Es besteht weitgehend Einigkeit darüber, dass inzidentelles Lernen bewusstes Wissen über eine sequenziell strukturierte Regelhaftigkeit erzeugen kann, auch wenn die zu Grunde liegenden Lernprozesse nur ungenügend verstanden sind. Ob jedoch Sequenzlernen auch „implizit“ oder unbewusst erfolgen kann, ist umstritten. Fortschritte in diese Frage sind von Untersuchungen zu bewusstem und unbewusstem Lernen zu erwarten, die vor dem Hintergrund übergreifender Bewusstseinstheorien erfolgen. Rünger und Frensch (2008a) zeigen, wie „bewusstes Sequenzwissen“ in Rückgriff auf die „global workspace“-Theorie des Bewusstseins definiert und operationalisiert werden kann. Im Rahmen dieser Theorie wird „inferenzielle Promiskuität“ als zentrales funktionales Merkmal bewusster mentaler Repräsentationen betrachtet. Rünger und Frensch (2008b) überprüfen eine zentrale Vorhersage der „unexpected event“-Hypothese, einer Theorie zur Entstehung bewussten Wissens in inzidentellen Lernsituationen. In einer Serie von Experimenten wurden unerwartete Ereignisse durch Unterbrechungen des inzidentellen Lernprozesses experimentell induziert. In Übereinstimmung mit der „unexpected event“-Hypothese fanden die Autoren, dass sich die Verfügbarkeit bewussten Sequenzwissens erhöhte. Rünger, Nagy und Frensch (in Druck) untersuchen schließlich die Funktion bewussten Sequenzwissens im Kontext eines Rekognitionstests. Die empirischen Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass bewusstes Sequenzwissen die epistemische Grundlage für rationale Urteile im Gegensatz zu intuitiven oder heuristischen Urteilen darstellt. / There is a general consensus that incidental learning can produce conscious knowledge about a hidden sequential regularity, even though the underlying learning mechanisms are still poorly understood. By contrast, whether sequence learning can also be “implicit” or nonconscious is a matter of intense debate. Progress can be achieved by grounding research on conscious and nonconscious learning in larger theoretical frameworks of consciousness. Rünger and Frensch (2008a) show how “conscious sequence knowledge” can be defined and operationalized in reference to global workspace theory of consciousness that depicts “inferential promiscuity” as the functional hallmark of conscious mental representations. Rünger and Frensch (2008b) test a central prediction of the unexpected-event hypothesis — a theoretical account of the generation of conscious knowledge in incidental learning situations. In a series of experiments, unexpected events were induced experimentally by disrupting the incidental learning process. In line with the unexpected-event hypothesis, the authors observed an increased availability of conscious sequence knowledge. Finally, Rünger, Nagy, and Frensch (in press) explore the function of conscious sequence knowledge in the context of a sequence recognition test. The empirical results suggest that conscious sequence knowledge provides the epistemic basis for reasoned — as opposed to intuitive or heuristic — judgments.

The primary aim of this investigation is to focus on the delivering of pre-abortion counselling from a social work perspective. The importance of delivery of pre abortion counselling with regard to the pregnant woman, who is considering the termination of a pregnancy, is accentuated on the one hand. On the other hand, the focus is on making social workers aware of becoming involved in abortion-related services. The thesis consists of five Sections: SECTION A This section indicates the actuality of the research, namely a study of pre-abortion counselling according to which four research questions are formulated. The overarching research aim and four research objectives are discussed in the section. This research takes on the intervention research model within the combined qualitative and quantitative research approach. The survey procedure was utilized in two different manners to wit the single-system design and mailed questionnaires. The data which was captured during thorough interviews was processed computer-wise as well as by hand. SECTION B This section was presented in the form of four articles in which the research finding were reported. AU four articles form part of the all-embracing research aims and objectives and of the entire research project. However, every article is a sub-project of the entire research project because it also acts independently - each with a distinctive problem statement, research aim and objectives, research methods and distinctive content. Section B consists of the following articles: Article 1 discusses abortion as a moral dilemma in South Africa and points out that there are still unanswered questions with regard to this acute subject that is as old as mankind. In Article 2 the living space of the pregnant woman who requests the termination of a pregnancy is discussed with the accent on the necessity for the understanding of such a woman who finds herself in a crisis situation, in order to deliver an effective social work service. The importance of pre-abortion counselling with crisis intervention as the proper model is discussed in Article 3. And as indicated that delivering pre-abortion counselling to the pregnant woman who requests the termination of a pregnancy is essential for the decision-making process but also with regard to her future. Article 4 discusses the opinion of social workers concerning the delivery of pre-abortion counselling. 