OBJETIVO: Evaluar la salud percibida en fumadores de cigarrillos según las etapas del cambio. METODOLOGIA: Se estudiaron 253 personas mediante el cuestionario de salud SF-36 cada 6 meses durante dos años. RESULTADOS: Después del abandono del tabaco mejora la Evolución Declarada de la Salud y las percepciones de salud del componente físico y mental. Los fumadores que siguen fumando pero progresan en las etapas del cambio experimentan un descenso en Función Física, Salud General y en el Componente Sumario Físico. La recaída en el tabaquismo se asocia a peor Vitalidad y Salud Mental, y a considerar el consumo de tabaco como causa del deterioro actual de la salud. CONCLUSIONES: Se observa una peor percepción de salud física al plantearse el abandono del consumo de tabaco a medio plazo, una mejoría global de la salud percibida al dejar de fumar y una peor salud emocional en la recaída. / OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the health-related quality of life in smokers with different stages of change. METHODOLOGY: 250 subjects evaluating their perception of health every 6 months for two years through the SF-36 health questionnaire. RESULTS: After stopping smoking, the Self-evaluated Health Transition improves, and the perception of health improves both in physical and mental components. Smokers that do not stop smoking but progress in the stages of change experience a fall in Physical Functioning, General Health and in the Physical Component Summary. Relapse in the use of tobacco is associated with a worsening in the Vitality and Mental Health, considering smoking to be a cause of deterioration in the state of health. CONCLUSIONS: Worse perception of physical health is observed when stopping smoking is contemplated as a medium-term objective, an overall improvement in health is observed on stopping smoking, and worse emotional health is observed in the case of relapse.

Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι η σύγκριση των συγκεντρώσεων 6 ορμονών, Ε3, β-hCG, hPL, FSH, LH και κορτιζόλη στο αίμα του ομφαλίου λώρου των νεογέννητων των καπνιστριών γυναικών σε σχέση με τις μη καπνίστριες μητέρες. Μέθοδοι: Οι παραπάνω ορμόνες μετρήθηκαν στο αίμα ομφαλίου λώρου σε 100 νεογνά των οποίων οι μητέρες κάπνιζαν (ομάδα μελέτης) και 100 παιδιά των οποίων οι μητέρες δεν κάπνιζαν (ομάδα ελέγχου). Αποτελέσματα: H μέση τιμή των συγκεντρώσεων E3, hPL, β-hCG, FSH, LH και κορτιζόλης στα νεογνά μη καπνιζόντων μητέρων ήταν 212 ng/mL, 2.00 microg/mL, 57.5 mIU/mL, 0.10 mIU/mL, 0.20 mIU/mL, and 14.3 microg/mL, αντιστοίχως· στα νεογνά των καπνιστριών μητέρων ήταν 163, 1.39, 45.4, 0.10, 0.20, and 25.1, αντιστοίχως (p=0.008, 0.004, 0.037, 0.498, 0.286, 0.004, respectively). Διαπιστώθηκε σημαντική αλλά αρνητική συσχέτιση μεταξύ του αριθμού των τσιγάρων ανά ημέρα και των E3 (r=-0.163, P=0.021), hPL (r=-0.191, P=0.007) και β-hCG (r=-0.143, P=0.044), ενώ η συσχέτιση με την κορτιζόλη ήταν θετική (r=0.259, P<0.0001). Πολλαπλή γραμμική εξαρτημένη ανάλυση έδειξε ότι το μητρικό κάπνισμα ήταν καθοριστικός παράγοντας για τις συγκεντρώσεις των ορμονών E3, hPL, β-hCG, FSH, και κορτιζόλη του αίματος του ομφαλίου λώρου. Συμπέρασμα: Το κάπνισμα συσχετίζεται με μείωση των συγκεντρώσεων των ορμονών E3, hPL, β-hCG και FSH του αίματος του ομφαλίου λώρου. Ενώ, συσχετίζεται με αυξημένη συγκέντρωση κορτιζόλης. Η διαταραγμένη ενδοκρινική ισορροπία του εμβρύου από το κάπνισμα του καπνού μπορεί να έχει αρνητικές επιδράσεις στο έμβρυο και το παιδί εφόσον ο εμβρυϊκός εγκέφαλος είναι στόχος ορμονικών δράσεων. / To determine the effect of maternal cigarette smoking on cord blood concentrations of E3, hPL, beta-hCG, FSH, LH, and cortisol. Hormone concentrations were measured in term neonates of 100 smoking and 100 non-smoking mothers. The median E3, hPL, beta-hCG, FSH, LH and cortisol cord blood concentrations in the non-smoking mothers' offspring were 212 ng/mL, 2.00 microg/mL, 57.5 mIU/mL, 0.10 mIU/mL, 0.20 mIU/mL, and 14.3 microg/mL, respectively; in the smoking they were 163, 1.39, 45.4, 0.10, 0.20, and 25.1, respectively (P=0.008, 0.004, 0.037, 0.498, 0.286, 0.004, respectively). There was a significant but poor negative correlation between number of cigarettes/day and E3 (r=-0.163, P=0.021), hPL (r=-0.191, P=0.007), and beta-hCG (r=-0.143, P=0.044), whereas the correlation with cortisol was positive (r=0.259, P<0.0001). