Restaurangbranschen har ett rykte om sig att vara en tuff bransch med påfrestande arbetsmiljö och låg finansiell ersättning. Trots detta väljer många att viga sina liv åt den. I denna studie undersöks vad som motiverar anställda inom restaurangbranschen, och om skillnader står att finna mellan de som arbetar på mellanklassrestauranger jämfört med anställda på Fine dining- restauranger. Tidigare forskning har inte gett några entydiga svar på detta utan visar på stora skillnader framförallt geografiskt. I denna uppsats gör vi, utifrån Ryan & Deci ́s Self- determination theory, en ansats att bidra till forskningen genom att kartlägga inre och yttre motivationsfaktorer hos anställda i den svenska restaurangbranschen. Datainsamling skedde genom intervjuer med sex respondenter i form av serveringspersonal och restaurangchefer, anställda på restauranger i Stockholm och Uppsala. Resultaten visar att intresse för service, relationen till kollegor, möjligheten till personlig utveckling samt intresse för mat och dryck är huvudsakliga motivationsfaktorer hos respondenterna. Anställda på Fine dining- restauranger visade sig också vara något mer drivna av finansiella belöningar jämfört med den andra undersökningsgruppen. Vår slutsats är att restauranganställda i Sverige huvudsakligen motiveras i sitt arbete genom inre motivationsfaktorer.

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Royce Ann Collins / Judith F. Favor / As higher education populations are changing, institutions are forced to find new ways to meet students’ needs and schools’ declining budgets. Institutions have found that changing their business models by creating accelerated learning programs and extended campuses are assisting in this area. An outcome of these modifications is increased usage of adjunct faculty. These extended sites typically have small staffs and adjunct faculty members usually have little connection to the main campus, work a primary job, and have limited teaching experience. This research explored adjunct business faculty members teaching face-to-face at a private institution's off campus locations to understand their motivation level and perception of organizational support, as well as if the two interrelate. Multiple regression was completed to further explore the relationship of their demographics and motivation level or perceived organizational support. Self-determination theory was used to explore adjunct faculty members’ motivations, measuring motivation along a continuum from external to intrinsic motivation when a person is not exclusively one or the other. Adjunct faculty members at this institution have an identified motivation level moving toward integration, moving from extrinsic motivation and closer to being more intrinsically motivated. These adjunct faculty members have commitment to the organization’s goals and value their work. Organizational support was used to understand workers’ commitment to their organization as well as their satisfaction. These adjunct faculty members also reported a high level of perceived organizational support. A more thorough understanding of adjunct faculty members’ motivation levels and perceived organizational support will allow for better recruiting as well as create training and development programs to retain qualified, high-quality adjunct faculty members.

School-based physical education (PE) has been identified as an effective avenue for addressing issues of inactivity among adolescent girls. However, often times PE courses fail to meet the needs of young women and instead lead to disaffection; ultimately resulting in the majority of adolescent girls dropping out of PE once it is no longer mandatory. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) has proven to be a useful framework for understanding PE motivation among this population. In particular, supporting the need for relatedness among female PE students appears significant for enhancing PE motivation and engagement. Therefore, providing relatedness-supportive learning environments may be an effective way for teachers to encourage continued PE and PA participation among their female students. The purpose of this research study was to gain insight into the experiences of grade 9 and 10 girls participating in a girls-only PE course that employed relatedness-supportive teaching strategies. The goal was to use a case study approach with semi-structured (teacher) and focus group interviews (students) to explore the role of relatedness-supportive learning environments in enhancing PE motivation and enjoyment among adolescent girls, as well as their overall feelings of social relatedness. Findings highlighted the importance of (a) meeting students where they are at, (b) creating open, respectful and active environments, (c) providing opportunities for organic connection-making, and (c) the role of resource and curriculum constraints. / Graduate / 2019-04-12

Adam Smith considered consumption the sole end and purpose of all production. Concerning the measurement of welfare, this requires a sound understanding of the connection between consumption and welfare. The consumerist conceptualization of this connection implies that the amount of consumption equals welfare and the level of production can be an indicator for welfare. The limits and problems of production measures are widely accepted. Yet, indicators like GDP remain the focus of mainstream economic theory and policy. We trace the origin of this lock-in back to the economic model of behaviour and the concept of agency in mainstream economics. The suggested alternative stems from literature about human needs in heterodox economics and psychology. This literature incorporates the relevance of social aspects and cultural change for welfare. It turns out that consumerism can be a threat to well-being and welfare rather than a requirement for it. / Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

