The use of Pulsed Energy (Flashbasttm) Technology (PET) to extend the shelf life of fresh fish fillets was studied. Unskinned fillets from fresh sea trout (Cynoscion regalis) and hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x ~ saxatilis) were treated with 7.45 Joules/cm² of PET, stored individually in sterile polyethylene bags, and kept in ice for 21 days at 3°C. Sensory data showed no significant differences (pâ ¤ 0.05) in the appearance, odor, texture, or taste of cooked samples from treated and control fillets, regardless of species. Raw sea trout fillets developed "alien" odors upon treatment which disappeared within the first week of storage and were not detected in cooked samples. These off-odors were significant (pâ ¤ 0.05) in the freshwater species only during the first three days post-treatment. Microbiological analyses revealed that PET reduced bacteria growing on the flesh surface and skin at significantly higher (pâ ¤ 0.05) rates than those in the flesh. Total coliforms were the most susceptible bacteria to PET. / Ph. D.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal antibodies has been developed for the detection of the fluorescing group of Pseudomonas. The assay was used as a rapid test (6h) for predicting the shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk. Milk samples were held at 7°C and tested weekly until determined to be unacceptable by daily sensory evaluation. Sterile milk samples were inoculated with target concentrations of 0 (control), 100, and 1000 cells/ml of Pseudomonas fluorescens on day 0. Samples were tested before and after preliminary incubations. Preliminary incubations conducted include milk alone and milk with broth (1:1) for 18h at 21°C. ELISA and plate counts were performed before and after preliminary incubation to determine the number of pseudomonads present and the relationship between ELISA and plate counts. These numbers were correlated to the shelf-life of each sample, as determined by sensory evaluation. Samples undergoing a preliminary incubation with only milk gave the best correlation to shelf-life (R=0.86). / Master of Science

The effects of packaging treatments, post harvest cooling delay and storage duration on color, texture, ascorbic acid content, weight loss and glucosinolate retention in crown-cut heads of broccoli were studied. Oxygen and CO2 levels inside shrink wrap packages were also monitored. Shrink wrap packaging had a significant positive effect on hue angle (p<0.05). Packaging and post harvest cooling delay had no effect on hue difference and total color difference. While post harvest cooling delay had no effect on texture, crown-cut heads of broccoli stored in shrink wrap packaging retained firmness significantly better than ice packaged heads of broccoli (p<0.05). Ascorbic acid was retained better in broccoli held in shrink wrap packages and cooling delay had a significant negative influence on ascorbic acid content (p<0.05). Packaging and post harvest cooling delay had a significant positive effect on weight loss (p<0.05). Broccoli stored in shrink wrap film lost about 3.7% of original weight while ice packaging resulted in about 17.4% weight loss (p<0.05). No consistent trends were observed in the levels of O2 and CO2 inside shrink wrap packages. An important glucosinolate, glucoraphanin was retained significantly better in shrink wrapped heads (p<0.05). Between two cultivars, shelf life of cv.Gypsy was better than cv.Everest with respect to color, ascorbic acid retention and weight loss. But cv.Everest retained texture (firmness) better after 35 days of storage. Overall results indicate that shrink wrap packaging and shorter post harvest cooling delays protect quality of broccoli. / Master of Science

Traditional plating methods for bacterial enumeration can be limited, but the development of high-throughput DNA sequencing, such as Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), can provide rapid and highly specific alternative for species-level identification. In this study, ONT amplicon sequencing was applied to fresh broiler breast meat to identify their bacterial composition and monitor their dynamic changes. The sequencing data were complemented by sensory panels, physicochemical analysis, and traditional plating methods. Over time, the bacterial diversity decreased within and across samples. By the end of shelf-life, Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas lundesis, and Brochothrix thermosphacta became the most prevalent species. These bacteria were associated with spoilage attributes that were reported in the sensory panels. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of Nanopore sequencing in determining the spoilage associated bacteria in chicken meat. Future research may focus on developing targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of these spoilage bacteria and extend the shelf life of chicken meat.