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that maternal smoking is a determinant of cord blood E3, hPL, beta-hCG, FSH, and cortisol concentrations. Tobacco smoking is associated with a reduction in cord blood E3, hPL, and beta-hCG concentrations, whereas it is associated with increased cortisol concentrations. The disturbed endocrine equilibrium of the fetus induced by tobacco smoking could have adverse consequences on the fetus and child since fetal brain is a target organ for hormonal actions.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As disfunções tireoidianas estão associadas com alterações no peso corporal, no entanto, não está estabelecido na literatura se pequenas alterações na função tireoidiana dentro dos valores de referência das concentrações séricas de tireotrofina (TSH) poderiam afetar o índice de massa corporal (IMC). A associação entre as concentrações séricas de TSH e o IMC em indivíduos eutireóideos tem sido foco de recentes e conflitantes estudos e uma possível explicação para os achados conflitantes é a existência de subgrupos da população onde essa associação se expressa de forma diferente. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a associação entre o IMC e as concentrações séricas de TSH em mulheres com função tireoidiana normal e avaliar possível modificação de efeito da associação entre IMC e as concentrações séricas de TSH pelo tabagismo, menopausa e raça. Os dados foram obtidos em um estudo de base populacional realizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre junho de 2004 e abril de 2005, com amostragem probabilística por conglomerado em três estágios. No primeiro estágio foram selecionados 100 setores censitários, no segundo 15 domicílios de cada setor e no terceiro uma mulher por domicílio. Das 1500 mulheres com 35 anos ou mais selecionadas, 1298 participaram do estudo, dentre estas, 1084 apresentavam função tireoidiana normal. Uma associação positiva e estatisticamente significante foi observada entre o IMC e o TSH sérico (&#946;=0,90; p-valor=0,02) na população como um todo. A análise exploratória de subgrupos com diferentes graus de associação foi obtida pela análise de interações estatísticas. Os subgrupos de mulheres na pré-menopausa (&#946;=1,04; p-valor=0,04), de raça negra (&#946;=1,39; p-valor=0,14) e fumantes (&#946;=1,78; p-valor=0,04), apresentaram associações de maior magnitude. Em conclusão, o TSH parece ter um papel modulador das mudanças no peso corporal, mesmo em mulheres com função tireoidiana normal. O tabagismo e a raça são fortes modificadores de efeito da associação entre TSH e IMC e futuros estudos devem considerar estes fatores. / Although, overt thyroid dysfunction is associated with weight changes, it is not known whether minor changes in thyroid function within normal serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration could affect body mass index (BMI). The association between serum TSH and BMI in euthyroid subjects has been focus of recent and controversial studies. A possible explanation for these controversial findings could be the differences on this association between population subgroups. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between BMI and TSH in women with normal thyroid function and to evaluate a potential effect modification on the association between BMI and TSH by smoking, race, and menopause status. A population-based study was carried out in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2004-2005. Sample selection was based on a three-stage cluster design. In the first stage, 100 primary sample units (PSU) were selected. In the second stage, 15 households were select from each PSU and in the third stage one woman was selected from each household. Of a sample of 1500 women aged 35 years or older, 1298 agree to participate. For the present study, a final sample of 1084 women without thyroid disease was investigated. Overall, BMI was positively and significantly associated with serum TSH (&#946;=0.90; p- value=0.02) and stronger association between BMI and serum TSH among premenopausal women (&#946;=1.04; p-value=0.04), Black women (&#946;=1.39; p-value=0.14) and smokers (&#946;=1.77; p-value=0.04) was found. In conclusion, TSH appears to modulate body weight among women even in the normal range. Smoking and race are strong effect modifiers of the association between TSH and BMI and future studies should take these effect modifiers into account.