Se estudió la relación entre los Lazos Parentales de la infancia y la Satisfacción de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en una muestra de 153 estudiantes de psicología de una universidad privada de Lima Metropolitana. Para lograr el objetivo del presente estudio correlacional se administró el Cuestionario General de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas (Deci & Ryan, 2000 en Chen et al., 2015) y el Instrumento de Lazos Parentales (Parker, Tupling & Brown, 1979 en Gómez, Vallejo, Villada, & Zambrano, 2009). Ambos evidenciaron óptimas propiedades psicométricas (validez de constructo y confiabilidad). Los resultados mostraron correlaciones directas y significativas entre el Cuidado Materno y la satisfacción de las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas y correlaciones directas y significativas entre el Cuidado Paterno y la satisfacción de la necesidad de competencia. Asimismo, se evidenciaron correlaciones inversas y significativas entre la Sobreprotección Materna y la satisfacción de las necesidades de autonomía y relación y correlaciones inversas y significativas entre la Sobreprotección Paterna y las tres necesidades psicológicas básicas. Estos resultados sugieren que se acepta parcialmente la hipótesis planteada. / The relationship between parental bonds of childhood and satisfaction of basic psychological needs was studied in a sample of 153 psychology students at a university in Lima. To reach the aim of this study were administrated the Basic Psychological Needs in General Questionnaire (Deci & Ryan, 2000 in Chen et al., 2015) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling & Brown, 1979 Gómez , Vallejo, Villada , & Zambrano , 2009) were administered. Both showed optimal psychometric properties (construct validity and reliability). Results also showed significant positive correlations between the Maternal Care and satisfaction of three basic and significant positive correlations between the Parental Care and satisfying the need for competition psychological needs. Also were showed significant negative correlations between Maternal Overprotection and satisfying the autonomy and relationship needs and significant negative correlations between the Parental Overprotection and the three basic psychological needs. These results suggest that the hypothesis is partially accepted.

In general, scholars and practitioners agree that sales coaching enhances sales performance. Sales firms continue to invest billions of dollars towards coaching endeavors. However, despite the positive benefits of sales coaching, the fact is that most sales coaches are ineffective. In three essays, this dissertation aims to offer insight that will help companies and coaching programs improve the effectiveness of their sales coaches. The first essay explores the sales coaching process and how it is affected by factors related to the sales manager (coach) and the salesperson (coachee). Using in-depth interviews, we identified various skills, behaviors, and abilities that reflect the overall effectiveness of the sales manager as a coach, as well as gained a better understanding of how effective sales coach indirectly affects a salesperson’s performance. We also identified different behaviors, preferences, and characteristics related to the salesperson that affect the sales coaching process. The second essay is focused on the development and validation of a sales coaching effectiveness scale (SCES). We identified, measured and validated a three-factor, 16-item scale that reflect dimensions of effective sales coaches: involvement, rapport, and adaptability. The SCES scale is distinguished from previous coaching scales that were designed and validated in non-coaching contexts. The SCES scale offers benefits to practitioners and academics. The third essay is focused on measuring how effective sales coaches affect sales performance. Drawing on self-determination theory, we proposed a dual-process model in which effective sales coaches influence performance through motivation and through sales development. One, the results suggested that effective sales coaches intrinsically (versus extrinsically) motivate salespeople to exert extra effort towards selling, which increases their overall sales performance. Two, the results suggested that effective sales coaches enhance the selling confidence among salespeople, which allows them to adapt their selling behaviors to various selling situations and buyers, thus increasing their overall sales performance.

Forskning har visat att socialt stöd har en betydelse för arbetsmotivationen, samtidigt som forskningen är oense gällande stödets effekt beroende på om stödet kommer från chef, kollega eller privatliv. Studiens syfte var att undersöka den relativa betydelsen av socialt stöd från kollegor, chefer respektive privatliv på arbetsmotivation utifrån teorin Self Determination Theory:s tre motivationstyper amotivation, yttre motivation och inre motivation. Datainsamlingen gjordes via en elektronisk enkät och svar insamlades från 205 personer. Av resultatet från tre hierarkiska regressionsanalyser framkom att socialt stöd från kollega var en signifikant prediktor för amotivation och inre motivation, medan de övriga två stöden inte predicerade arbetsmotivation. Möjliga förklaringar till resultatet kan vara en inverkan av rådande organisationsstruktur, generationsskillnader samt kulturella skillnader vilka kan påverka vilket stöd den anställde har störst behov av för att uppleva sig motiverad på arbetsplatsen.

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS) / Self-Determination Theory is a theory of motivation that aims to explain individuals' goal directed behaviour. Grade 11 learners are naturally in a stage of pursuing certain life goals and aspirations in the process of completing their schooling careers. Often the circumstances or environment provide the opportunities for individuals to be motivated towards aspiring to their life goals. Parents are key role players in either enhancing or hindering the motivation for children to be goal directed. This study examined the association of parenting practices and styles on the identification of goals and aspirations of Grade 11 learners in secondary schools in the Metro South region of the Western Cape. The objectives were to determine: (1) the content of the goals and aspirations of Grade 11 learners, (2) the perceived parental styles and practices of their parents and (3) the relationship between (1) and (2). A quantitative research method with a cross-sectional correlation design was used. The Parental Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire and the Aspiration Index were the instruments for collecting the data. The final sample consisted of 257 participants of which 155 (60.3%) were females. The mean age was 17.3 years. The results suggest that the maternal parenting was more prevalent than paternal parenting. Maternal and paternal authoritative parentings were significantly positively related to both intrinsic and extrinsic goals and aspirations whereas maternal and paternal permissive parentings were significantly positively related to only extrinsic goals. The study showed that the participants are inclined towards intrinsic goal pursuits. Furthermore, maternal parenting was a significant predictor of both intrinsic and extrinsic goals and aspirations and both parents predicted a stronger association.

