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11	Vulnerabilidade das comunidades pesqueiras de São Tomé e Príncipe face às mudanças climáticas Fernandes, Ilunilson dos Santos Paquete 10 August 2012 (has links) Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4634.pdf: 18168267 bytes, checksum: 2cff51bae9b2ad46dc2da71b097e0e9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-10 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / With the release of the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007, the certainty that critical events related to climate change directly and indirectly affect human activities has emerged. The report confirmed that the least developed countries (LDCs), particularly those located in Africa, are the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. These vulnerabilities result from multiple factors that influence the manner in which people adapt to local biophysical and social impacts of climate variability. Therefore, this research aims to generally develop, describe and analyze, through qualitative procedures of sociological research, social representations that the traditional fishing communities on the island of Sao Tome and Principe, Africa have over critical events, which in design, refer to climate change and how such representations affect their organization and spatial distribution practices. To achieve the objective of this research, we adopted methodological procedures of qualitative basis such as: state of art review, and preliminary documentary to field research, the latter being accomplished through the use of focus group technique and interviews. The research problem is linked to some peculiarities of African context where the island goes through many socioenvironmental hardships and limitations, which demonstrate the relevance of this undertaken research. / A certeza que os eventos críticos relacionados às mudanças climáticas afetam direta e indiretamente as atividades humanas surgiu, principalmente, com a divulgação do relatório do Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) de 2007. O referido relatório confirmou que os países menos avançados (PMAs), particularmente, os situados no continente africano, são considerados os mais vulneráveis aos efeitos das mudanças climáticas. Tais vulnerabilidades são decorrentes dos múltiplos fatores que condicionam os meios de subsistência local a se adaptarem aos impactos biofísicos e sociais ocasionados pela variabilidade do clima. Diante deste cenário, a pesquisa que desenvolvemos tem como objetivo geral descrever e analisar, por meio de procedimentos qualitativos de pesquisa sociológica, as representações sociais que as comunidades tradicionais pesqueiras da ilha de São Tomé têm sobre os eventos críticos que, na sua concepção, se referem às mudanças do clima e como tais representações afetam a sua organização e as suas práticas territorializadas. Para cumprir o objetivo da pesquisa, centralmente de cunho exploratório, adotamos os procedimentos metodológicos de base qualitativa como: a revisão do estado de arte e a pesquisa documental preliminar a fim de pesquisa de campo, sendo essa última realizada através do uso da técnica de grupo focal e entrevistas. A problemática da pesquisa está vinculada a algumas particularidades do contexto africano insular o qual passa por várias adversidades e limitação no plano socioambiental, entre outras, o que expressa a relevância da pesquisa ora empreendida. Sociologia Mudanças climáticas Povos tradicionais Pesca artesanal São Tomé e Príncipe África Climate change Traditional people Fishing Africa Sao Tome and Principe CIENCIAS HUMANAS::SOCIOLOGIA
12	A detector for charged particle identification in the forward region of SuperB / Un détecteur pour l’identification des particules chargées dans la région avant de SuperB Burmistrov, Leonid 09 December 2011 (has links) Dans cette thèse nous présentons la conception, l'étude des performances et les premiers tests, effectues au Cosmic Muon Telescope situe au SLAC, d'un nouveau détecteur d'identification des particules émises dans la région ''avant'' du détecteur SuperB.Ce détecteur est base une technique de temps de vol (TOF). Pour identifier les particules avec une impulsion jusqu'à 3GeV/c et une distance de vol de l'ordre de deux mètres nous avons besoin d'un détecteur TOF capable de mesurer le temps avec une précision typique de 30 ps. Pour atteindre cet objectif nous avons conçu un composant pour lequel le passage d'une particule chargée produit de la lumière Cherenkov dans un ''fused silica'' (quartz) radiator qui est ensuite détectée par des photodétecteurs tres rapides et une