本研究以2000年至2004年台灣上市櫃的623家電子業為研究對象，探討員工分紅制度對企業經營績效的影響。本研究採用兩階段法，第一階段，採用DEA併用單變量統計之變異數分析法(ANOVA)及無母數分析法(Wilcoxon兩樣本檢定；K-W多樣本檢定)，來驗證電子業實行員工分紅對企業經營績效的影響。第二階段，DEA併用Tobit迴歸模型，比較第一階段單變量統計檢定的研究結果。研究結果發現： (1)電子產業內有發放員工分紅者的企業經營績效顯著較低，同時電子業發放前一年度員工分紅者對當年度的經營績效為負向顯著相關。 (2)電子產業內發放員工現金紅利對企業經營績效的影響顯著高於股票紅利者，同時電子業發放前一年度員工股票紅利者對當年度的企業經營績效為負向顯著相關。 (3)電子產業內員工分紅佔公司市值比例高者對企業經營績效的影響劣於員工分紅佔公司市值比例低者，且在增加其他控制變數後，電子業發放前一年度員工分紅佔公司市值比例高者對當年度的企業經營績效為負向顯著相關。 (4)電子產業內員工分紅佔薪資比例高者對企業經營績效的影響優於員工分紅佔薪資比例低者，且在增加其他控制變數後，電子業發放前一年度員工分紅佔薪資比例高者對當年度的企業經營績效為正向顯著相關。

產業發展不僅帶來經濟效益，亦會對環境造成衝擊，是以「永續發展」成為現代產業界的發展方向，而生態產業園區即為實踐永續發展的有效途徑。在永續發展的潮流之下，世界企業永續發展委員會提出一種用來衡量經濟價值及環境影響之間關係的工具--「生態效率」，從此如何評估生態產業園區的生態效率成為近年研究的重點之一。而隨著台灣推行生態產業園區之相關政策已逾十年，產業園區之永續性亦備受關注。 然根據文獻回顧，生態效率應結合其他工具使其更有效地衡量永續性。故本研究分為兩個階段，在第一階段中，本研究建立一個以資源消耗與環境衝擊為投入項，經濟發展為產出項的DEA模型來評估台灣60個產業園區之生態效率。第二階段則為探討產業園區與城鄉環境之關聯提出五個假說，更進一步萃取出重要代表因素與園區生態效率值進行Tobit迴歸分析。 研究結果顯示，僅有15個產業園區相對具有生態效率，大部分的產業園區需要降低用電量投入來提升生態效率。本研究另提供投入項目的調整建議，以供政府未來決策之參考。此外，在第二階段分析中，發現高度城鄉支援的產業園區具有較高的生態效率，是以產業園區及地方政府應共同致力於城鄉環境的永續發展。最後，Tobit迴歸分析結果表示我國產業園區可透過創新計畫、外資引入及能資源整合來提升生態效率。 / The industrial development not only brings economic benefits, but also consumes a lot of resources and produce environmental impacts. It is the reason that the concept of “Sustainable development” has become the main idea that the industry try to observe. And the development of eco-industrial parks(EIPs) is the effective way to achieve the sustainable development. Under the mainstream, the World Business Councils on Sustainable Development (WBCSD) proposed “Eco-efficiency” which is a tool for quantifying the relationship between economic value creation and environmental impacts. Therefore, how to evaluate the Eco-efficiency of EIPs has become one of the most important topic in the research recently. In Taiwan, the policy of the eco-industrial park has implemented for more than 10 years. Likewise, the sustainability of industrial parks is worthy of our concern. However, according to the literature review, it must be coupled with other tools to make eco-efficiency become a useful tool for sustainable development. Therefore, this research divided into two stages. At the first stage, this research constructs the DEA model of output for economical benefit and input for combining resource and environment to evaluate 60 industrial park’s eco-efficiency in Taiwan. At the second stage, in order to realize the relation between the eco-efficiency of industrial park and the environment of town and country, this research raises five hypotheses. Furthermore, this research extracts important representative factors through the Principal Component Analysis(PCA), and the eco-efficiency value of industrial parks for Tobit regression analysis. According to the research results, only 15 industrial parks are efficiency. Most of parks have to reduce electricity in order to improve the eco-efficiency. And this research also provides quantitative suggestions on input items, which could be the information for decision-making in the future. Otherwise, at the second stage, it has been discovered the industrial parks under the high support of town-and-country have better eco-efficiency. Thus, environmental sustainability must be the common goal of industrial parks and local governments. Finally, according to the results from Tobit regression analysis, the result showed that it is possible to improve eco-efficiency by innovative program, foreign capital and energy resource integration.

