En référence au développement croissant ces dernières décennies des témoignages écrits autour des expériences traumatiques comme le génocide arménien, la Shoah, le Cambodge, l‟Indochine, l‟Algérie, le Rwanda, l‟ex-Yougoslavie, les dictatures européennes, d‟Amérique latine, les Goulags, force est de constater que nombre de ces témoins expriment cependant l‟impossibilité de communiquer de telles réalités qui ont été invivables. Dès lors, comment comprendre que malgré cette « incapacité » d‟écrire l‟expérience telle qu‟elle a été vécue, des textes foisonnent à tel point que l‟on parle d‟un « nouveau genre littéraire » ? Or, s‟il est vrai que les témoignages se sont multipliés depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, nous verrons qu‟écrire l‟expérience traumatique existe depuis bien longtemps. L‟hypothèse centrale est la suivante : le témoignage de l‟expérience traumatique est une réappropriation d‟une histoire par/pour ceux qui l‟ont vécue. Le témoignage est une révélation aux autres, un acte d‟exhumation, une libération. Mais le problème ne s‟arrête pas là, les autres générations se verront elles aussi confrontées à la question d‟élucider leurs histoires, à témoigner. Une problématique fondamentale accompagne l‟ensemble de la recherche, celle de donner du sens au non-sens. / When looking at the increasing number of written testimonies about traumatic experiences in the past decades, such as the Armenian Genocide, the Holocaust, Cambodia, Indochina, Algeria, Rwanda, ex-Yugoslavia, and in European and Latin American dictatorships, the Gulags, we cannot but stress that most of these accounts express the virtual impossibility of communicating unbearable realities. Consequently, how is it that in spite of this apparent « inability » to write about one‟s experience, so many texts have been produced and that while these experiences are qualified as inexpressible and unspeakable, the emergence of a « new literary genre » has been identified? The central assumption is as follows: The testimony of the traumatic experiment is a reappropriation of a history for those which lived it, and makes it possible to emerge from this same history. But the question will also arise for those which did not live the experiment directly. Fundamental problems accompany the unit by research, that to give sense to the nonsense.

No abstract available / Dissertation (MA (Research in Practical Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

We investigated the effects of the Gulf War on two groups of Kuwaiti children and youth. Those children experiencing war-related traumatic events and those who did not experience or witness a war-related traumatic event participated. Data were obtained from the mother of each child. Each mother completed a structured Interview which Included Child Traumatic Reaction Index, developed according to the DSM-IV (1994) criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The data indicated a significant interaction effect observed by mothers according to the child's gender, experience of war traumatic events, and PTSD. The results are discussed In terms of the diagnostic criteria for PTSD, the necessity of early Identification, and the difficulty associated with the diagnosing PTSD in children.