Background: In Canada, women aged 15-24 report the highest rate of depression, an age group which represents a significant proportion of undergraduate students (Hanlon, 2012). Although pharmacology remains the primary treatment for depression, it may not be the most sufficient (Stanton et al., 2014). Physical activity has been demonstrated to have a large and significant antidepressant effect in individuals with depression (Schuch et al., 2016), though what remains challenging is identifying the most effective way to activate this population. Physical Activity Counselling (PAC) has been shown in research to effectively increase levels of physical activity (Fortier et al., 2011). However, the effects of PAC have not been considered in a population of female students with depression specifically. Purpose: To investigate the effects of PAC on depressive symptoms, affect and physical activity in female undergraduate students with depression. Methods: Five female undergraduate students with depression received two months of PAC from a registered Kinesiologist. The study followed a multiple baseline, single-subject design in which measures were taken during four study phases: baseline, intervention, end point and follow-up. Data was collected, including daily objective measures of physical activity, using accelerometers, and self-reported measures of depressive symptoms, positive affect, negative affect and physical activity, using online surveys administered every second day. Results: Visual analyses revealed that depressive symptoms decreased and self-reported physical activity increased from baseline throughout subsequent study phases in all five participants, as hypothesized. Statistical analyses supported these results. Estimated effect sizes of grouped averages indicated that decreases in depressive symptoms from baseline throughout each study phase ranged from small to large, while increases in self-reported physical activity were in the medium to large range. Conclusions: Findings of this study provide initial support for Physical Activity Counselling as a potential strategy to increase physical activity levels and reduce depression among female undergraduate students with depression. Future research is recommended on this important topic.

A growing number of studies suggest that the reasons for which people engage in sexual activities matter for their sexual well-being. Grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), this thesis research investigated the contributions of autonomous and controlled sexual motivation to sexual well-being. These objectives were achieved through a series of five studies presented in four manuscripts. In Manuscript 1, we validated the Sexual Motivation Scale (SexMS), a measure of self-regulation for sexual activities grounded in SDT (Study 1: N = 1,070, Study 2: N = 575). Collectively, the findings provided strong support for the factorial validity of the SexMS. Additionally, the SexMS captured important individual differences in sexual well-being, specifically with respect to sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and sexual function. Manuscript 2 explored how autonomous and controlled sexual motivation are integrated with broader psychological functioning by examining their motivational antecedents and well-being consequences (N = 828). The results showed that global and relational motivation explained individual differences in autonomous and controlled sexual motivation. Additionally, autonomous and controlled sexual motivation explained individual differences in sexual, relational, and global well-being. Finally, the results suggested that, for the most part, the associations between the motivational antecedents and the well-being consequences of autonomous and controlled sexual motivation followed a heterarchical structure. Next, in Manuscript 3, the motivational sequence proposed by SDT – in which basic psychological needs satisfaction predicts quality of motivation, and in turn quality of psychological functioning – was validated in the context of within-person variations in sexual well-being (N = 113). The results indicated that on days when people experience more basic psychological needs satisfaction during interactions with their partner, their sexual motivation was more autonomous and this was associated with higher sexual well-being. However, basic needs satisfaction did not significantly predict controlled sexual motivation. Additionally, on days when people reported higher controlled sexual motivation, they experienced lower sexual well-being. Finally, in Manuscript 4, we examined the motivational sequence proposed by SDT from a dyadic perspective to better understand the contribution of sexual motivation to sexual well-being in couples (N = 225 couples). Specifically, we examined whether basic needs satisfaction during sexual activities and autonomous and controlled sexual motivation in one partner influenced the sexual well-being of the other partner. The unique contribution of each basic psychological need (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness) to sexual well-being was also investigated. Taken together, the results supported SDT’s predictions regarding the relevance of the motivational sequence and the unique contribution of each basic psychological need in explaining between-couple differences in sexual well-being. However, different patterns of association emerged for women and men, suggesting that in the context of sexual activities within heterosexual relationships, the motivational processes proposed by SDT may be moderated by gender. In sum, the findings from this thesis extend SDT and sexual motivation research. Overall, SDT may provide novel insights on human sexual behaviour, notably by improving our understanding of the factors that can enhance or impede sexual well-being in committed relationships.