électronique rapide dédiée. Nous l'appelons détecteur DIRC-like TOF.Les photodétecteurs HAMAMATSU SL-10 MCP-PMT ont été caractérises sur faisceau de test au LAL et la résolution en temps d'environ 37 ps a été mesurée. La nouvelle électronique 16-canaux USB WaveCatcher développée au LAL(CNRS/IN2P3) et CEA/IRFU montre un jitter de moins de 10 ps. La géometrie du détecteur a quartz a été étudiée avec une attention particulière a l'aide d'une simulation Geant4. Celle-ci montre que la meilleure géométrie permet d'atteindre une résolution en temps d'environ 90 ps par photoélectron avec au moins 10 photoélectrons détectés, donnant en moyenne la résolution totale désirée de 30 ps.Nous avons construit un prototype d'un tel composant, utilisant les barres de quartz utilisées pour l'expérience Babar et nous l'avons installe dans le Cosmic Ray Telescope au SLAC. Une résolution en temps d'environ 70~ps par photoélectron a été obtenue, en accord avec la simulation.Cette preuve de principe a convaincu la Collaboration SuperB d'adopter un tel composant comme solution de base pour l'identification des particules émises vers l'avant dans SuperB. Le point délicat, encore ouvert, est celui de la résistance de ce détecteur aux bruits de fond de la machine.Dans cette thèse nous présentons aussi les études préliminaires de différents types de bruit de fond et leur effet sur les performances du détecteur DIRC-like TOF. Le processus Bhabha radiatif est de loin la source dominante de bruit de fond. Le taux de photoélectrons de bruit de fond principalement du aux gammas d'énergie d'environ 1.4 MeV est estimée a ~480 kHz/cm^2 ce qui correspond a 2 C/cm^2 de charge d'anode integrée sur 5 ans. Le flux de neutrons traversant l'électronique de front end du détecteur DIRC-like TOF est estimée a ~10^11/cm^2/year. Ces résultats préliminaires sont rassurants. / In this thesis, we present the conception, the performances studies and the first tests in the Cosmic Muon Telescope situated at SLAC of a new detector for the particle identification in the forward region of the SuperB detector.This detector is based on time-of-flight (TOF) technique. To identify the particles with momentum up to 3 GeV/c and flight base around two meters we need a TOF detector able to measure the time with a precision of about 30 ps. To achieve this goal we have conceived a device producing Cherenkov light in a fused silica (quartz) radiator, by a charged particle, which then detected with very fast photodetectors and dedicated ultrafast electronics. We call it, the DIRC-like TOF detector.For what concern the photodetectors, the HAMAMATSU SL-10 MCP-PMT has been characterized at LAL test bunch and the time resolution of about 37 ps has been measured. The new 16-channel USB WaveCatcher electronics developed by LAL (CNRS/IN2P3) and CEA/IRFU has shown to have a jitter of less than 10 ps. The geometry of the quartz detector has been then carefully studied with Geant4 simulation. Which shows that the best detector geometry allow to reach the time resolution of about 90 ps per photoelectron with at least 10 photoelectrons detected, giving in average the desired 30 ps total time resolution.We have constructed a prototype of such device, using the quartz bars available from the Babar experiment, and we have installed it, in the SLAC Cosmic Ray Telescope. A time resolution of about 70 ps per photoelectron was obtained, in agreement with simulation.This proof-of-principle has convinced the SuperB Collaboration to adopt such a device as the baseline for the SuperB particle identification detector in the forward region. The delicate point which is still opened is the resistance of this detector to the machine background.In this thesis we also present preliminary studies of different types of background and their effect on the performances of the DIRC-like TOF detector. Radiative Bhabha process is by far the dominant source of background. The rate of the background photoelectrons caused mainly by the gammas with energy around 1.4 MeV is estimated to be ~480 kHz/cm^2 which corresponds to 2 C/cm^2 of integrated anode charge in 5 years. The neutron flux thought the DIRC-like TOF front end electronics is ~10^11/cm^2/year. These preliminary results are reassuring. Čerenkov, Détecteurs de Identification des particules DIRC-like TOF DIRC Tome of flight Cherenkov detectors TOP TORCH Wave digitizing electronics USB-wavecatcher Particle identification PID Fast photon detectors Radiative BhaBha Luminosity backgrounds B-physics Geant4 simulation
