Pakistan is a home of approximately 160 million people and most of the population is earning lessthan US$ 1 per day. Pakistan just like any other beautiful European country is a big market fortourism because it offers not only beauty of nature but also variety and diversity in cultures.Infacttourism is the most profitable and entrepreneurial business, especially for people living in the mountain areas as it creates new job opportunities and reduces the unemployment level for them. But unfortunately, tourists’ visit to Pakistan is decreasing tremendously with ups and downs each year.   Therefore, the purpose of my thesis is to search for the positive and negative factors affecting the tourism industry in Pakistan, to compare the performance of our tourism industry to some potential neighbouring countries to see where Pakistan stands and lacks in terms of competitiveness, to find the role of government towards the improvment of this industry and to suggest some possible strategies for the improvement of this industry.   The primary data was collected by conducting interviews and survey questionnaires inside and outside the country from domestic and international tourists in 2007 and 2008. My son and close relatives in Belgium, Sweden and UK helped me in getting the questionnaire filled by foreigners to study their views about Pakistan as tourist place. The secondary data was collected through my personal visit to PTDC and Ministry of Tourism.   The estimated results revile that the poor accessibility, under development, fragility, marginality and the continuous social / political problems of the country are the factors that have redcued the tourist visit ratio to Pakistan. Secondly, the Governmnet of Pakistan has also failed to implement policies and strategies that could have proved a stimulator for the tourism industry.   The conclusion drawn from the collected data is that the tourism industry of Pakistan has a lot of ups and downs in alternate years i.e. from 1995 till 2008 showing the worst year of tourism in 2008.The reasons for this fall lie in the political and social problems of the country and lack of active participation of tourism authorities. Domestic and international tourists love the nature, culture and food of Pakistan and 80% of them want to travel around pakistan but unfortunately the insurgency and lack of facilities have resulted in the falling rate of their travel.   My suggestions for the progress of this industry are that the Governments should show seriousness towards the tourism industry and take necessary steps like improving the tourism infrastructure, controll the insergency in the country as soon as possible, build strong relationships with outside world, portray the positive image of Pakistan via media etc so that the rank and standard of Pakistans tourism industry can improve globally.   Research limitations that I faced during data collection includes the limited information sharing by the PTDC and Ministry of Tourism as their data is not up dated properly. Secondly there is a lot of difficulty in finding local and international potential tourists due to the political and social disturbance in the country and also the shy and introvert behaviour of the people especially women. Therefore, I also made use of the idea of conducting survey outside the country.   The important aspect or value of this research is that it has brought in to consideration almost all the important factors that are effecting the tourism industry according to the view of potential tourists and at the end provide some suggestions that can improve the current deterioating condition of this industry.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utvidga kunskapen om generella resmotiv hos äldre turister på besök i Stockholm. Detta för att bidra med kunskap som kan förbättra produkterna för och marknadsföringen mot denna målgrupp. Äldre turister är en intressant grupp att undersöka då de ofta behandlas utifrån stereotypa uppfattningar och antaganden om likhet. Gruppen är dock på inget sätt homogen. För att förstå gruppen bättre är det nödvändigt att använda sig av undersegment. Undersökningen intresserar sig för om det är fruktbart att göra undersegmenteringar med hjälp av variablerna resvana och livssituation. Variablerna baseras på Pearces teori och modell travel career patterns approach. Från denna modell hämtar undersökningen också de behovsfaktorer som i olika utsträckning är avgörande för varför människor reser. Empirin samlades in genom enkäter och bearbetades i SPSS. Genom att jämföra de förväntade resultaten som teorin pekar på med resultatet från enkäterna vi samlade in kan vi konstatera att modellen inte har varit fruktbar för att indela gruppen äldre turister i undersegment. Vi menar därför att teorin inte går att tillämpa när vi befinner oss inom en och samma livsfasgrupp. Undersökningen resulterade även i en rangordning av de behovsfaktorer/resmotiv som de äldre turisterna i studien ansåg viktigast. De högst rankade behovsfaktorerna var omväxling, relation/säkerhet, nostalgi, natur, samt självutveckling kopplad till destinationen.