The purpose of this project was to evaluate the antioxidant activity in vitro and its effects at the oxidative stability of mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM) of five natural extracts. It was studied: the yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), the marcela (Achyrocline satureioides), a mixture of yerba mate (50%) and marcela (50%), green tea (Camellia sinensis) and propolis without alcohol. The synthetic antioxidant BHA (Butylated Hydroxianisole) was used as a positive control and the meat treated with no antioxidant was used as negative control. Natural extracts were evaluated in vitro for quantification of phenolic and flavonols total content, for antioxidant activity, by DPPH radicalscavenging, Phosphomolybdenum complex and Reducing Power assay methods. All antioxidants were mixed separately in different and equal portions of mechanically deboned poultry meat, as follow: 0.50% of yerba mate, marcela and the mixture, 0.05% of green tea, 0.10% of própolis without alcohol and 0.02% of BHA. Samples of MDPM were packed and storage at 0 to +4ºC for 10 days. The samples were evaluated each two days and the pH, TBARS and peroxide index were measured, as well as the Total Mesophilic Aerobic counts, Total Coliforms, E. coli, Lactic Bacteria, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus. Surface and internal colour ( L*, a*, b*) were measured and pictures of each treatment were done. Green tea extract showed the higher (p<0.05) phenolics contents and the higher (p<0.05) antioxidant activity in vitro compared to the other extracts. Yerba mate extract showed the higher (p<0.05) flavonols content. Propolis without alcohol extract showed the lowest (p<0.05) phenolics, flavonols and antioxidant activity in vitro. Marcela had the best oxidative inhibitory effect at the MDPM, with the lowest TBARS values. Propolis extract showed the best performance for the meat colour stability. Natural antioxidant addition do not interfere at MDPM pH and peroxide values. Salmonella spp was not detected in any of the samples evaluated and the results found to Staphylococcus aureus were in agreement with the Brazilian Mechanically Deboned Meat Legislation. The mixture of extracts showed the lowest (p<0.05) media for Total Mesophilic Aerobic counts. Propolis extract showed the lowest media count for Total Coliforms, E. coli and Clostridium perfringens. Yerba mate extract showed the lowest media count for Lactic Bacteria. The use of natural antioxidants should provide benefits in relation to the MDPM lipid oxidation and the microbiological growth inhibition. More researchs are necessary, looking for a better understanding about the action mechanisms of these extracts. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar cinco extratos naturais em relação a sua atividade antioxidante in vitro e na Carne Mecanicamente Separada (CMS) de frango. Foram estudadas a erva mate (Ilex paraguariensis), a marcela (Achyrocline satureioides), uma mistura de erva mate (50%) com marcela (50%), o chá verde (Camellia sinensis) e o própolis sem álcool. O antioxidante sintético BHA foi utilizado como controle positivo e o tratamento sem adição de antioxidante como controle negativo. Nos extratos naturais foram identificados o conteúdo total de fenólicos, flavonóides e a atividade antioxidante pelos métodos do DPPH, Fosfomolibdênio e do Poder de Redução. Todos os extratos foram aplicados separadamente em porções distintas e iguais de Carne Mecanicamente Separada (CMS) de frango, sendo os percentuais de aplicação de 0,50% de erva mate, marcela e da mistura, 0,05% de chá verde, 0,10% do própolis sem álcool e 0,02% de BHA. A CMS de frango foi mantida sob refrigeração de 0 a +4ºC durante 10 dias. As amostras foram avaliadas a cada dois dias, em relação ao pH, índice de TBARS, índice de peróxido, em relação a contagem média de Aeróbios Mesófilos Totais, Coliformes Totais, E. coli, Bactérias lácticas, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp e Staphylococcus aureus. A cor objetiva (L*, a*, b*) foi medida na superfície e na parte interna da CMS de frango assim como o registro em foto de cada tratamento. O extrato de chá verde apresentou o maior (p<0,05) conteúdo de fenólicos e a maior (p<0,05) atividade antioxidante in vitro em relação aos demais extratos. O extrato de erva mate apresentou o maior (p<0,05) conteúdo de flavonóides. O extrato de própolis sem álcool apresentou os menores (p<0,05) conteúdos de fenólicos, de flavonóides e a menor atividade antioxidante in vitro. O extrato de marcela teve o melhor efeito na inibição da oxidação lipídica da CMS de frango, apresentando os menores valores médios de TBARS. O extrato de própolis sem álcool manteve por mais tempo a estabilidade da cor da carne. A adição dos antioxidantes naturais não interferiu no pH e nem no índice de peróxido da CMS de frango. Não foi detectada a presença de Salmonella spp e os resultados de Staphylococcus aureus ficaram dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela Legislação. O tratamento com a mistura de extratos de erva mate e de marcela apresentou a menor (p<0,05) contagem média de Aeróbios Mesófilos Totais em relação aos demais tratamentos. O extrato de própolis sem álcool apresentou a menor contagem média de Coliformes totais, E. coli e Clostridium perfringens. O extrato de erva mate apresentou a menor contagem média de Bactérias lácticas. O uso de antioxidantes naturais pode trazer benefícios em relação a inibição da população microbiana da CMS de frango. Mais estudos são necessários visando um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de ação desses extratos na carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de frango.