自2008年以來，兩岸實質交流與政府政策的開放下，金融產業在多年的紅海競爭下，出現新契機。尤以2010年兩岸經濟合作架構協議（ECFA）的簽署，將金融服務業列為早收清單，使臺灣銀行業者能縮短等待期提早進入中國大陸市場開展業務。 本文以臺灣31家本國銀行（不含專業銀行及外資銀行）為研究對象，自2007至2013年為研究期間，以中介法選擇「利息支出」、「營業費用」、「存款」等3項投入變數；「利息收入」、「非利息收入」、「放款及貼現」、「投資」等4項產出變數。運用資料包絡分析法（DEA）及Tobit迴歸模型，由全體銀行、金控子銀行與非金控銀行的角度，探討兩岸簽訂ECFA對其經營績效的影響。 實證結果發現：1.銀行經營績效深受外在金融環境及規模大小影響。2.全體樣本銀行於簽訂ECFA後之平均效率不如簽訂ECFA前，惟部分銀行效率值提高。3.簽訂ECFA前非金控銀行純技術效率優於金控子銀行；簽訂ECFA後金控子銀行整體效率、純技術效率及規模效率皆優於非金控銀行。4.簽訂ECFA前後公股銀行之整體效率、純技術效率及規模效率皆優於民營銀行。 / The financial industries led to a red ocean market due to high and intensive competition many years ago. However, the relaxation of government policy of substantial cross-strait economic interactions has brought the turning point since 2008. Especially, the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) between Taiwan and China was signed in 2010 and the financial service industry is covered under the Early Harvest list which can make Taiwanese bank sectors shorten the time and enter the Mainland China market early. This study is to research 31 domestic banks (exclude professional bank and foreign banks) and choose interest expense, operation expense and deposit as the three input variables and interest revenue, non-interest revenue, loan and discount and investment as output variables from 2007 to 2013. With the use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Tobit regression mode, it explores the effect of operating performance for the banks, the financial holding banks and the Independent Banks under the ECFA. Finding: After the signing of the ECFA，the sample banks' efficiency is not as good as before the signing, but some banks to improve the efficiency. Before the signing ECFA, the pure technical efficiency of non-bank financial holding is superior than financial holding banks ; however, efficiency of financial holding banks ,including technical efficiency pure technical efficiency scale efficiency,is superior than non-financial holding banks. Overall, the performance of public financial holding banks is superior than the private banks. However, the performance of banks is impact by financial environment and the size.

中國自改革開放以來，財政體系歷經了幾次重大的變革，其中財政分權為一個重要的階段，並且也被認為是促進中國經濟快速發展的關鍵因素之一。但中央將權力下放給地方，是否對地方政府效率造成正面的效益，許多文獻對此議題有著兩面的看法。因此，本文的研究目的主要探討中國財政分權對地方政府效率的影響。 首先，本研究採用DEA衡量中國31個省市的地方政府效率，並以財政收入的自主性衡量財政分權程度。接著，利用中國的省級追蹤資料（panel data），以及Tobit迴歸模型來進行實證分析。其實證結果指出，財政地方分權和地方政府效率之間存在非線性的關係，意即存在一個財政分權的臨界值。而其他解釋變數方面，各省市人口密度和人均實質GDP對地方政府效率為顯著且正面的影響。此外，時間趨勢變數對地方政府效率存在著顯著且負向的效果。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of fiscal decentralization on the efficiency of local governments in China. Fisrst, this study uses the data envelopment analysis to weigh the efficiency of local governments in China, and takes revenue-autonomy to the variable of finance decentralization. Then, by using the panel data in 31 regions during the period of 1996-2008, this study adopts the Tobit model to analyze whether or not the fiscal decentralization provides a non-linear effect on the local government’s efficiency. The empirical result explain why past papers have inconstant conclusions to this problem and provides some important policy implications.