'The social worker as a pre-abortion counsellor, and who forms part of the multi-professional team receives priority attention here. SECTION C In Section C, the conclusions and recommendations with regard to this research is explained. The limitations of this study are indicated, and recommendations are made with a view to its utilisation in theory and in practice as well as for training and research SECTION D AU addendum that are referred to in the thesis are contained in this section. SECTION E Although each article has its own source list, a combined source list of the entire research project is presented in this section. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The ability to extract meaning from text is an important skill. Yet many students struggle with effectively comprehending what they read. In comparison with research carried out with younger students, there is a lack of research in the reading comprehension of adolescents (Grades 4 – 12). The goal of this dissertation was to increase our understanding of the factors that underlie the poor reading comprehension abilities of this older group of students. This dissertation includes two studies drawn from a sample of 137 age 15 year old high school students. Study One utilized archival data from government mandated tests of reading achievement of 78 students administered in Grades 3, 6, and 10, and results from a commercially available test of reading comprehension administered in Grade 10. This longitudinal study examined the prevalence of the stability, cumulative growth, and compensatory models in reading comprehension development. Probabilities of later-grade reading achievement categorization conditioned on earlier-grade reading achievement were computed, the prevalence of developmental paths was estimated, and tests of regression to the mean were conducted. Overall findings suggest considerable stability across time. Study Two examined the specificity of the comprehension weaknesses of 15 year old readers whose comprehension skills are below those expected from their skill in word reading and nonverbal ability (unexpected poor comprehenders). Regression analyses identified unexpected poor comprehenders, and two contrast groups (expected average and unexpected good comprehenders). Characteristics of unexpected poor comprehenders are examined after controlling for word-reading accuracy, phonological decoding, reading rate, nonverbal ability, and vocabulary. Findings indicate a critical disadvantage of unexpected poor comprehenders lies in their weakness in vocabulary and that comprehension difficulties related to the identification of details and main ideas in summary writing remain when vocabulary is controlled. Implications for interpreting previous and informing future research are discussed. Results of both studies are discussed with respect to the nature of the reading comprehension construct, identification and remediation of reading comprehension difficulties, and the assessment of reading comprehension. / Thesis (Ph.D, Education) -- Queen's University, 2012-08-28 13:32:25.641

The primary aim of this investigation is to focus on the delivering of pre-abortion counselling from a social work perspective. The importance of delivery of pre abortion counselling with regard to the pregnant woman, who is considering the termination of a pregnancy, is accentuated on the one hand. On the other hand, the focus is on making social workers aware of becoming involved in abortion-related services. The thesis consists of five Sections: SECTION A This section indicates the actuality of the research, namely a study of pre-abortion counselling according to which four research questions are formulated. The overarching research aim and four research objectives are discussed in the section. This research takes on the intervention research model within the combined qualitative and quantitative research approach. The survey procedure was utilized in two different manners to wit the single-system design and mailed questionnaires. The data which was captured during thorough interviews was processed computer-wise as well as by hand. SECTION B This section was presented in the form of four articles in which the research finding were reported. AU four articles form part of the all-embracing research aims and objectives and of the entire research project. However, every article is a sub-project of the entire research project because it also acts independently - each with a distinctive problem statement, research aim and objectives, research methods and distinctive content. Section B consists of the following articles: Article 1 discusses abortion as a moral dilemma in South Africa and points out that there are still unanswered questions with regard to this acute subject that is as old as mankind. In Article 2 the living space of the pregnant woman who requests the termination of a pregnancy is discussed with the accent on the necessity for the understanding of such a woman who finds herself in a crisis situation, in order to deliver an effective social work service. The importance of pre-abortion counselling with crisis intervention as the proper model is discussed in Article 3. And as indicated that delivering pre-abortion counselling to the pregnant woman who requests the termination of a pregnancy is essential for the decision-making process but also with regard to her future. Article 4 discusses the opinion of social workers concerning the delivery of pre-abortion counselling. 'The social worker as a pre-abortion counsellor, and who forms part of the multi-professional team receives priority attention here. SECTION C In Section C, the conclusions and recommendations with regard to this research is explained. The limitations of this study are indicated, and recommendations are made with a view to its utilisation in theory and in practice as well as for training and research SECTION D AU addendum that are referred to in the thesis are contained in this section. SECTION E Although each article has its own source list, a combined source list of the entire research project is presented in this section. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Operationssalen är en högteknologisk och riskfylld miljö, där patienten ofta befinner sig i ett utsatt läge. I operationssjuksköterskans profession ingår att ge en säker vård till patienten vilket bland annat innebär att göra riskanalyser och arbeta aktivt för att förebygga patientskador. Trots att verktyg för att säkerställa patientsäkerheten finns, såsom WHO:s checklista för säker kirurgi, kan oväntade händelser uppstå. Oväntade händelser kan innebära uppkomna fel och komplikationer vilket kan äventyra patientens säkerhet. Syfte: Att undersöka operationssjuksköterskans upplevelse av oväntade händelser på operationssalen. Metod: Studien var en kvalitativ intervjustudie som genomfördes med semistrukturerade frågor. Totalt åtta operationssjuksköterskor intervjuades på två sjukhus i södra Sverige. Intervjuerna analyserades med latent kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Efter analysen framträdde tre teman som beskrev hur operationssjuksköterskan upplever oväntade händelser på operationssalen; Tryggheten i sig själv och hos andra, Upplevelsen av att bevara eller förlora kontrollen och Känslomässiga aspekter av oväntade händelser. Hur välfungerande teamet var och graden av yrkeserfarenhet upplevdes vara faktorer som påverkade hur operationssjuksköterskan kunde hantera en oväntad händelse. Blandade känslor som otillräcklighet och stimulans i yrket framkom. Slutsats: Operationssjuksköterskor känner generellt en trygghet när oväntade händelser sker. Studien visar på både positiva och negativa upplevelser i samband med en oväntad händelse. / Abstract Background: The operating room is a high-tech and risky environment, where the patient is often in a vulnerable position. The operation nurse’s profession includes providing safe care to the patient which means, among other things, doing risk analyzes and working actively to prevent patient injuries. Although there are tools to ensure patient safety, such as the WHO Safe Surgery Checklist, unexpected events can occur. Unexpected events can involve arised errors and complications which can jeopardize the patient's safety. Aim: To investigate the operation theater nurse's experience of unexpected events in the operating room. Method: The study was a qualitative interview study conducted with semi-structured questions. A total of eight operating theater nurse’s were interviewed at two hospitals in southern Sweden. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis Result: Following the analysis three themes emerged that described how operating theatre nurses’ experienced unexpected events in the operating room; Feeling confident in oneself and others. The experience of preserving and losing control and Emotional aspects of unexpected events. How well-functioning the team is and the degree of professional experience are perceived to be key factors the influence how to handle an unexpected event. Mixed feelings such as inadequacy and stimulation in the profession emerged.  Conclusion: Operating theatre nurses generally feel secure when unexpected events occur. The study shows both positive and negative experiences in connection with an unexpected event.

Research from the international business field have demonstrated that firms operating both in domestic and foreign markets have a greater exposition to market turbulences and disturbances. The literature has established that dynamism, flexibility and agility are crucial capabilities. In fact, firms displaying the previously listed capabilities have a greater chance to survive to turbulent and disturbing market events. Given the current Covid-19 crisis impacting the global market, this paper is further justified by the need for diverse and deeper research on how firms develop so-called “resilience” to survive to disruptive events such as the current pandemic. Furthermore, Business Model Innovation is proposed by the literature as a way to build that organizational resilience. Especially, the adaptation of the Business Model to a more Digital Business Model. The literature presented Digital Business Model as a way for firms to build flexibility and agility capabilities. More specifically, the study aims to analyze how Swedish international manufacturing SMEs develop organizational resilience. Thanks to the four semistructured interviews carried out with four top manager part of Swedish international manufacturing SMEs, this qualitative study has been able to answer the given research question: “How can international manufacturing SMEs develop resilience through adapting a digital business model in order to survive during disruptive market changes?” The primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed according to the constructed conceptual framework. In conclusion, it can be noticed that the findings, based on empirical data, are aligned with the literature and demonstrate that in order to navigate in those turbulent international market environments firms need have a flexible and agile organizational structure. Furthermore, those findings highlight that the implementation of a Digital Business Model enables firms to develop that flexibility and agility, therefore leading to organizational resilience. However, surprisingly, the data shows that if most of the firms did implement Digital Business Model, those Business Model Innovation are not permanent but rather temporary.

