This thesis examines the place of science in interwar British culture, and challenges central narratives about the shape of interwar British science. Informed by histories of the nineteenth century that critique a process of professionalization and popularization, I argue that characteristics of nineteenth century science persisted much longer than is commonly assumed. In particular, I show that the boundaries of the scientific community were still quite fluid, that interpreting science for a broad audience was crucial for the making of science (both in the public sphere and in the scientific community, at a time of specialization), and that there were attempts to overcome a supposed divide between the sciences and the arts (in cultural productions and personal relations). These arguments are made through an examination of the life and work of J.G. Crowther (1899-1983). Crowther's life has not yet received extended treatment from historians, but this neglect belies his contemporary importance. Drawing on his extensive archive (and those of his peers) and reviews, I advance the notion of Crowther as a ‘man in the middle' – he was someone who mediated between practising scientists and the public and between practising scientists of different specializations, positioned himself at the centre of the two cultures, and often found himself in the middle ground politically. As such, he exemplifies the state of the pre-Big Science culture of interwar Britain. Conceptually, I develop the term ‘interpreter' to refer to Crowther's role: this term overcomes many of the pitfalls of ‘popularizer', and shows Crowther in an active role, shaping and re-shaping the meanings of science in the public sphere for his own political and professional ends. It is hoped that, by thinking in terms of ‘interpretation', historians will be able to develop more sophisticated understandings of the place of science in twentieth century British culture.

Vilken historisk kunskap räknas som värdefull kunskap när det kommer till skolsammanhang och läroplansteori? Hur tolkar och använder skolans personal dessa kunskapsformuleringar i läroplanen i sin undervisning? Förra hösten presenterade Skolverket sina revideringsförslag av den nuvarande läroplanen: Läroplan för grundskolan, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet 2011, reviderad 2019. Det första syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad personalen i skolan ansåg om dessa revideringar och det tilltänkta implementeringsarbete de skulle innebära, med huvudfokus på historieämnet. Det andra syftet var att jämföra revideringsförslagen med den nuvarande läroplanen ur ett läroplansteoretiskt perspektiv, för att markera eventuella förskjutningar gällande kunskapssynen dem emellan. I denna studie användes kvalitativa intervjuer med skolpersonal samt kvalitativ textanalys av kursplanen i historia som metoder för att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor. Resultatet visade att skolpersonalen var väldigt positiva och trodde att det avsedda syftet med revideringen, att den skulle fungera som ett ännu bättre stöd och verktyg för dem i deras arbete, skulle uppnås. Resultatet visade också att för att utvecklas framåt har läroplanens formuleringar tagit ett steg tillbaka till att återigen betona begreppen kunskap om och förståelse för i flera skolämnen som exempelvis historia. I vilken utsträckning Skolverkets revideringsförslag når sin målsättning återstår dock att se. / What kind of knowledge about history counts as valuable knowledge when it comes to school context and curriculum theory? How does school staff interpret and transform these writings of knowledge and the curriculum framework into their teaching? Last fall, The Swedish National Agency for Education presented their revised version of the current curriculum: Curriculum for the compulsory school, preschool class and the leisure-time centre (2011). The first purpose of this study was to investigate what school staff thought about this revised version and the implementation work that would follow, in particularly when it came to the syllabus about the history subject. The second purpose was to compare the revised curriculum with the current one from a curriculum theoretic perspective, in order to highlight potential differences between how they visualize their epistemic beliefs. For this study, I used qualitative interviews with school staff as well as a qualitative analyse of the writings in the syllabus for history as methods to answer the both issues of this study. The results show that the school staff were very positive and believed that the intended purpose for the revised version, to work as an even better tool and support for them in their work, would be achieved. The results also show that in order to move forward, the writings in the curriculum has taken a step back in development, to once again enhancing the terms knowledge- and understanding about in several subjects such as history. In what extent this revision will reach its aim is not yet evaluated.