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As disfunções tireoidianas estão associadas com alterações no peso corporal, no entanto, não está estabelecido na literatura se pequenas alterações na função tireoidiana dentro dos valores de referência das concentrações séricas de tireotrofina (TSH) poderiam afetar o índice de massa corporal (IMC). A associação entre as concentrações séricas de TSH e o IMC em indivíduos eutireóideos tem sido foco de recentes e conflitantes estudos e uma possível explicação para os achados conflitantes é a existência de subgrupos da população onde essa associação se expressa de forma diferente. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a associação entre o IMC e as concentrações séricas de TSH em mulheres com função tireoidiana normal e avaliar possível modificação de efeito da associação entre IMC e as concentrações séricas de TSH pelo tabagismo, menopausa e raça. Os dados foram obtidos em um estudo de base populacional realizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre junho de 2004 e abril de 2005, com amostragem probabilística por conglomerado em três estágios. No primeiro estágio foram selecionados 100 setores censitários, no segundo 15 domicílios de cada setor e no terceiro uma mulher por domicílio. Das 1500 mulheres com 35 anos ou mais selecionadas, 1298 participaram do estudo, dentre estas, 1084 apresentavam função tireoidiana normal. Uma associação positiva e estatisticamente significante foi observada entre o IMC e o TSH sérico (&#946;=0,90; p-valor=0,02) na população como um todo. A análise exploratória de subgrupos com diferentes graus de associação foi obtida pela análise de interações estatísticas. Os subgrupos de mulheres na pré-menopausa (&#946;=1,04; p-valor=0,04), de raça negra (&#946;=1,39; p-valor=0,14) e fumantes (&#946;=1,78; p-valor=0,04), apresentaram associações de maior magnitude. Em conclusão, o TSH parece ter um papel modulador das mudanças no peso corporal, mesmo em mulheres com função tireoidiana normal. O tabagismo e a raça são fortes modificadores de efeito da associação entre TSH e IMC e futuros estudos devem considerar estes fatores. / Although, overt thyroid dysfunction is associated with weight changes, it is not known whether minor changes in thyroid function within normal serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration could affect body mass index (BMI). The association between serum TSH and BMI in euthyroid subjects has been focus of recent and controversial studies. A possible explanation for these controversial findings could be the differences on this association between population subgroups. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between BMI and TSH in women with normal thyroid function and to evaluate a potential effect modification on the association between BMI and TSH by smoking, race, and menopause status. A population-based study was carried out in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2004-2005. Sample selection was based on a three-stage cluster design. In the first stage, 100 primary sample units (PSU) were selected. In the second stage, 15 households were select from each PSU and in the third stage one woman was selected from each household. Of a sample of 1500 women aged 35 years or older, 1298 agree to participate. For the present study, a final sample of 1084 women without thyroid disease was investigated. Overall, BMI was positively and significantly associated with serum TSH (&#946;=0.90; p- value=0.02) and stronger association between BMI and serum TSH among premenopausal women (&#946;=1.04; p-value=0.04), Black women (&#946;=1.39; p-value=0.14) and smokers (&#946;=1.77; p-value=0.04) was found. In conclusion, TSH appears to modulate body weight among women even in the normal range. Smoking and race are strong effect modifiers of the association between TSH and BMI and future studies should take these effect modifiers into account.