Bakgrund: Bemötandet är en del av sjuksköterskans ansvar. Sjuksköterskans bemötande påverkar patientens och anhörigas syn på sjukvården. Vid oväntade dödsfall blir ofta situationen komplex. Anhöriga beskriver att de ofta känner sig bortglömda inom sjukvården och att sjuksköterskornas bemötande kan leda till ett onödigt lidande. Examensarbetet utgår från Erikssons vårdvetenskapliga teori samt kompetensbeskrivning för legitimerad sjuksköterska och ICN:s etiska kod. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att bemöta anhöriga i samband med oväntade dödsfall. Metod: I arbetet används allmän litteraturöversikt. Elva artiklar har granskats varav nio var kvalitativa, en kvantitativ och en mixad metod. Resultat: Analysen av artiklarnas resultat ledde fram till fyra olika teman: Hinder i bemötandet, emotionell påverkan, betydelsen av god kommunikation och att skapa förtroendefulla relationer. Slutsatser:Bemötandet av anhöriga vid oväntade dödsfall leder till en inre stress hos sjuksköterskan. Att skapa förtroendefulla relationer är viktigt för att anhöriga ska känna sig trygga. Bristen på resurser och kunskap leder till ett sämre bemötande som sedan påverkar anhörigas sorgeprocess. / Background: The encounter is part of the nurse's responsibility. The nurse's encounter affects the patient's and relatives' view of healthcare. In the case of unexpected deaths, the situation often becomes complex. Relatives describe that they often feel forgotten in healthcare and that the nurses' encounter can lead to unnecessary suffering. The candidate thesis is based on Eriksson's nursing science theory as well as the competency description for registered nurses and ICN's code of ethics. Aim: Is to describe nurses’ experiences in dealing with relatives in unexpected deaths.Method: The work uses a general literature review. Eleven articles have been reviewed, of which nine were qualitative, one quantitative and one mixed method. Results: The analysis of the results of the articles led to four different themes: Obstacles in the encounter, emotional impact, the importance of good communication and creating trusting relationships. Conclusions: The encounter of relatives in the event of unexpected deaths leads to internal stress for the nurse. Creating trusting relationships is important for relatives to feel safe. The lack of resources and knowledge leads to poorer encounter, which then affects the relatives' grieving process.

No description available.

This thesis examines the response of a representative agent investor to sequences (streaks) of quarterly earnings surprises over a period of twelve quarters using the United States S&P500 constituent companies sample frame in the years 1991 to 2006. This examination follows the predictive performance of the representative agent model of Rabin (2002b) [Inference by believers in the law of small numbers. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 117(3).p.775 816] and Barberis, Shleifer, and Vishny (1998) [A model of investor sentiment. Journal of Financial Economics. 49. p.307 343] for an investor who might be under the influence of the law of small numbers, or another closely related cognitive bias known as the gambler s fallacy. Chapters 4 and 5 present two related empirical studies on this broad theme. In chapter 4, for successive sequences of annualised quarterly earnings changes over a twelve-quarter horizon of quarterly earnings increases or falls, I ask whether the models can capture the likelihood of reversion. Secondly, I ask, what is the representative investor s response to observed sequences of quarterly earnings changes for my S&P500 constituent sample companies? I find a far greater frequency of extreme persistent quarterly earnings rises (of nine quarters and more) than falls and hence a more muted reaction to their occurrence from the market. Extreme cases of persistent quarterly earnings falls are far less common than extreme rises and are more salient in their impact on stock prices. I find evidence suggesting that information discreteness; that is the frequency with which small information about stock value filters into the market is one of the factors that foment earnings momentum in stocks. However, information discreteness does not subsume the impact of sequences of annualised quarterly earnings changes, or earnings streakiness as a strong candidate that drives earnings momentum in stock returns in my S&P500 constituent stock sample. Therefore, earnings streakiness and informational discreteness appear to have separate and additive effects in driving momentum in stock price. In chapter 5, the case for the informativeness of the streaks of earnings surprises is further strengthened. This is done by examining the explanatory power of streaks of earnings surprises in a shorter horizon of three days around the period when the effect of the nature of earnings news is most intense in the stock market. Even in shorter windows, investors in S&P500 companies seem to be influenced by the lengthening of negative and positive streaks of earnings surprises over the twelve quarters of quarterly earnings announcement I study here. This further supports my thesis that investors underreact to sequences of changes in their expectations about stock returns. This impact is further strengthened by high information uncertainties in streaks of positive earnings surprise. However, earnings streakiness is one discrete and separable element in the resolution of uncertainty around equity value for S&P 500 constituent companies. Most of the proxies for earnings surprise show this behaviour especially when market capitalisation, age and cash flow act as proxies of information uncertainty. The influence of the gambler s fallacy on the representative investor in the presence of information uncertainty becomes more pronounced when I examine increasing lengths of streaks of earnings surprises. The presence of post earnings announcement drift in my large capitalised S&P500 constituents sample firms confirms earnings momentum to be a pervasive phenomenon which cuts across different tiers of the stock markets including highly liquid stocks, followed by many analysts, which most large funds would hold.