Fler svenskar vill konsumera mer inhemskt producerad fisk. Scandinavian Aquasystems odlar och försöker introducera fisken tilapia på svenska marknaden. Tilapia är en fisk som precis börjat göra intåg i Europa men är stor runtomkring resten av världen. En smakprofil som berättar hur länge produkten är sensoriskt tjänlig kan vara av hjälp. Denna undersökning syftade till att skapa en sensorisk smakprofil för fisken tilapia och till att se hur smakprofilen förändrades vid lagring i vakuumförpackning. För att skapa smakprofilen användes metoden QDA. Resultatet gav många egenskapsord var av vissa kunde klassificeras som färskhetsrelaterade och vissa som förskämningsrelaterade. Det kunde även konstateras att färsk, odlad tilapia har en antydan av saftigare och mer mjäll textur. Vid lagring finns en möjlighet att tilapia får en intensivare smak av dy och metall, samt en intensivare doft av dy. / A large amount of Swedes has a desire to consume more nationally produced fish. Scandinavian Aquasystems produces and tries to introduce tilapia into the Swedish market. As a fish, tilapia has just begun making ways into Europe but is already a big commodity around the rest of the world. In addition, a sensory profile which tells how long the product remains sensorially suitable could be of help. This study aimed to create a sensory profile and to study its inherent effects of vacuum packaging over time. In creating the sensory profile, a QDA method was used. The study resulted in a variance of different attributes which of some could be categorized as either fresh related or spoilage related. It was found that fresh, farmed tilapia carried an indication of having a juicier and more tender texture. With storage there is chance of tilapia getting a more intense flavor of mud and metal, as well as a more intense odor of mud.

Para o desenvolvimento de um novo produto, busca-se atender a necessidade da indústria, do mercado e do consumidor, nos parâmetros qualidade, conveniência e com valor nutritivo que remeta à boa saúde. Com o objetivo de desenvolver o coproduto Quenelle de tilápia iniciou-se a etapa criativa de elaboração e a seguir, estabeleceu-se o processo do estudo de vida útil, a fim de definir a validade do produto, com base nos parâmetros físico-químico, microbiológico e sensorial. Na primeira etapa, 11 formulações foram testadas e a partir da avaliação destas, outras 4 formulações foram desenvolvidas e avaliadas através de análise sensorial de preferência por ordenação, resultando na formulação eleita composta dos seguintes ingredientes: Minced, gordura vegetal, cebola desidratada, proteína isolada de soja, tempero Hondashi, salsa desidratada, urucum e sal. O teste de vida útil foi realizado no período de 120 dias, sendo as análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais realizadas a cada 30 dias. O produto Quenelle contém, em média, 69,63 g/100g de umidade, 2,46 g/100g de cinza, 8,51 g/100g de lipídeos,15,18 g/100g de proteína e 4,23 g/100g de carboidrato, apresentando valor de TBARS de 1,12 mg malonaldeído/kg e pH de 6,5. Quanto às análises microbiológicas os valores foram os seguintes: para psicrotróficos 3,24 log UFC/g; coliformes termotolerantes, <3,0 NMP/g; coliformes totais, 3,6 NMP/g; Staphylococcus aureus, <10 NMP/g e ausência de Salmonella em 25/g. O produto foi embalado em dois tipos de embalagem, pouche de polietileno com zíper (QA) e embalagem de polietileno complementada com caixa de cartão parafinado (QB). A rotulagem, para a porção de 40g de Quenelle, mostrou os seguintes valores: 59 kcal, 2,1g de carboidrato, 5,64g de proteína, 2,84g de gorduras totais, 1,53g de gordura monoinsaturada, 0,64g de poliinsaturada, 0,04g de ômega 3 e 0,56g de ômega 6, 1,06g de gordura saturada, 0,39 de gordura trans, 0,63 mg de ferro, 271 mg de sódio, 10 UI de vitamina A, 3,03 mcg de retinol. A análise sensorial foi realizada através de um teste de avaliação de atributos, aparência (úmida, homogênea, impressão global), aroma (característico de peixe, característico do produto), textura (maciez, suculência, elasticidade), gosto (sal) e sabor (característico de peixe, condimento, off flavor de barro, off flavor de geladeira). Os valores médios dos atributos avaliados de