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur undervisningen i historieämnet kan bidra till en interkulturell identitetsutveckling. Min målsättning var att utifrån lärarnas upplägg och metoder kunna dra slutsatser om hur lärare arbetar med den kulturella identiteten i historieämnet. För att får svar på detta har jag dels fördjupat mig i teorin om kulturell identitet och interkulturell kompetens samt intervjuat tre lärare verksamma i olika kommuner i Sverige och med olika stor erfarenhet av elever med annan kulturell bakgrund. Metoden jag använde mig av var kvalitativ intervju där jag intervjuade lärare enskilt och ställde övergripande frågor och dels följdfrågor. Svaren har jag analyserat och resultatet av undersökningen visade att lärarna inte har någon medveten strategi i undervisning utifrån elever med annan kulturell bakgrund i klassen. Lärarna använder sig av flera metoder så som läroboken, att belysa olika kulturer men framförallt lägger ansvaret på lärarna som undervisar i ett annat modersmål. I min undersökning framkom inte någon skillnad i undervisningssätt utifrån många eller få elever med annan kulturell bakgrund och den kulturella identiteten tas för givet. Min undersökning visar att de två senaste århundradena av historien inte hinns med och just de två århundradena anser lärarna viktiga för den kulturella identiteten. / The purpose of this paper was to examine how teaching of history can contribute to an intercultural identity development. My goal was, that on the basis of teachers' concepts and methods, to draw conclusions about how the teacher works with the cultural identity in the subject of history. To answer this, I first look into the theory of cultural identity and the intercultural competence. I also interviewed three teachers working in different municipalities in Sweden with different experiences of students with different cultural backgrounds. The method I have used is a qualitative interview where I interviewed the teachers individually. I asked them both global issues questions and follow-up questions.The answers I have analyzed, resulted in that teachers do not have a conscious strategy of teaching students with different cultural backgrounds in the class. Teachers use different methods such as textbooks, to highlight the different cultures but above all they places the responsibility on the teachers who teach in another mother tongue. In my study it did not revealed any difference in teaching methods from many or few students with different cultural backgrounds and the culture identity is taken for granted. My study shows that teachers belives that the last two centuries of history is most important for the cultural identity but they do not teach in the last two centuries.

This study intends to examine on how teachers relate to digital games as a teaching method in the subject of history. In the study, five history teachers were interviewed with the aim of getting answers on the extent to which history teachers use digital games, what opportunities and difficulties they see with digital games in history teaching and whether one can benefit from digital games to increase students' history awareness. According to the results, there are many similarities with the previous research, especially when it comes to disadvantages. The respondents mainly mention the lack of time and knowledge about digital games. Just like research, they mention that larger commercial games are not adapted to be implemented in history teaching but are created as leisure activities and for entertainment. Smaller digital games such as Kahoot are used today with the argument that they are easier and do not need very long planning time. However, there are exceptions in the informants' answers, where a history teacher has used the commercial game Assasins´s Creed, but not for the purpose of the students playing the game. Instead, the teacher has used the game because of its richness of detail, as the teacher believes that this story game is in many cases a better contrast to reality than most documentaries and feature films. It also, according to this respondent, creates a clearer historical awareness among the students. The interviewees all agreed that if a history game is to be applied in today's history teaching, a certified material is required, as well as game-developers who create history games linked to the national curriculum.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-29T12:27:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luana Aguiar Werneck.pdf: 2369744 bytes, checksum: 13c889ab0e0d03cc88f177851e2e84d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T12:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luana Aguiar Werneck.pdf: 2369744 bytes, checksum: 13c889ab0e0d03cc88f177851e2e84d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation investigates the trajectory of Alfredo Ellis Júnior, between 1922 and 1952, which corresponds to his work in the press, party politics and on the Subject of History of Brazilian Civilization at the College of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of the University of São Paulo (FFCL / USP). The theoretical assumptions are based on the concepts of J.F. Sirinelli and C. Charle, specifically in the intellectual sphere and his trajectory, which aim to understand who Ellis Júnior was and how his itinerary defined the constitution of the intellectual being. The study intends to understand how Ellis Junior's spheres of action defined his intellectual path. Therefore, based on the analysis of the selected sources, for instance: the works of his authorship, Raça de Gigantes, Bandeirismo