Redovisningskvalitet på små aktiebolag har påvisats minska sedan revisionskravet slopades. Det förekommer en diskussion om huruvida revisionskravet behöver återinföras eller om gränsvärdena för revisionsplikten ska utökas. Debatten är för tillfället delad, en part menar att gränsvärdena för när aktiebolag ska ha revisor ska höjas. Den andra menar att fördelen med att även små aktiebolag har revisor är att det säkerställer kvaliteten på redovisningen. Att redovisningskvaliteten säkerställs är av intresse för intressenter till små aktiebolag på grund av informationsasymmetrin som råder. Det finns fördelar för bolagen med att inte omfattas av revisionsplikt, den främsta fördelen är ekonomiska lättnader för bolagen. Studien exemplifierar konsekvenser som kan drabba fler än de intressenter som är närmast anknyta till bolaget. Samhället kan drabbas negativt om bolagen inte sköter sin redovisning alternativt begår ekonomisk brottslighet som en konsekvens av att extern granskning av räkenskaperna saknas. Tidigare forskning visar att det föreligger ett samband mellan oväntade periodiseringar och redovisningskvalitet. Studien som genomförts påvisar att det föreligger ett samband mellan att redovisningskvaliteten har minskat och slopandet av revisionsplikten. Av resultatet framgår att kvaliteten på redovisningen, som undersökts genom oväntade periodiseringar, har minskat för små aktiebolag inom byggbranschen, sedan revisionskravet har slopats. Konsekvenser av att revisionsplikten slopats kan leda till att intressenter inte förlitar sig på bolaget. Det kan skada både bolag och intressenter att förtroendet för små aktiebolag minskar som en följd av att det inte längre finns ett krav på revisor. Undersökningen som gjorts påvisar att redovisningskvaliteten har minskat över tid och som följd har belastningen på myndigheter ökat, sedan revisionsplikten slopades. / The quality of the accounting in small companies has proven to decline since the audit requirement was abolished. An ongoing discussion exists concerning whether the audit requirement should be implemented once again or if the limit values should be expanded. The parties in the discussion currently have different opinions where one party argues that the limit value concerning the audit requirement should increase. The other party claims that the pro of small companies using an auditor is that the auditor ensures the quality in the financial reports. High quality in the accounting is of interest for the stakeholders of small companies since information asymmetry is present. There are pros for companies that are not obligated to use an auditor, where the major pro is economic relief for the companies. However, except for the stakeholders with the closest connection to the company, consequences can also affect other parties. Society could be negatively affected if companies produce inadequate information in the financial reports or if the companies commit economic crime which are both consequences of the lack of external auditing of the financial information. Previously research indicate a relationship between unexpected accruals and accounting quality. The results indicate that the quality of the accounting, measured through unexpected accruals, has declined for small companies within the building sector, since the audit requirement was abolished. Consequences of the abolishment of the audit requirement could be that the stakeholders don't trust the company. Lost trust in small companies as a consequence of the abolishment of the audit requirement could hurt both the small companies and the stakeholders. The study proves that the quality of the accounting has decreased and the load on the authorities has increased over time, after the audit requirement was abolished.