O químico e escritor italiano Primo Levi (1919-1987), sobrevivente de Auschwitz, construiu um dos testemunhos mais importantes da segunda metade do século XX. Esta pesquisa tem como desígnio maior converter algumas questões que aparecem em duas de suas autobiografias mais impactantes sobre o campo de extermínio É isso um Homem? e Os Afogados e os Sobreviventes em problemas de caráter sociológico, na tentativa de contribuir na seara de investigações aberta pelos depoimentos desse intelectual ítalo-judeu. Gostaria de interpretar seu testemunho como fonte documental, em que seja possível apreender aspectos informativos de denúncia, rastros de dor, violência e morte que assinaram com sangue nossa era. Assim, em um primeiro momento, busco dar voz e espaço à memória de Levi e à sua narração sobre o cotidiano das agressões no Lager, a sociabilidade comum àquele ambiente infernal, os tipos humanos ali dispostos e a dificuldade de comunicação surgida em função da violência descomedida e do rebaixamento de alguns à condição de escravos. A partir disso, passo a tecer algumas reflexões sobre seu testemunho, explorando, principalmente, o chão aporético sobre o qual ele se desenvolveu: fragmentado, lacunar, impossível em sua inteireza, mas absolutamente necessário. Tentarei verificar, nessa medida, os limites na construção do testemunho da barbárie e as possibilidades encontradas por Primo Levi na representação e transmissão da experiência vivida. Afinal, qual o potencial do testemunho na geração de novos conhecimentos sobre esse evento traumático que foi Auschwitz? E em que medida a obra-testemunho de Levi pode ser tida como instrumento de transmissão de experiência e conhecimento sobre esse passado? Tais questões são importantes porque pensar o testemunho de Primo Levi a partir de um conjunto de elementos que encontra na noção de memória seu eixo decisivo faz do testemunho não apenas um objeto de análise histórica, mas, ainda, fonte privilegiada para refletir sobre violências em outros contextos. / The Italian writer and chemist Primo Levi (1919-1987), survivor of Auschwitz, created one of the most important testimonies of the second half of the twentieth century. In this research, my aim is to convert some of the questions that appear in two of his most striking autobiographies about the extermination camp Survival in Auschwitz and The Drowned and the Saved in problems of sociological character, attempting to contribute to the field of investigations opened by the testimonies of the Jewish-Italian intellectual. I wish to interpret his testimony as a documentary source, where it is possible to apprehend informative aspects of denunciation, traces of pain, violence and death things that have signed our era with blood. Thus, in the first moment, I seek to give voice and space to the memory of Levi and to his narration about the daily aggressions in the Lager, the usual sociability in that hellish place, the human types who were striving there, and the difficulty in communication emerged as a result of the immense violence and the relegation of some people to the slave condition. From this point, I get to make some reflections about his testimony, exploring mainly the aporetic groundings on which it developed: being fragmented, incomplete and impossible in its entirety, but absolutely necessary. In these terms, I will try to verify the limits to the construction of a testimony of the barbarism and the possibilities found by Primo Levi in the representation and transmission of his experience. After all, I question about the potential of the testimony to generate new knowledge about such a traumatic event as Auschwitz has been. I also question to which extent Primo Levi\'s testimonial work can be taken as a mechanism for transmitting the experience and knowledge about that past. These questions are important because to address Levis testimony parting from a set of elements that find in the notion of memory its decisive axis makes the testimony not only an object of historical analysis, but also a prime source to reflect on violence in other contexts.

O químico e escritor italiano Primo Levi (1919-1987), sobrevivente de Auschwitz, construiu um dos testemunhos mais importantes da segunda metade do século XX. Esta pesquisa tem como desígnio maior converter algumas questões que aparecem em duas de suas autobiografias mais impactantes sobre o campo de extermínio É isso um Homem? e Os Afogados e os Sobreviventes em problemas de caráter sociológico, na tentativa de contribuir na seara de investigações aberta pelos depoimentos desse intelectual ítalo-judeu. Gostaria de interpretar seu testemunho como fonte documental, em que seja possível apreender aspectos informativos de denúncia, rastros de dor, violência e morte que assinaram com sangue nossa era. Assim, em um primeiro momento, busco dar voz e espaço à memória de Levi e à sua narração sobre o cotidiano das agressões no Lager, a sociabilidade comum àquele ambiente infernal, os tipos humanos ali dispostos e a dificuldade de comunicação surgida em função da violência descomedida e do rebaixamento de alguns à condição de escravos. A partir disso, passo a tecer algumas reflexões sobre seu testemunho, explorando, principalmente, o chão aporético sobre o qual ele se desenvolveu: fragmentado, lacunar, impossível em sua inteireza, mas absolutamente necessário. Tentarei verificar, nessa medida, os limites na construção do testemunho da barbárie e as possibilidades encontradas por Primo Levi na representação e transmissão da experiência vivida. Afinal, qual o potencial do testemunho na geração de novos conhecimentos sobre esse evento traumático que foi Auschwitz? E em que medida a obra-testemunho de Levi pode ser tida como instrumento de transmissão de experiência e conhecimento sobre esse passado? Tais questões são importantes porque pensar o testemunho de Primo Levi a partir de um conjunto de elementos que encontra na noção de memória seu eixo decisivo faz do testemunho não apenas um objeto de análise histórica, mas, ainda, fonte privilegiada para refletir sobre violências em outros contextos. / The Italian writer and chemist Primo Levi (1919-1987), survivor of Auschwitz, created one of the most important testimonies of the second half of the twentieth century. In this research, my aim is to convert some of the questions that appear in two of his most striking autobiographies about the extermination camp Survival in Auschwitz and The Drowned and the Saved in problems of sociological character, attempting to contribute to the field of investigations opened by the testimonies of the Jewish-Italian intellectual. I wish to interpret his testimony as a documentary source, where it is possible to apprehend informative aspects of denunciation, traces of pain, violence and death things that have signed our era with blood. Thus, in the first moment, I seek to give voice and space to the memory of Levi and to his narration about the daily aggressions in the Lager, the usual sociability in that hellish place, the human types who were striving there, and the difficulty in communication emerged as a result of the immense violence and the relegation of some people to the slave condition. From this point, I get to make some reflections about his testimony, exploring mainly the aporetic groundings on which it developed: being fragmented, incomplete and impossible in its entirety, but absolutely necessary. In these terms, I will try to verify the limits to the construction of a testimony of the barbarism and the possibilities found by Primo Levi in the representation and transmission of his experience. After all, I question about the potential of the testimony to generate new knowledge about such a traumatic event as Auschwitz has been. I also question to which extent Primo Levi\'s testimonial work can be taken as a mechanism for transmitting the experience and knowledge about that past. These questions are important because to address Levis testimony parting from a set of elements that find in the notion of memory its decisive axis makes the testimony not only an object of historical analysis, but also a prime source to reflect on violence in other contexts.