[pt] O setor de saneamento desempenha um papel fundamental à vida humana. A gestão eficiente dos recursos hídricos é de grande relevância à sociedade devido à sua importância econômica e produtiva para o desenvolvimento de outros bens e serviços. O presente estudo apresenta uma análise de benchmarking com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos custos operacionais das empresas de saneamento do Brasil. Este abordou 3 metodologias de benchmarking, sendo elas a Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários Corrigidos (MQOC) e Análise de Indicadores de Desempenho. Inicialmente foi estimada uma eficiência média a partir do DEA e MQOC, em seguida foi realizado o ajuste desta eficiência através de variáveis não gerenciáveis pelas empresas, por meio da regressão TOBIT. Por fim, foi feita uma análise complementar através de 15 indicadores de desempenho que abarcavam características de custos médios, produtividade e perdas de água no setor de saneamento. Os dados utilizados para este estudo foram disponibilizados pelo Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS). Para a estimação da eficiência foi considerado como variável de insumo o custo operacional das empresas (OPEX) Para produto, as variáveis de quantidade de ligações ativas e volume faturado de água e esgoto. Observou-se que o impacto das variáveis não gerenciáveis beneficiou o desempenho das empresas, mas não gerou mudanças significativas quanto à posição no ranking de eficiência. O resultado da eficiência média estimada pelas metodologias DEA e MQOC indicou a SANEPAR como benchmark relativamente aos seus custos operacionais, bem como a análise de indicadores de desempenho, para o ano de 2012. / [en] The sanitation sector plays a key role in human life. Efficient management of water resources is completely revelant to society because of their economic and productive importance for the development of other goods and services. This study presents a benchmarking analysis in order to evaluate the efficiency of the operating costs of sanitation companies in Brazil. Three benchmarking methodologies were used, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Corrected Ordinary Least Square (COLS) and Performance Indicators Analysis. Initially an average efficiency was estimated from the DEA and COLS. Later, through TOBIT regression, an adjustment of this efficiency was made through this uncontrollable variables by companies. Finally, an additional analysis was performed using 15 performance indicators that spanned average cost characteristics, productivity and water losses in the sanitation sector. The data used for this study were provided by the Brazilian Sanitation Information System (SNIS). To estimate the efficiency was considered as an input variable operating costs of companies (OPEX).Regards to product, the amount of variable active links and volume of billed water and sewage were considered. It was observed the impact of uncontrollable variables benefited performance of the companies, but did not cause significant changes on the position in the ranking of efficiency. The result of the average efficiency estimated by the DEA and COLS methodologies indicated SANEPAR as a benchmark due to its operating costs, as well as the performance indicator analysis for the year 2012.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-02T15:17:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mário Fernando de Sousa - 2016.pdf: 645506 bytes, checksum: d6fd190570fce6feeb390cfeaf50032f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-02T15:18:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mário Fernando de Sousa - 2016.pdf: 645506 bytes, checksum: d6fd190570fce6feeb390cfeaf50032f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T15:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mário Fernando de Sousa - 2016.pdf: 645506 bytes, checksum: d6fd190570fce6feeb390cfeaf50032f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to fill a gap in the literature on modeling asymmetric and censored data. The main objective is to provide a contribution by developing two models, which will be presented in two papers, respectively. In the first paper, we develop the tobit-Birnbaum-Saunders model, a variation of the standard tobit model. We discuss estimation based on the maximum likelihood method, residuals, diagnostic techniques and an empirical application. In the second paper, we propose the use of a mixture between the Birnbaum-Saunders and Bernoulli distributions. The objective is to generalize the tobit-Birnbaum-Saunders model in order to consider the possibility of partial observations below a cutoff point. For the mixture model, we carry out a Monte Carlo simulation study and an empirical application. The results show that, in both cases, the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution provides the best results. / Este trabalho visa preencher uma lacuna existente na literatura pertinente à modelagem de dados assimétricos e censurados. O objetivo principal é oferecer uma contribuição via o desenvolvimento de dois modelos, os quais serão apresentados em dois artigos. No primeiro artigo é proposto o modelo tobit-Birnbaum-Saunders, ou seja, uma variação do modelo tobit clássico, com estimação baseada no método de máxima verossimilhança, resíduos, técnicas de diagnóstico e uma aplicação a dados reais. No segundo artigo é abordada a utilização de um modelo de mistura entre as distribuições Birnbaum-Saunders e Bernoulli, de modo a generalizar o modelo tobit-Birnbaum-Saunders e considerar a possibilidade de observações parciais abaixo do ponto de corte. Para o modelo de mistura são realizadas simulações de Monte Carlo e uma aplicação a dados reais. Os resultados mostram que, em ambos os casos, a distribuição Birnbaum-Saunders oferece os melhores resultados.

In this thesis, I conducted an analysis of the consumption patterns associated with demographic and socio-economic characteristics, using Tobit and double-hurdle models. Data were collected for 11,574 households from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics for the year of 2014. Specific determinants included household size, age, income, gender, education, race, region, marital status, and whether the household lived in a coastal state. The results reveal that seafood expenditures are sequential decisions. Asian racial groups, households headed by married couples, a large number of members in households, higher income households, and households residing in the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts were variables that significantly impacted seafood expenditures.