Introdução: O tabagismo é um problema crônico e de enfrentamento complexo. A ampliação da legislação, a conscientização da sociedade e a menor aceitação social do tabagismo, aumentaram a procura por serviços de cessação do tabagismo. A avaliação de programas desse tipo é tarefa complexa, considerando os diferentes níveis de intervenção, a diversidade de cenários e atores envolvidos. A avaliação de programas de cessação do tabagismo necessita incorporar ferramentas participativas, capazes de apontar a eficiência do programa, além de fomentar ações de transformação das práticas. Esta pesquisa buscou configurar uma matriz avaliativa capaz de contribuir na organização e autoaprendizagem de serviços dirigidos aos sujeitos em suas tentativas de parar de fumar, captando os diferentes contextos presentes na intervenção, nos cenários e nos atores. As questões da pesquisa foram: Quais são os indicadores que podem apontar o quanto um serviço se aproxima ou se distancia das práticas baseadas em evidências e dos modelos e diretrizes da promoção da saúde? Quais são os elementos que indicam ou não a qualidade de um serviço de tratamento do tabagismo? Objetivos: Desenvolver a matriz de indicadores de um serviço de tratamento do tabagismo. Para tanto buscou-se a) Identificar a percepção de experts, usuários e profissionais sobre serviços de tratamento do tabagismo; b) Caracterizar as práticas e bases de um serviço de cessação do tabagismo; c) Construir o modelo lógico avaliativo desse serviço; c) Formular as bases teóricas e práticas para a construção de matriz avaliativa de indicadores para um serviço de tratamento do tabagismo. Método: Situado no desenho orientado por modelo teórico (theory-driven evaluation) na perspectiva da Promoção da Saúde preconizada por Hartz, o percurso metodológico foi apoiado nas abordagens qualitativas e participativas e na estratégia da pesquisa-ação. O cenário de estudo foi o serviço de cessação do tabagismo de um hospital universitário, no município de São Paulo. Foram sujeitos dessa pesquisa profissionais de referência para o PNCT (experts), profissionais que atuam diretamente no serviço (implicados) e usuários do serviço. A análise e discussão dos achados apoiaram-se na triangulação de dados, correlacionada com a literatura. Resultados: O desfecho desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento da matriz avaliativa. Utilizou-se as percepções dos experts, implicados e usuários sobre as dimensões de estrutura, processo e resultado. A legislação, o financiamento, extensão e cobertura, a acessibilidade, as instalações, os recursos humanos, os equipamentos e insumos foram apontados como categorias para estrutura. Na dimensão processo as categorias foram: divulgação e captação, acolhimento e busca ativa, o perfil sócio psicológico dos usuários, a rede de referência e contra referência, o diagnóstico, acompanhamento e as estratégias educativas com base no autocuidado e na redução de danos. No âmbito de resultados os sujeitos pontuaram: a taxa de sucesso na cessação do tabagismo, a regularidade do serviço, a adesão, o respeito à autonomia, a melhora na qualidade de vida e a satisfação do usuário. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a matriz avaliativa construída possui potencial para avaliar a qualidade do serviço e promover o aprendizado institucional e o desenvolvimento pessoal/profissional. Contribui para o movimento de reflexão-ação-reorientação das práticas de cuidado. Ao ampliar a análise para além dos importantes indicadores solicitados pelo Programa Nacional do Controle do Tabagismo, a matriz elaborada dirige-se ao fortalecimento (empowerment) dos envolvidos (profissionais e usuários). Ajuda a estabelecer papéis e responsabilidades na reorientação de aspectos que possam influenciar o desempenho no acesso, acolhida, diagnóstico, tratamento e acompanhamento dos que desejam parar de fumar. / Introduction: Tobacco smoking is a chronic problem and very difficult to face. The improvements in the legislation, the awakening of the society and the smaller social acceptance to tobacco smoking have increased the number of people looking for smoking cessation services. The evaluation of such programs is a complex task, considering the different levels of intervention and the diversity of sceneries and actors involved. The evaluation of smoking cessation programs needs to incorporate participatory tools in order to indicate the program efficiency, and foster transformation actions of the practices. This study sought to configure an evaluation framework capable of contributing to the organization and self-learning of the services addressed to individuals in their attempts to quit smoking by capturing the different contexts present in the intervention sceneries and actors. The research questions were: Which are the indicators that may point out how much a service comes close or is distant from evidence-based practices, guidelines and models of health promotion? Which are the elements that indicate or not the quality of a smoking cessation treatment service? Objective: Developing the indicators framework of a smoking cessation service. For this it was sought to a) identify the experts, users and professionals perceptions about smoking cessation services, b) Characterize the practices and basis for a smoking cessation service c) Build the evaluative logical model of such service c) Formulate the theoretical and practical basis for the construction of an evaluative framework of indicators for a smoking cessation service. Method: Situated in the theoretical model oriented design (theory-driven evaluation) from the perspective of health promotion proposed by Hartz, the