Quenelles de tilápia em diferentes embalagens (QA e QB), durante o armazenamento, não apresentaram diferença significativa (p>0,05), bem como a interação tratamento versus provador. Quando se avaliou as médias dos atributos sensoriais nos dias de armazenamento e para as diferentes embalagens, pôde-se notar que houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para todos os atributos, com exceção da maciez. Os provadores tiveram procedimento considerado significativo, para alguns atributos, como aparência úmida, aroma característico de peixe e do produto, e sabor de barro e de geladeira; com isso, algumas interações dias versus provador foram significativas, tais como aparência úmida, aroma característico de peixe e do produto, maciez, suculência, elasticidade, sabor característico de peixe, de condimento, de barro e de geladeira, e gosto de sal, exceto a aparência homogênea. / To develop a new product, we seek to meet the needs of industry, market and consumer. In questions, quality and convenience, offering food with nutritional value referring to good health. The objective was developing the co-product Quenelle of tilapia and began the creative phase of development. Created formulation, settled the case study of life in order to determine the shelf life of the product, based on physicalchemical, microbiological and sensory parameters. In the first stage, 11 formulations were tested by sensory analysis and preference ordering, resulting in the final formulation containing the following ingredients: minced, vegetable fat, dehydrated onion, soy protein isolate, Hondashi seasoning, salt and annatto. The shelf life test was carried out in 120 days, and the physical-chemical, microbiological and sensory testing performed every 30 days. The results were obtained for moisture 69.63 g.100g-1; ash 2.46 g.100g-1; fat, 8.51 g.100g-1, protein 15.18 g.100g-1and, 4.23 g.100g-1 carbohydrate. The value of TBA was 0.45 mg malonaldehyde / kg and pH was 6.5. As microbiological analysis the values were to psicotrophic 3.24 log CFU.g-1 / g, fecal coliform, <3.0 MPN.g- 1, total coliforms, 3.6 MPN.g-1, Staphylococcus aureus, <10 MPN.g-1and absence of Salmonella 25 / g. The product was packaged in two types of packaging, polyethylene pouch with zipper (QA) and polyethylene packaging more waxed cardboard box (QB). The label for the serving of 40g quenelle was: 59 kcal, 2.1 g of carbohydrate, 5.64 g of protein, 2.84 g of total fat, 1.53 g of monounsaturated fat, 0.64 g of polyunsaturated, 0.04 g of omega 3 and 0.56 g of omega 6, 1.06 g of saturated fat, 0.39g trans fat, 0.63 mg of iron, 271 mg of sodium, 10 IU of vitamin A, 3.03 mcg of retinol. Sensory analysis was performed using a test evaluation of attributes with six trained testers, where the samples showed no significant difference (p> 0.05) during storage. Sensory analysis was performed by an evaluation test attributes of appearance (moisture, homogeneous, general impression), aroma (fish characteristic, typical of product), texture (tenderness, juiciness, elasticity), taste (salt), flavor (fish characteristic, spices, mud off flavor, storage off flavor) with six trained testers. The average values of the attributes evaluated Quenelles tilapia in different packages (QA and QB), during storage, showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). The taster versus treatment interaction was not significant (p> 0.05). When assessing the means of sensory attributes in the days of storage, also considering the average values for all days (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120) of storage, besides the different packages (QA and QB), it was noted that significant differences (p <0.05) for all attributes except tenderness. Tasters procedure were considered significant (p <0.05) for some attributes, such as moisture appearance, aroma of fish and product, and taste of mud and storage; with it, some days versus tester interactions were significant (p <0.05), such moisture, aroma of fish and product, tenderness, juiciness, elasticity, flavor of fish, spices, mud, storage and salt, except the appearance homogeneous. The treatments interaction versus days of storage, just taste of storage showed significant difference (p <0.05).