由於國際旅客來台人次成長緩慢，而台灣國際觀光旅館之家數卻不斷上升，市場競爭日益激烈，使得其整體獲利率逐年下降，國際觀光旅館業者為求能夠永續經營，提升其經營效率乃當務之急。因此，台灣個別國際觀光旅館經營效率如何評估？影響國際觀光旅館經營效率差異的因素到底有哪些？值得進一步探究。本文以2001年55家台灣國際觀光旅館的普查資料，首先利用資料包絡分析法評估個別國際觀光旅館之技術效率；然後，以Tobit截斷迴歸模型探討可能造成國際觀光旅館技術效率差異之因素。技術效率評估結果顯示：（一）台灣整體國際觀光旅館的規模效率平均值趨近於1，顯示台灣國際觀光旅館的技術無效率主要來自於資源浪費，且在投入資源運用上仍存在相當大的改善空間；（二）絕大多數國際觀光旅館之生產規模處於固定規模報酬階段，而不具規模效率之國際觀光旅館的生產規模均處於遞減規模報酬階段。迴歸實證結果顯示：（一）業務集中度與市場集中度對技術效率具負向關係；（二）旅客類型集中度對技術效率具正向關係；（三）加入國際觀光旅館連鎖集團有助於國際觀光旅館技術效率的提升；（四）位於風景區之國際觀光旅館的技術效率較高；（五）新進者之技術效率低於既有國際觀光旅館的。

近年來台灣會計師事務所產業概況演變，在需求未明顯成長的情況下，且會計師事務所整體獲利率逐年下降及個別會計師事務所經營效率差異相當顯著。這些演變進一步突顯：在需求成長減緩情況下，市場競爭程度會日益激烈，且隨著會計師事務所本身經營策略與規模之變動及市場供需之改變，會計師事務所在不同時期之經營技術效率可能有所改變。於是，會計師事務所為求永續經營與成長，惟有追求經營效率不斷地改善及提升經營效率，本文以2002年762家台灣會計師事務所的普查資料，首先利用資料包絡分析法評估個別會計師事務所之技術效率；然後，以Tobit截斷迴歸模型探討可能造成會計師事務所技術效率差異之因素。技術效率評估結果顯示：（一）台灣會計師事務所在目前的產出水準下，仍可減少19.8%的投入使用量；（二）相對無效率者之平均技術效率值為0.719，隱含在既定產出水準下，相對無效率者較相對有效率者多用28.1%的投入。迴歸實證結果顯示：（一）事務所的規模與技術效率間具有正向關係；（二）事務所成立時間對技術效率產生正向的影響；（三）業務集中度與技術效率兩者間存在正向關係；（四）執業會計師佔總員工人數比率對會計師事務所之技術效率影響方向為正的；（五）聯合組織形態之會計師事務所擁有較高之技術效率。

我國於1991年開放新銀行成立，新舊銀行基於規模經濟之考量，紛紛拓展營業據點，使銀行分支機構家數快速增加，惟主要產品同質性高且容易複製，無法以差異化吸引客戶，價格遂成為主要競爭工具，致資產品質下降，經營績效不佳；此外，部分銀行之公司治理發生問題，甚至發生掏空情形，於是，近年來經營不善之問題銀行陸續出現，由於問題與非問題銀行之經營績效存在顯著差異，問題銀行之存在提高整體金融市場系統性風險，因此，瞭解問題與非問題銀行效率之差異為何？及影響其經營績效之因素有那些？值得進一步探究。本文依據2000~2006年42家本國銀行269個樣本資料，第一階段利用資料包絡分析法評估問題與非問題銀行之技術效率值，第二階段利用Tobit迴歸模型探討可能導致問題與非問題銀行經營效率差異之因素。技術效率評估結果顯示：(一)非問題銀行之技術效率、純粹技術效率相對優於問題銀行。(二)非問題銀行受純粹技術無效率之影響較大；問題銀行則受規模無效率之影響較大，且大部分處於遞增規模階段。(三)已被接管且遭拍賣之問題銀行在越接近接管之前，技術效率值逐年降低，在被接管年度效率值降至最低；曾遭監管且已解除監管而目前仍正常經營之銀行，各年度之技術效率較非問題銀行為差。迴歸實證結果顯示：(一)資本適足率、放款收益率、資產總額對問題與非問題銀行之技術效率皆具正向影響關係。(二)關係人授信比例對問題與非問題銀行之技術效率皆具負向影響關係。(三)非問題銀行之淨值報酬率與技術效率間具正向影響關係。(四)非問題銀行中以官股銀行技術效率表現較佳。(五)存放款利差、轉投資占淨值比例對問題銀行之技術效率具負向影響關係。