The aim of the thesis is to analyse the preconditions for increasedsalmon angling in the remaining wild salmon rivers in Upper Norrland in northernSweden, as well as to evaluate the present and possible future impacts on the localeconomy. It includes the identification of the internal and external conditions, in what ishere called the Salmon Utilisation Landscape, that influence the present use as well asfuture development of the Baltic salmon as a resource in angling. The empirical materialsderive from two mail surveys, 1) a survey of anglers in the River Byske and 2) a jointNordic survey on the economic value of recreational fishing.Interest in recreational fishing is widespread in Sweden. About 35 % of adultSwedes fish for recreation. Recreational fishery and angling can be seen as one expressionof the urbanised society's need for contact with nature and outdoor recreation. Salmonangling is one part of recreational fishery. Salmon are considered by many to be the 'biggame' of angling. Salmon anglers are often the most devoted kind of anglers, investingconsiderable resources into this leisure activity. The subgroup of Swedish salmon anglingspecialists is estimated at 10-30,000 persons. The wider category of Active River anglersconsists of approximately 170,000 persons.Salmon fishing in the River Byske has turned out to be representative of salmonangling in Upper Norrland, comparable with other high-class Scandinavian salmon rivers.The growing proportion of remote anglers in the 1990s indicates that the Byske hasbecome a rather specialised angling water. The groups of Fishing tourists and Home fishersmake up two distinctive categories. Fishing tourists fish more intensively, have higher dailyexpenditures and show higher consumer surplus. They fish the river almost entirely forsalmon in. On the other hand, Home fishers to a large extent claim the right to fish fordecent prices and without any particular restrictions. During the 1990s, the average annualincome to the local economy of Byske river valley derived from salmon angling fishingtourism was about 850,000 SEK.Many river habitats have been depleted during the 20th century and many salmonstocks were exterminated by severe degeneration factors linked to industrialisation. To thisis added the over-fishing on wild stocks of salmon and the mortality syndrome, M74. Theavailable estimates of the potential production of wild salmon smolt in Upper Norrlandaggregates close to 1.2 million. This can be converted to an angling activity of some250,000 fishing days.On the basis of the prevailing cost level, the potential angling activity in UpperNorrland would amount to a direct annual turnover of 75 million SEK, however theimpact caused by fishing tourism is likely to remain within the interval of 10 - 30 millionSEK. The Active River anglers' average willingness to pay for annual access to a salmon andsea trout scenario was 1,100 SEK per capita. There is a widespread attitude among manyanglers that fishing should be accessible for all and prices should be kept low. In theNordic context such opinions are especially evident among Swedish anglers in general, butless frequent among devoted salmon anglers. / digitalisering@umu

Going from having bought the most essential at the small shops close to home, better communications and an increasingly consumption oriented lifestyle has created a change in shopping behavior and has led to phenomenon such as shopping centres and more. These are constantly being built in Sweden: in the cities, outside the cities and more recently even in small cities -small cities as for one reason or another have access to a larger customer base which can have businesses to flourish economically. During the first decade of the 21st century, shopping centres have been established along the Swedish/Norwegian border. Since the Norwegian Krone is much stronger than the Swedish Krona Norwegians save a great deal of money on going to Sweden to shop. During the shopping trips to Sweden, it is mostly alcohol, meat, tobacco and candy that are being bought. However, other products such as clothing, technology, household appliances and more are also being purchased, all to save money on the trip. Together these cross border shoppers spent 11, 6 billion in Sweden during the year of 2010. This gives an average spending of approximately 10 900 SEK per cross border shopper on annual basis. Nordby, Töcksfors and Charlottenberg (small cities located in southwestern Sweden) are places characterized by Norwegian cross border shopping. Together, they generate billions every year and this only seems to increase. These places are relatively small in size but have prominent attributes such as proximity to the Norwegian border. Apart from these resorts and shopping centres, there are few or none similar places near the Norwegian border in the rest of Sweden. However, a place which is geographically well located and has a relatively large Norwegian and Swedish customer base is the ski resort of Sälen in west central of Sweden. Sälen is a village located near the Norwegian border, although fairly sparsely populated. The destination has annually about one million official guest nights, based on the 414 000 visitors who stay an average of about 4, 5 days.  Per visit, these tourists individually spend an average of 862 SEK on shopping at the destination. The expenditure of the mountain tourists together with the Norwegian border shoppers makes it very interesting to explore the opportunities for shopping development in terms of a shopping centre in the region of Sälen.