O queijo Minas frescal é um produto muito perecível e de curta duração. É necessário boas práticas de higienização durante sua produção e condições de armazenamento adequado para evitar a contaminação de microrganismos patogênicos e deteriorantes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a vida útil do queijo Minas frescal durante o período de 30 dias armazenado a 4&#176;C, através de análises sensoriais, microbiológicas e físico-químicas. Foram selecionadas seis marcas de queijo Minas frescal com registro no Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), comercializados em supermercados de Piracicaba/SP até ser encontrado um produto dentro dos padrões da legislação vigente (BRASIL, 2001). O queijo selecionado foi adquirido direto do próprio lacticínio. As análises foram realizadas nos períodos de 1, 10, 20 e 30 dias após a fabricação do produto em três diferentes lotes denominados A, B e C. A contagem da população de microrganismos psicrotróficos totais, psicrotróficas proteolíticos, psicrotróficas lipolíticos, bactérias lácticas assim como de bactérias mesófilas totais apresentaram constante aumento mostrando crescimento de 8,50; 8,04; 8,30; 6,05 e 7,7 log UFC/g, respectivamente. Apenas do 30&#186; dia do lote C o produto apresentou-se impróprio para o consumo com 1,7x104 NMP/g de Escherichia coli. Observou-se a redução do pH de 6,66 a 5,85 (0,81) e o aumento do ácido láctico de 0,044 a 0,07% (0,026%). O teor de gordura do queijo foi de 21,3% não sendo observado a sua redução. A quantidade de ácidos graxos livres foram determinados pela lipólise a qual aumentou em 0,22 mg KOH/g de gordura juntamente com a evolução dos microrganismos lipolíticos. A proteína variou de 21,30% a 22,10% sem diferença estatística significativa. A análise sensorial realizada pelo teste de aceitação através da escala hedônia teve entre 6,5 a 7,5 como pontuação o que indica que os julgadores gostaram ligeiramente e gostaram moderadamente do produto respectivamente durante o período de 30 dias. Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento das bactérias mesófilas, psicrotróficas totais, psicrotróficas proteolíticas, psicrotróficas lipolíticas e bactérias lácticas tem crescimento constante no queijo mesmo sob refrigeração levando este a se deteriorar com o passar do tempo. Da mesma forma o aumento significativo da acidez e de ácidos graxos livres. Apesar do aumento dos microrganismos e as alterações químicas o produto não teve mudanças sensoriais quanto aos atributos aparência, cor, odor, sabor e textura perante os dias de armazenamento. Uma vez que o queijo seja produzido sob ótimas condições higiênico sanitárias, ele é capaz de atingir o período de 30 dias de vida útil quando mantido a 4&#176; C. / The Minas fresh cheese is very perishable product and its a short shelf life. Good practical of hygienic condition is necessary during its production and adjusted storage to prevent the proliferation of pathogenic and damage microorganism. This work had the objective evaluating the shelf life of the Minas fresh cheese for 30 days storaged at 4&#176;C, through sensorial analyses, microbiological and physic-chemistries. Six marks of Minas fresh cheese commercialized in supermarkets in city Piracicaba/SP were selected, those are registered in Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), but just one of them is inside of the standards of the current law (BRASIL, 2001). The select cheese was acquire direct of the Factory Dairy. The analyses were carried out in the periods of 1, 10, 20 and 30 days after the manufacturing of the product in the three different lots named A, B and C. The counting of the population of psychrotrophic microorganism total, psychrotrophic proteolytic, psychrotrophic lipolytic, lactic acidy bacteria as well as of mesophilic bacteria pesent constant increase showing growth of 8,50, 8,04, 8,30, 6,05 and 7,7 log UFC/g, respectively. On the 30th day of the lot C the product showed improper for the consumption with 1,7x104 NMP/g de Escherichia coli. It was observed a reduction of pH of 6,66 the 5,85 (0,81) and the increase of the lactic acidy of 0,044 the 0,07% (0,026%). The content of the cheese fat was 21,3% therefore its reduction wasn&#39;t