methodological trajectory was based on the qualitative and participative approaches as well as in the strategy of the action research. The study setting was the smoking cessation service at a university hospital in São Paulo. The subjects of this study were reference for the NTCP professionals (experts), the professionals who work directly in the service (stakeholders) and service users. The analysis and discussion of the findings were based upon the triangulation of data, correlated with the literature. Results: The outcome of this research was the development of the evaluation framework. It was used the perceptions of experts, and users concerned about the dimensions of structure, process and outcome. The legislation, funding, the extension and coverage, accessibility, facilities, human resources, equipment and supplies were identified for \"structure\". In the dimension \"process\" the categories were: dissemination and uptake, host and active search, the social psychological profile of the users, the network of reference and cross reference, diagnosis, monitoring and educational strategies based on self-care and harm reduction. Within the scope of \"outcomes\" the subjects pointed: the success rate of stop smoking, the regularity of service, treatment adherence, the autonomy, the improvement in quality of life and user satisfaction. Conclusions: We conclude that the evaluative framework constructed has the potential for assessing the service quality and to promote institutional learning and personal / professional development. It contributes to the movement of the reflection-action-reorientation of care practices. By broadening the analysis beyond the important indicators requested by the National Tobacco Control Program, the elaborate framework is targeted to the empowerment of those involved (professionals and patients). It helps to set roles and responsibilities in reorienting the aspects that may influence the access, reception, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring performance of those who want to quit smoking.

This study explores how socioeconomic status influences lifestyle choices and chronicdiseases in Sweden. It investigates prevalent chronic diseases across different socio economicgroups and assesses policy interventions to address disparities. Theoretical frameworks suchas chronic disease prevention, health lifestyle and fundamental causes theories inform theanalysis. The method of this study is used to gather and analyse sensory data for the study. Itdescribed the systematic search for relevant articles, inclusion and exclusion criteria, dataextraction and thematic analysis. Ethical considerations are also addressed and maintained.The results highlighted socioeconomic disparities in lifestyle and chronic disease burden inSweden and other countries. The results show varying impacts in health behaviours andoutcomes based on socioeconomic status, emphasising on the need for targeted interventionwhich address preventable health conditions. The discussion of the study provides a detailedinterpretation of the results by linking theories and methods used.

Smoking cessation can reduce health risk and prevent millions of tobacco-related deaths. However, cessation rates are low in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs), with only a small proportion of smokers intending to quit. Given the paucity of literature to support tobacco cessation programs in LMICs, this study aimed to: 1) identify factors associated with intention to quit smoking, 2) assess the relationship between health care provider quit advice/tobacco screening and utilization of cessation assistance, and 3) examine the relationship between home smoking rule and smoking intensity across three stages of smoking cessation (precontemplation, contemplation and preparation) in LMICs. Data were obtained from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2009-2012, a nationally representative household survey of noninstitutionalized civilians aged 15 years and older. Weighted multivariable regression analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4. Adjusted odds ratios (OR), percent change in smoking intensity and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Home smoking rule and exposure to anti-smoking messages were the important factors associated with contemplation and preparation to quit smoking. Approximately 1%, 7%, 9% and 15% used quitline, medical treatment, counseling/cessation clinic and cessation assistance (all three combined), respectively, in the past year. Quit advice was significantly associated with utilization of counseling/cessation clinic (OR=3.89, 95% CI=2.8–5.5), medical treatment (OR=1.71, 95% CI=1.2–2.4) and cessation assistance (OR=2.60, 95% CI=2.0–3.4). Tobacco screening was associated with utilization of counseling/cessation clinic (OR=2.60, 95% CI=1.1–5.9) and medical treatment (OR=1.71, 95% CI=1.2–2.4). Living in a completely smoke-free home was associated with a 22.5% (95% CI=17.1%–28.0%), an 18.6% (95% CI=9.0%–28.2%), and a 19.4% (95% CI=3.9%–34.9%) significant reduction in smoking intensity among smokers in precontemplation, contemplation and preparation, respectively. In conclusion, the results suggest that smoke-free home, anti-smoking campaigns, and health care provider intervention promote smoking cessation in LMICs. Therefore, comprehensive smoke-free policies, anti-smoking media campaigns and integration of tobacco screening and quit advice into the health care system are important for tobacco cessation in LMICs, suggesting the need for full implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control Articles 8 and 11 – 13.