This paper presents the designing process of Tourist Guiding app on iPhone. This app aims for assisting tourists to schedule their trip plan in detail. The designing process consisted of three phases: research, interface design, user evaluation. In order to focus on user-centered  research, two methods were carried out questionnaire survey, interview with participants. After the research was done, the results of research were analyzed and summarized so that the potential requirements were collected. Those requirements would decide the inclusive features of this app, such as navigation,plan a trip,search for transportation.  Meanwhile, the interfaces of this app were designed on the platform: Photoshop. Lastly, the paper prototype's evaluation was conducted with four participants. The valuable feedbacks was given and the improvements of the interfaces were done.

The reason to return is a phenomenon which tells us that many people want to travel back to a destination they visited before. Even if there are changes in the society with the New tourist who seeks for the authentic, this essay is proving that there still is a dominance of repeat tourism and search for belonging and safety. That implication shows evidence that there still are remaining from old tourism about security with the destination and so on. Further, investigation tells us about the returning tourists, their driving forces and push-factors that create a will for tourists to return. Is it a question of how loyal tourists are to the destination, attitudes and/or tradition when planning the trip? We have made a survey that covers why tourists travel and what impacts are created during their decisions. Also included are the questions about the will of return and the reasons why. Having children proved to be a crucial part of the decision making process, where parents chose destinations out of the children-oriented places. Returning to a destination, on the other hand, is a product of safety-seeking together with a positive experience and beautiful surroundings, all weaved up to raison d'être - just to be.

The Netherlands is South Africa's fifth most important market and therefore South Africa has to maintain this market potential. If South Africa can maintain a steady growth rate of between 3- 5% it would be a very sustainable growth rate for South Africa's economy. This leads to the main aim of the study, namely to develop a sustainable marketing strategy for Dutch tourists to South Africa. Only 0.64% of a Dutch population of 15 million visited South Africa in 2002 which is an indication that the market still has some growth potential. This study is important to gain a better understanding of the Dutch tourist market in order to develop an effective marketing strategy. In order to achieve the above-mentioned aim, 400 questionnaires were distributed randomly on different train routes in the Netherlands. The study indicated that: The main finding of the study is that South Africa should follow a Differentiated strategy to target the market segments. A differentiated marketing strategy is when a destination identifies more than one viable target market segment and prepares marketing mixes (product, price, place and promotion) for each segment. This study identified three different market segments for the purpose of maintaining the current market and to exploit a new market. The market was extended to market segment 1 and 2. Market segment 1: Young explorers- Age group 20-24 years (students) Market segment 2: Knowledge seekers- Age group 35-49 years (Non-profit workers) For maintaining the current market, segment 3 was identified Market segment 3: Ambitious travellers-Age group 25-34 years (Sales Personnel) 9 A sustainable marketing strategy is an ongoing strategy for the future and not one big campaign. It should consist of a series of actions or small marketing efforts that can maintain and extend the market for sustainability. 9 For sustainability always monitor the Dutch tourism demand (Dutch tourists' needs) and the supply (how many tourists South Africa can accommodate) on regular bases. A successful marketing strategy should indicate the direction in which all the marketing efforts are made, for instance to increase arrival figures and maintaining a sustainable growth rate of between 3-5% per year. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Turizmas – vienas prioritetinių sektorių, skatinančių socialinę, kultūrinę, ekonominę pažangą. Tai atviros šalies įvaizdis, paslaugų sferos plėtojimas, geresnis šalies infrastruktūros naudojimas, ryšių su kitais ekonomikos sektoriaus stiprėjimas, darbo efektyvumo didinimas, naujų darbo vietų kūrimas. Šiuo metu Lietuvoje sparčiai plečiasi turizmo sektorius, didėja turistines paslaugas teikiančių įmonių skaičius. Todėl kvalifikuotų šios rūšies specialistų poreikis taip pat didėja. Aštrėjanti konkurencija Lietuvos turizmo sektoriuje, skatina turizmo įmones vis didesnį dėmesį skirti turizmo rinkos vartotojų poreikių tenkinimui, siekti efektyvesnio turizmo produkto pardavimo. Kaip ir kitų paslaugų turizmo paslaugų kokybės pagrindiniu veiksniu tampa profesionalūs darbo ištekliai. Tačiau susiduriama su viena iš problemų – žmogiškųjų išteklių kvalifikacijos trūkumu. Siekiant efektyviau ruošti turizmo specialistus, Kauno miesto turistinėse įmonėse buvo atliktas tyrimas, kuriuo norėta išsiaiškinti, kokių žinių, kompetencijų, įgūdžių reikia turizmo srities darbuotojams. Gauti tyrimo rezultatai tik patvirtina, kad mokymo įstaigos, ruošdamos turizmo specialistus turi mokyti ne tik profesinės kvalifikacijos. Kartu su teoriniais specialybės dalykais, daugiau dėmesio būtina skirti kalbų mokymui, mokant bendravimo, reikia ugdyti rimtą požiūrį į darbą, motyvaciją, atsakingumą, pareigingumą, sąžiningumą, iniciatyvumą, nes būtent šios savybės nulemia darbuotojo tolimesnes karjeros galimybes... [to full text] / Tourism is one of the sectors of highest priority, stimulating social, cultural, and economic progress. It forms the image of an open country, expands public services, permits to better use the infrastructure of a country, strengthens relations with other sectors of economy, increases the labour effectiveness, and creates new working places. In today’s Lithuania, the tourism sector is expanding with a great velocity; the number of enterprises giving services for tourists is rapidly increasing. Therefore, the need for specialists with qualifications in this field is increasing as well. The competition in Lithuanian tourism sector is getting more and more strained every day, forcing, thus, tourist companies to pay greater attention to the fulfilment of tourism market users’ demands, to strive for the sell of tourist products in a more effective way. Just like in other fields of economy, the professional human resources show a tendency to play a key role in providing quality tourist services. Nevertheless, one problem still remains – the qualifications of human resources are not sufficient. In pursuance of the objective to prepare tourism experts, it has been carried out a survey of tourist companies working in Kaunas City. The purpose of this survey was to establish what kind of knowledge, competence, skills are necessary for the people working in the sphere of tourism. The results have demonstrated that schools, which prepare tourism specialists, have to transfer to their... [to full text]

Magistro darbe tiriama Žeimenos upės rekreacijos srautų poveikis pakrantės miškams bei turistų poreikiai ir apimtys. Darbo objektas – Žeimenos upės aukštupio 20 km miškingas ruožas, esantis Aukštaitijos nacionaliniame parke, Švenčionėlių rajone. Darbo metodika. Vandens turistų apskaita atlikta stebėjimo ir registravimo būdu. 2007-2009 metais birželio, liepos ir rugpjūčio mėnesiais kiekvieną šeštadienį 9-13 val. ties Kaltanėnais buvo skaičiuojama kiek praplaukia Žeimenos upe plaukimo priemonių ir kiek juose būna turistų. Norint gauti išsamesnę informaciją apie vandens turistus 2007 – 2009 m. buvo vykdoma anketinė apklausa, kuri apima 100 respondentų. Miškų tinkamumas rekreacijai vertintas visose tirto Žeimenos upės ruožo pakrantėms medynams. Šiuo tikslu iš taksoraščių, panaudojus medynų dendrometrinius rodiklius, pagal E. Riepšo metodiką balais vertintas augaviečių, medynų bei miško kompleksinių savybių tinkamumas rekreacijai. Medynų digresijos stadija vandens turistų sustojimų vietose buvo vertinta 49 sklypuose. Darbo rezultatai. Žeimenos upės ruožas aktyviai naudojamas vandens turizmui. Per vieną sezoną upe praplaukia 2750-4450 turistų. Plaukimas Žeimena yra patraukli savaitgalio (2-3 dienos) poilsio forma. Pagal augaviečių bei medynų rekreacinių savybių vertinimą, Žeimenos upė yra tinkama rekreacijai, nes tirtame 20 km ruože vyrauja (93,3%) vidutiniškai tenkanti rekreacijai pušynai, augantys normalaus drėgnumo augavietėje ir sausos bei smėlingos pakrantės. Pagal miško... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master's work examined Žeimenos river recreation flows impact on coastal forests and also tourism needs and volume. Object of the work – Žeimenos River 20 km upstream stretch of woodland, located in Aukštaitijos National Park, Švenčionėlių area. Method of the work – Accounting of water tourist was carry out by monitoring and registration method. 2007-2009 year in June, July and August, every Saturday from 9 to 13 hours. beside Kaltanėnai village was calculated on how many swimming tools and how much tourists swam by Žeimena river. To obtain more detailed information about water tourists 2007 - 2009 was carried out a questionnaire survey, wich covered 100 respondents. Forest suitability for recreation was assessed in all the investigated Žeimena river section coastal stands. To this end, dendrometric index was used from forest valuation of E. Riepšo method, with scoring was evaluated sites, stands, forest and water reservoir suitability for recreation. Stands digression stage water tourist stops were rated 49 sites. The results of the work. Žeimenos stretch of the river is actively used for water activities. Within one season, 2750-4450 river flies tourists. Swimming Žeimena is an attractive holiday weekend format. According to site index and stand recreational properties evaluation Žeimenos river is suitable for recreation, as studied in the 20 km section of predominantly (93,3%) an average share of pine forests for recreation, habitat, growing in normal humidity, dry and... [to full text]

The Netherlands is South Africa's fifth most important market and therefore South Africa has to maintain this market potential. If South Africa can maintain a steady growth rate of between 3- 5% it would be a very sustainable growth rate for South Africa's economy. This leads to the main aim of the study, namely to develop a sustainable marketing strategy for Dutch tourists to South Africa. Only 0.64% of a Dutch population of 15 million visited South Africa in 2002 which is an indication that the market still has some growth potential. This study is important to gain a better understanding of the Dutch tourist market in order to develop an effective marketing strategy. In order to achieve the above-mentioned aim, 400 questionnaires were distributed randomly on different train routes in the Netherlands. The study indicated that: The main finding of the study is that South Africa should follow a Differentiated strategy to target the market segments. A differentiated marketing strategy is when a destination identifies more than one viable target market segment and prepares marketing mixes (product, price, place and promotion) for each segment. This study identified three different market segments for the purpose of maintaining the current market and to exploit a new market. The market was extended to market segment 1 and 2. Market segment 1: Young explorers- Age group 20-24 years (students) Market segment 2: Knowledge seekers- Age group 35-49 years (Non-profit workers) For maintaining the current market, segment 3 was identified Market segment 3: Ambitious travellers-Age group 25-34 years (Sales Personnel) 9 A sustainable marketing strategy is an ongoing strategy for the future and not one big campaign. It should consist of a series of actions or small marketing efforts that can maintain and extend the market for sustainability. 9 For sustainability always monitor the Dutch tourism demand (Dutch tourists' needs) and the supply (how many tourists South Africa can accommodate) on regular bases. A successful marketing strategy should indicate the direction in which all the marketing efforts are made, for instance to increase arrival figures and maintaining a sustainable growth rate of between 3-5% per year. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.