observed. The amount of free fatty acid was determined by lipolysis which increased in 0,22 mg KOH/g of fat together with the evolution of the lipolytics microorganisms. The protein varied from 21,30% to 22,10% without difference significant statistics. The sensorial analysis carried through by the test of acceptance out the hedônic scale had punctuation between 6,5 the 7,5 what it indicates that the judges liked slightly and moderately respectively during the period of 30 days. The conclusion is that the development of the mesophilic bacteria, total psychrotrophic microorganism total, psychrotrophic proteolytic, psychrotrophic lipolytic and lactic acidy bacteria has constant growth in the cheese under refrigeration taking it this if to spoil with passing of the time. In the same way the significant increase of the acidity and free fatty acid. Despite of the increase of the microorganisms and the chemical alterations the product did not have sensorial changes how much to the attributes appearance, color, odor, flavor and in the presence the storage days. A time that the cheese is produced under excellent sanitary conditions hygienical, it is capable to reach the period of 30 days of shelf life when kept 4&#176; C.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo do efeito da atmosfera modificada associada a embalagens de transporte tipo \"masterpack, na vida útil da carne suína refrigerada. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas, físico-químicas, bioquímicas e sensoriais visuais. Foram utilizados cortes de lombo suíno (Longissimus dorsi) acondicionados em bandejas de poliestireno expandido recobertas com filme de poli (cloreto de vinila). As bandejas foram acondicionadas em embalagens secundárias de transporte tipo masterpack (6 bandejas por embalagem). Foram utilizados 3 tipos de atmosfera modificada (Composições gasosas): A=75%O2+25%CO2; B= 50%O2+50%CO2 e C=100%CO2. As carnes foram armazenadas em câmara frigorífica por 22 dias. Em intervalos pré-determinados (1, 8, 15 e 22 dias) foram realizadas análises microbiológicas (psicrotróficos aeróbios e Pseudomonas sp.), físico-químicas (composição gasosa, pH, cor, perda de água por exsudação, perda de água por cocção e maciez), bioquímicas (oxidação lipídica, concentração de metamioglobina e eletroforese bi-dimensional) e sensoriais visuais (em balcão expositor). Observou-se que não houve crescimento de microrganismos psicrotróficos aeróbios e Pseudomonas sp. até 15 dias de armazenamento independente da composição gasosa. Houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) de Composição gasosa e de Tempo de armazenamento praticamente em todas as variáveis analisadas, com exceção da perda de água por exsudação, maciez e concentração de metamioglobina. As principais diferenças ocorreram com relação à cor das carnes. De maneira geral, os valores de L* aumentaram durante o armazenamento enquanto que os de a* diminuíram significando que ocorreu certa descoloração da carne. Os bifes das Composições A e B tiveram coloração mais rósea com valores de a* e c* superiores aos da Composição C. As amostras de carne da Composição C tiveram menores valores de TBARS que as demais. A análise sensorial indicou preferência do consumidor pelas amostras das Composições A e B e os resultados de cor determinados após a análise sensorial indicaram que após a abertura dos masterpacks, os bifes sofreram descoloração, sendo que os bifes da Composição A e B mantiveram a coloração rósea por mais tempo. Na análise de eletroforese bi-dimensional realizada com amostras de carne suína da Composição A em 3 tempos distintos, foram identificados média de 255 spots com ponto isoelétrico variando de 3 a 10 e peso molecular de 13 a 94 kDa. Concluiu-se que, do ponto de vista microbiológico, as três composições gasosas estudadas conservaram os bifes de lombo suíno por até 15 dias de armazenamento, porém, somente as atmosferas com altas concentrações de O2 (>50%) garantiram a preservação da cor e aparência geral dos bifes. A técnica da eletroforese bidimensional é promissora para o entendimento, em nível molecular, das mudanças, principalmente de cor, que ocorrem na carne embalada com atmosfera modificada durante o armazenamento. Porém, ainda