas des pays en développement, mais aussi des pays développés, où les entreprises ont des liens politiques importants. Le chapitre 2 montre que les entreprises ayant des liens politiques - ou, dans le cas extrême, les hommes d'affaire-politiciens - sont en mesure d'influencer le gouvernement pour réduire le niveau de bien public qu'il fournit afin de maximiser le rendement réputationnel de leur investissement en RSE. Le mécanisme est le suivant. Un niveau de bien public insuffisant fourni par l'Etat offre des gains politiques importants pour les firmes qui contribuent à ce bien à travers leurs activités de RSE pour corriger la défaillance de l’État. Les consommateurs se méfient alors des vraies motivations des entreprises derrière ces activités, elles pourraient résulter de leur bienfaisance mais aussi de leur cupidité politique. Toutefois, comme toutes les entreprises, y compris les plus bienfaisantes et les plus opportunistes, participent, le fait qu'affaires et politique interfèrent ne détériore pas la réputation des participants à la RSE puisque ces gains politiques sont tellement importants que tout le monde s'y engage. La corruption devient socialement acceptable dans le sens où elle n'est pas sanctionnée en termes de réputation. Le chapitre 3 fournit une explication stratégique du phénomène de la corruption devenant épidémique dans une économie. Il explique pourquoi la corruption, sous forme de prise de pot-de-vin, peut se répandre entre les différentes agences du gouvernement sous le simple effet de l'interdépendance de leurs efforts. / What is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and can it be demand-driven ? Is there a business case for corporates providing the public good or should it be solely provided by the government ? Are green products over-priced and should they be taxed ? If they are, who are the beneficiaries and who are the actual tax payers ? Will results differ whether the CSR investments in question complement or substitute for the government provision of public goods ? Chapter 1 of this Ph.D. dissertation will address these questions and create a conceptual framework for further analysis in subsequent chapters of CSR as a desirable activity whereby firms provide a public good alongside the private good they produce. One of the main issues that emerge from this analysis is the need to identify and explore a new kind of dichotomy, i.e. the trade-off between market provision of public goods via CSR and its public counterpart via the government. This question gains particular importance in the context of developing countries, as well as in some developed ones, where firms have strong political ties. In Chapter 2, it is shown that politically connected firms - or, at extreme, the business politicians - may try to influence the government to reduce its provision of the public good to maximize the reputational return on their CSR investments. The mechanism goes as follows. An underprovided public good offers the opportunity for large political benefits to firms stepping in the areas where the government fails to deliver through their CSR activities. Consumers are suspicious about the true motives for which firms engage in CSR, it may be out of benevolence or political greed, however, since all firms, including the greediest and the most prosocial ones participate, politics interfering with business does not spoil firms' image since those political benefits are so large that everyone does it. We refer to this phenomenon as corruption becoming a social norm. Chapter 3 provides a strategic explanation for this phenomenon of corruption being epidemic in the economy. It explains why corruption, in the form of bribe­taking, may become widespread among government agencies, for the mere reason that their efforts are interdependent.