paulista e o recuo do meridiano, Confederação ou Separação e A Nossa Guerra, besides the works of some of his students of FFCL / USP and documents related to his work in the legislature and in the press, it is observed that Ellis Júnior was the representative of a methodical French historiography and a traditional society that were in decadence, just as it was spokesman of an eugenicist thought, characteristic of a fourcentenary social elite and heiress of the paulista bandeirismo / Esta dissertação investiga a trajetória de Alfredo Ellis Júnior, no período entre 1922 e 1952, que corresponde à sua atuação na imprensa, na política partidária e na Cadeira de História da Civilização Brasileira da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCL/USP). Os pressupostos teóricos estão embasados nos conceitos de J.F. Sirinelli e C. Charle, especificamente as categorias intelectual e trajetória, que visam compreender quem foi Ellis Júnior e de que forma seu itinerário definiu a constituição do ser intelectual. O estudo busca compreender de que maneira as esferas de atuação de Ellis Júnior definiram a seu percurso intelectual. Para tanto, a partir da análise das fontes selecionadas, a saber: as obras de sua autoria, Raça de Gigantes, Bandeirismo paulista e o recuo do meridiano, Confederação ou Separação e A Nossa Guerra, além de trabalhos de alguns dos seus discentes da FFCL/USP e documentos relativos à sua atuação no legislativo e na imprensa, observa-se que Ellis Júnior foi o representante de uma historiografia metódica francesa e de uma sociedade tradicional que estavam em decadência, assim como foi porta-voz de um pensamento eugenista, característico de uma elite social quatrocentenária e herdeira do bandeirismo paulista

The aim of this thesis is to analyse and discuss the argumentation for theplace of History in the Swedish school system from the perspective ofeducation philosophy. The material that has been investigated is theYearbook of the Association of History Teachers (HLFÅ). In connectionto this, two questions have been asked: (1) What sort of argumentationhas there been in HLFÅ on the place of History in the Swedish schoolsystem from the time the Yearbook started to be published in 1942 until2004 when the Swedish parliament decided that the subject should beobligatory for all pupils in gymnasiet (senior high school)? (2) In whatway has education philosophy been taken into consideration in the argumentationon the place of History in HLFÅ between 1942 and 2004? Thebackground to these questions is partly that during the whole of the1900s it has been far from obvious what place History should have in theupper levels of the Swedish school system. Also, I have partly found itfruitful to study HLFÅ from the perspective of education philosophy.In chapter 1, we give a deeper presentation of HLFÅ. After that followsan overview of research into the teaching and learning of History (Historydidactics). The chapter ends with the three leitmotifs based on this research.I identify as leitmotifs areas that are identified clearly and repeatedlyin History didactics and that are seen as relevant to structure myanalysis of HLFÅ. The three leitmotifs are: (1) the relation between Historyand academia, (2) the social potential of History, (3) the use of Historyin the service of peace. These have structured the presentation in thetwo analysis chapters of the thesis (chapters 4 and 5).Chapter 2 discusses the thesis methodology, theoretical perspective andquestions. The methodology is an analysis of argumentation based onhermeneutics. The theoretical perspectives used in the study are educationphilosophies. My use of the theory builds on my reading of TheodorBrameld and Tomas Englund. The four education philosophies used toanalyse the argumentation are: (1) progressivism, (2) essentialism, (3)perennialism, (4) reconstructivism. In chapter 3, the background to thestudy is presented. The areas that are focused on are the changes in theSwedish school system during the 1900s, the subject of History in figures,and glimpses from the public debate on history in general and thesubject of History in Sweden. In chapter 4, we cover the period from1942-1970, and in chapter 5 we cover in a similar way the period from1971-2004. Both chapters begin with a chronological overview of theargumentation in the articles. After that, the material is analysed wherethe presentation is structured based on the three leitmotifs which arediscussed from an education philosophy perspective.Chapter 6 is a summarizing discussion. There we make it clear that progressivismis almost completely absent from the argumentation aroundthe place of History in Swedish schools in HLFÅ. Instead, the studyshows that it is a combination of essentialism and perennialism that dominatesthe way of maintaining the merits of History. Regarding reconstructivism,it is stated that it is subordinate to essentialism and perennialism.The study ends with suggestions for further research. Since theargumentation has consistently made the claim that History can givepeople a feeling of safety in their surroundings, understand their place inlife and create peace in the world, it is suggested that further analysisshould be made of similar material from the perspective of civil religion.A point of departure in this research is that secular societies partly takeover, and partly re-work, the rites and cosmologies of religious institutions,in order to create solidarity in modern societies. My hypothesis isthat this perspective would strengthen the thought that there are civilreligious practices on Swedish soil in connection with the educationworld.

The purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of the identity, place and meaning of history in history teaching and the society in general. This is done through interviews with eight students at the Swedish Upper Secondary School. Students has an essential role in how history teaching becomes meaningful and how the history culture of our society today and in the future is shaped. The following research questions are answered in this study: I. What perceptions of history, related to the didactic questions about the content, method, and purpose of history, do students at the Upper Secondary School have? II. What historical knowledge, that is, as content-related knowledge in history, skill-related knowledge about history and meaning-making-related knowledge of history, do these perceptions of history express? To answer the research questions, qualitative semi-structured interviews are conducted. The interviews are then analyzed with the support of general didactic theories about the what, how and why of history, and history didactic theories of historical knowledge in, about and of history. Thus, the didactic questions (what/how/why) and the aspects of historical knowledge (in/about/of) have answered the research questions of this study by mapping students’ perceptions of history and distinguishing historical knowledge in their perceptions of history. The study shows that students perceive history in different ways, emphasizing different aspects of the content (what), method (how) and purpose (why) of history. The study also shows that students develop different forms of historical knowledge, which are considered necessary in the Swedish school and historical science, but they do it in a slightly different way than what may be intended. The result indicate that students’ thoughts of history are often rooted in a perception of history as the past, which has consequences for how they view aspects of history and what historical knowledge they express. To develop historical knowledge, one must know what has happened thus being aware of people and events of the past. Therefore, history is told, not necessarily interpreted. Accordingly, students see history as a life lesson. With history – knowing what has happened in the past – one can avoid making mistakes in the present and therefore develop the future one strives for. In addition, students regard source criticism as something motivated by their time – a time characterized by fake news and social media – rather than a basic historical method in the subject of history.

The point of this study is to understand how Umeå university’s curriculum for the subject of history evolved in the time period 1970 to 2015. Therefore, this study will analyze Umeå university’s curriculum for the course History AB 1, that is included in the history teacher training education. Furthermore, this study will take this analyzation of the curriculum and compare it to the Swedish high school curriculum. This is to better understand the evolution of the education program for teachers, but also to study the symbiotic relationship between schools and universities. Moreover, this assignment will be using Stina Hallsén’s description of policy analyzes to examine the valuation and norms from Umeå’s curriculum, and then take the analyzation further by comparing it to the Swedish high school curriculum. It will thereafter be analyzed with Gert Biesta’s three concepts, Qualification, Socialization and subjectification. Biesta’s concepts will help to measure how good the education at the teacher education program in Umeå is. The results of the study can shortly be described that there’s a long line of changes happening at the teacher education program at Umeå university and the subject of history in the time period 1970 to 2015. The changes range from small differences like the curriculum changing pace, to big changes like entire course moments getting removed and new ones getting added. In addition, the curriculum from Umeå university gets compared to the Swedish high school curriculum. This comparison alongside the study’s framing of question serves to give better insight into how the teachers education program has changed and evolved during the time period. Lastly the results of this study show that yes, there is a symbiotic relationship between Umeå university’s education for teachers and the Swedish high school curriculum. Furthermore, the students attending the teacher training education are taught that becoming a teacher is a lifelong mission to evolve and understand the changes happening in the schools.