há a necessidade de mais estudos. / The aim of this work was to study the effect of modified atmosphere associated to \"masterpack\" transport packages in the shelf-life of refrigerated pork meat. Microbiological, physical-chemical, biochemical and visual analyses were made. Pork loin (Longissimus dorsi) cuts placed in trays of expanded polystyrene, covered with poly(vinyl chloride) films were used in this study. The trays were placed in a high gas barrier secondary masterpack (78.5 x 48.5 cm, 0.35m2, Cryovac) package, with six trays per masterpack (MP). Three modified atmosphere (gas compositions) were tested: A=75%O2+25%CO2; B= 50%O2+50%CO2 e C=100%CO2. The meat was kept in a refrigerated chamber for 22 days. At pre-established intervals (1, 8, 15 and 22 days) of storage, microbiological (aerobic psychrotrophic and Pseudomonas sp.), physical-chemical (gaseous composition, pH, colour, dripping loss, cooking loss and tenderness), biochemical (lipid oxidation, metmyoglobin concentration and bidimensional electrophoresis) and visual analyses were carried out. It was observed that for up to 15 days of storage there was neither growth of aerobic psychrotrophic microorganisms nor Pseudomonas sp. independent of the Gas composition. There was significant effect (P<0.05) of Gas composition and of Storage Time in almost all the analyzed variables, except for drip loss, tenderness and metmyoglobin concentration. The main differences found were related to the meat colour. In general, the values of L * increased during storage while a* decreased, meaning some discoloration of meat. The steaks of Gas compositions A and B had better coloration with values of the *a and c * greater than Treatment C. The samples of meat of Gas composition C had lower values for TBARS compared to other treatments. The sensory analysis indicated the panelists´ preference for the samples of Gas compositions A and B, and the colour tests made after the sensorial analysis indicated that the steaks of Treatment A and B maintained the pinky coloration for longer time. In the analysis of bi-dimensional electrophoresis applied to the samples of pork loin meat of Treatment A, carried out in 3 replicates, nearly 255 spots were identified with isoelectric point varying from 3 to 10 and molecular weight from 13 to 94 kDa. Based on the microbiological data, it was concluded that the three studied Gas combinations preserved the pork loin steaks for up to 15 days of storage, however, only the atmospheres with higher concentrations of O2 (>50%) guaranteed the preservation of the colour and the general appearance of the steaks. The bidimensional electrophoresis is a promising technique for the understanding, in molecular level, of the changes, mainly in colour, that happen in modified atmosphere packed meat. However, there is still need for further studies.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antioxidante, caracterizar a composição fenólica e avaliar o efeito antioxidante do extrato de pele de amendoim (EPA) em produtos cárneos: hambúrguer de frango cozido, hambúrguer de ovelha armazenado em atmosfera modificada, salchichón espanhol com óleo de peixe microencapsulado em matriz de konjac e em patê de fígado suíno. O EPA possuía conteúdo fenólico total de 32,6 mg EAG/g pele seca, a capacidade de sequestrar radicais de 46,5 &micro;L (EC50) e capacidade redutora (reagente FRAP) de 26,5 &micro;mol de equivalente Trolox/g pele seca. As proantocianidinas são os principais compostos fenólicos presentes no EPA. A adição do EPA (70 mg EAG/kg) em hambúrguer de frango cozido reduziu a oxidação lipídica e inibiu a perda de cor vermelha durante 15 dias de estocagem a 1 °C, porém o produto se tornou mais escuro devido a adição do EPA. No hambúrguer de ovelha cru armazenado em atmosfera modificada (80% O2 e 20% CO2) durante 20 dias a 2 °C, o EPA (1000 ppm) preveniu a diminuição da intensidade da cor vermelha, a oxidação lipídica e de proteínas além de reduzir a percepção de off-odor. Porém o desenvolvimento de microrganismos viáveis totais (MVT), enterobactérias (Enterobacteriaceae), psedomonas (Pseudomonas spp.) e as bactérias ácido láticas, luminosidade, valor de pH e ácidos graxos livres (AGL) não