13	Trade follows Hallstein? Gülstorff, Torben 04 November 2016 (has links) Die deutsche Außenpolitik zur Zeit des Kalten Krieges stellt in historischer wie politikwissenschaftlicher Hinsicht einen Gegenstand dar, der mit gutem Gewissen als wissenschaftlich erschlossen bezeichnet werden kann. Zahlreiche Aufsätze, Artikel und Bücher sind in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten erschienen, welche die deutsche Außenpolitik in Europa, Afrika, Asien, Ozeanien, Amerika, oder auch gleich der Welt als Ganzem, in den Blick genommen haben. Dies gilt sowohl für die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als auch für diejenige der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Früh – wenn nicht sogar von Beginn an – kam hierbei eine zentrale These, eine Kernthese, zum Vorschein, die, ohne auf Widerstand zu stoßen, Eingang in den historischen und politikwissenschaftlichen Forschungskanon fand und ihn bereits nach kurzer Zeit zu dominieren begann. Die Rede ist von der die deutschen Auslandsaktivitäten angeblich bestimmenden Hallstein-Doktrin und dem mit ihr in engem Zusammenhang stehenden deutsch-deutschen Gegensatz. In dieser Arbeit wird dieser Kernthese, diesem ''Mythos'' der deutschen Außenpolitik, vehement widersprochen. Weder die Hallstein-Doktrin, noch der deutsch-deutsche Gegensatz, sondern nationale ökonomische und internationale geostrategische Interessen haben die deutsche Außenpolitik – und darüber hinaus auch die gesamten deutschen Auslandsaktivitäten, der BRD wie der DDR – maßgeblich bestimmt. Zur Stützung dieser Gegenthese werden in der vorliegenden Studie die staatlichen, wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Aktivitäten West- und Ostdeutschlands in neun zentralafrikanischen Staaten zwischen 1945 und 1975 kritisch dargelegt, umfassend analysiert und im Hinblick auf mehrere zentrale Thesen zu den deutschen Auslandsaktivitäten ausgewertet. / For decades articles and books have been published on the history of German foreign policy during Cold War. Regardless of whether Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, America or the world as a whole, the foreign affairs of the Western Federal Republic of Germany and the Eastern German Democratic Republic have been researched and analysed in context of a broad variety of locations. However, even though the list of publications continues to grow, the topic''s theses–especially its main thesis–do not show much progress. Already at an early stage, a central thesis–a core thesis–came to light, met no resistance and entered history''s and political science''s research canons on German foreign policy. This thesis reads: Inner German issues and the non-solved German question were so powerful, they dominated West and East German foreign affairs nearly right from the start. German foreign policy, that was the so-called Hallstein doctrine, that was the so-called German-German contradiction. And all studies–whether of history or political science, whether designed as a case study or as a global approach–confirm this thesis, use it as an integral part of their work–until today. But be that as it may. This study contradicts this thesis, this ''myth'' of German foreign policy. Instead it argues that neither the Hallstein doctrine nor the German-German contradiction, but national economic and international geostrategic interests dominated German foreign policy and German foreign activities–regarding the FRG, the GDR, and Germany as a whole. To proof this thesis, West and East German activities–of the two states, their economies and their societies–in nine Central African states between 1945 and 1975 are observed and analysed. More than a million file pages out of more than a dozen German archives were read to tackle this task–and shed some refreshing new light on the foreign policies of the two German states during Cold War. Wirtschaft Öffentlichkeit Medien Öffentlichkeitsarbeit DDR Gewerkschaften BRD Außenpolitik Afrika Kirchen Angola Kalter Krieg Tschad Handel Kamerun Entwicklungshilfe Wirtschaftshilfe Kulturhilfe Militärhilfe verdeckte Operationen Finanzen Parteien Zentralafrikanische Republik Äquatorialguinea Gabun Republik Kongo Demokratische Republik Kongo Sao Tome und Principe Scramble for Africa Kongo-Krise Angola-Krise Angola-Krieg public trade GDR trade unions Africa churches media Cold War Chad finance Cameroon foreign policy development aid economic aid cultural aid public relations military aid covert operations economy parties FRG Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea Gabon Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Angola Sao Tome and Principe Scramble for Africa Congo Crisis Angola Crisis Angola War 943 Geschichte Deutschlands ddc:943

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