Contexte : L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’association entre l’exposition professionnelle à l'amiante et à la silice cristalline avec les phénotypes du cancer broncho-pulmonaire. Un autre objectif est d'évaluer la modification de l'effet de l'association entre le tabagisme et le type histologique, la localisation de la tumeur, et l’âge au diagnostic par l’exposition professionnelle à l'amiante ou à la silice cristalline.Méthodes : L’étude CaProMat est une étude « case-only » rétrospective qui inclut9623 cas de cancer broncho-pulmonaire Français et Canadiens. Tous les cas de cancer broncho-pulmonaire ont été identifiés d’une façon histologique. Les données ont été collectées par des fichiers médicaux et par des questionnaires standardisés.Deux Matrices Emplois-Expositions (MEEs) ont été utilisées pour évaluer rétrospectivement l'exposition professionnelle à l'amiante et à la silice cristalline.Résultats : Il n’y a pas de différence de prévalence de l'exposition professionnelle à l'amiante pour les types histologiques. Pour la silice cristalline, un excès limite de la prévalence de l'exposition a été observé pour le carcinome épidermoïde. La prévalence a été maximisée chez les cas diagnostiqués entre 50 et 59 ans pour l'amiante et moins de 50 ans pour la silice cristalline. Une exposition supplémentaire à l'amiante ou à la silice cristalline n'a pas modifié l'effet du tabagisme pour les types histologiques, la localisation de la tumeur ou l'âge au diagnostic.Conclusion : Le type histologique, la localisation de la tumeur, et l'âge au diagnostic ne peuvent pas être utilisés comme indicateurs de l'exposition professionnelle à l'amiante ou à la silice cristalline. / Introduction: The objective of this thesis was to study the association between tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to asbestos and crystalline silica with the phenotypes of lung cancer. The second objective was to assess the effect modification of the association between tobacco smoking and the phenotypes of lung cancer by occupational exposure to asbestos or to crystalline silica. Methods : The CaProMat study is a pooled retrospective case-only study consisted of9,623 French and Canadian lung cancer cases. All lung cancer cases were histologically confirmed. Data were collected from medical records and through standardized questionnaires. Two job-exposure matrices (JEMs) were used to assess the occupational exposure to asbestos and to crystalline silica. Results: We did not identify a difference of prevalence of occupational exposure to asbestos according to histological type. For crystalline silica, a borderline excess of prevalence of exposure was observed for squamous cell carcinoma. The prevalence of occupational exposure was maximized among lung cancer cases diagnosed between 50 and 59 years for asbestos and less than 50 years for crystalline silica. Additional exposure to either asbestos or crystalline silica did not modify the effect of tobacco smoking for histological type, tumor location or age at diagnosis. Conclusions: The histological type, tumor location, and age at diagnosis cannot beused as an indicator for the occupational exposure to asbestos or to crystalline silica.

Abstract Aim of the work: The aim of this work was based on a questionnaire survey to find out the respondents' views on whether smoking cigarettes, electronic cigarettes and the use of heated tobacco affects body weight, including gender differences. The secondary aim was determined with any likelihood of replacing respondents who vape EC or use heated tobacco according to a variable flavor, food, or snack of EC or heated tobacco. Methods: An anonymous online questionnaire consisting of 18 questions was spreaded via Facebook in the Spolucestování, Kolej 17. listopadů and 1. LF UK Nutriční terapeuti interest groups from 21 April 2021 to 31 March 2021, as well as through the discussion forums of the eMimino and Mamaguru websites. Only individuals who smoke cigarettes, vape electronic cigarettes with nicotine or use heated tobacco could participate in the questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was completed by 190 respondents. , while 6 respondents were excluded due to incomplete answers or failure to meet the entry criteria. The final set includes 184 respondents. Results: The group of 184 respondents consisted of 101 women and 83 men. Average age of the group was 27.63 ± 8.20 years, average age of women 27.10 ± 7.53 years, average age of men 28.27 ± 8.96 years. The result shows that 34% of...