foram afetados pela adição do EPA. O conteúdo total de compostos voláteis derivados da oxidação lipídica foi similar nos lotes controle e EPA. Além do EPA (2000 ppm), o extrato de folha de castanha (EFC, 2000 ppm), extrato de resíduo de cervejaria (ERC, 2000 ppm) e o antioxidante sintético hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT, 50 ppm) foram adicionados ao salchichón com óleo de peixe microencapsulado em matriz de konjac. Os antioxidantes naturais reduziram a formação de carbonilas e conteúdo total de compostos voláteis derivados da oxidação lipídica, porém aumentaram a quantidade de AGL. A oxidação lipídica e o valor de vermelho foram similares entre todos os tratamentos e particularmente para o lote EFC menor luminosidade e valor de pH foram observados. O patê de fígado suíno com mistura de óleos mais saudáveis (óleo peixe e de oliva) foi elaborado com os antioxidantes ERC, EFC e EPA (todos a 1000 ppm). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas marcantes devido a presença dos antioxidantes naturais no valor de pH, cor instrumental, oxidação lipídica, AGL e compostos voláteis derivados da oxidação lipídica do patê estocado a 4 °C por 160 dias. A composição centesimal de todos os produtos cárneos analisados não foi alterada em função do EPA. Desta forma, o EPA possui potencial para ser aplicado em hambúrguer cozido de frango e hambúrguer de carne de ovelha armazenado em atmosfera modificada. No caso do salchichón com óleo de peixe encasulado em matriz de konjac, os antioxidantes naturais testados podem proteger contra reações oxidativas, porém a adição destes extratos naturais não é recomendada para o patê de fígado suíno com óleos mais saudáveis. / This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential, phenolic profile characterization and antioxidant effect of peanut skin extract (PSE) in meat products: cooked chicken patties, raw sheep patties storage in modified atmosphere, Spanish salchichón elaborated with encapsulated n-3 long chain fatty acids in konjac glucomannan matrix and pig liver pâté manufactured with healthy oils. PSE presented total phenolic content of 32.6 mg GAE/g dry skin, radical scavenge potential of 46.5 &micro;L (EC50) and reducing power (FRAP reagent) of 26,5 &micro;mol Trolox equivalent/g dry skin. The major phenolic compounds were proanthocyanidins in PSA. The manufacture of cooked chicken patties with PSE (70 mg GAE/kg) reduced lipid oxidation and inhibited the loss of redness during 15 days at 1 °C, but reduced the luminosity of patties. In raw sheep patties storage in modified atmosphere (80% O2 e 20% CO2) during 20 days at 2 °C, PSE (1000 ppm) inhibited the loss of red color, lipid and protein oxidation and also reduced the perception of off-odor. However, PSE did not affect total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and Lactic acid bacteria growth, luminosity, pH value and free fatty acids (FFA) content. The lipid derived volatile compounds of PSE batch were similar to control patties. In Spanish salchichón experiment other natural extracts were also evaluated: beer residue extract (BRE, 2000 ppm), chestnut leaf extract (CLE, 2000 ppm) besides PSE (2000 ppm) and butyl hydroxyltoluene (BHT, 50 ppm). In antioxidant batches, carbonyl formation and lipid derived volatile compounds were reduced, although a significant increase in FFA content was observed in these batches. Lipid oxidation and red color were similar among all batches and particularly for CLE batch the luminosity and pH values were lower than other batches. Differently, in pig liver pâté with healthier oil combination, BRE, CLE and PSE (all at 1000 ppm) did not display remarkable significant differences in pH value, instrumental color, lipid oxidation, FFA e lipid derived volatile compounds during 160 days of storage at 4 °C. The proximate composition of all manufactured meat products were not affected by PSE or natural/synthetic antioxidant. In this sense, PSE is suggested to be applied in chicken and raw sheep patties in modified atmosphere. Evaluated natural antioxidants are suggested to be used in Spanish salchichón to prevent oxidative damage, but none of them are recommended as antioxidant additive in pig liver pâté.