Situationer där polisen skjuter kan uppstå till följd av att gärningsmän uppvisar provokativa suicidbeteenden. Detta fenomen är känt som suicide by cop (SbC) och har visat sig utgöra en betydande andel av undersökta skjuthändelser i Nordamerika. Studien syftar till att ge en deskriptiv bild av SbC i Sverige utifrån förekomst och karakteristika gällande situationer och gärningsmän, samt att beskriva hur dessa händelser kan upplevas och hanteras av poliser. Skjuthändelser som inträffat under tidsperioden 2005-2009 granskades och intervjuer genomfördes med tio poliser som upplevt SbC-händelser. Resultatet visade att SbC svarade för 26 % av skjuthändelserna. Intervjuade poliser upplevde ofta gärningsmännen som både aggressiva och suicidala och en osäkerhet över vem som egentligen haft kontroll över situationen var att betrakta som en central problematik. Vidare beskrevs akuta stressreaktioner och posttraumatiska minnen till följd av dessa händelser. Ökad kunskap om psykologin bakom SbC är att betrakta som viktigt för hanteringen av dessa incidenter. / Officer-involved shootings (OIS) sometimes occur as a result of provocative and suicidal behavior among offenders. This phenomenon, known as suicide by cop (SbC), has been shown to represent a significant part of OIS-cases in North American samples. This study aims to provide a descriptive picture of SbC in Sweden based on frequency and characteristics of situations and offenders. It also aims to describe how SbC can be experienced and handled by police officers. OIS-cases that occurred during 2005-2009 were investigated and ten officers were interviewed. Results showed that SbC accounted for 26 % of the OIS-cases. Interviewed officers often perceived perpetrators as both aggressive and suicidal and an uncertainty over who actually had control was considered a key issue. Officers also reported acute stress reactions and posttraumatic memories as a result of SbC. Increased knowledge about the psychology of SbC is considered as an important factor for dealing with SbC-situations.

Mental illness is far higher among prisoners than in general populations, especially for female prisoners. Previous research has discovered that traumatic experience plays a crucial role in the development of psychiatric disorder and other mental health issues in female prisoners. The present paper reviews eight articles, investigating into the negative outcomes associated with trauma-related mental health issues for female prisoners, and how their trauma-related mental health needs are addressed in prison. Systematic text condensation was used to discover similar themes and meanings throughout the articles. The results found a high prevalence of unrecognized and misdiagnosed trauma-related mental health issues across the articles, in particular post-traumatic stress disorder, with treatment having too much focus on substance abuse rather than addressing trauma directly. The review concludes that current prison screening measures and interventions do not identify trauma-related mental health issues adequately or address trauma directly. As a result, prison services do not meet the complex trauma needs of women. Further research needs to be conducted in this area for this population, as trauma-specific treatment is in its infancy.

People with disabilities are likely to experience difficulties overcoming the impact of natural disasters. Few scholars have focused on this population's ability to recover and handle stress following a natural disaster. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore and describe coping strategies and resilience factors that people with physical or mental disabilities used in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Resilience theory was used as the theoretical framework. Through face-to-face interviews, 10 persons with disabilities shared their experiences of coping and resilience. A lens of interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to identify emergent themes related to persons with disabilities' experiences of overcoming challenges and sustaining wellbeing in the aftermath of this natural disaster. According to study results, religion, recreation, and relaxation techniques were the main coping strategies used, and self-determination and independent skills were resilience factors that helped persons with disabilities remain positive and overcome challenges following the hurricane. Participants reported experiencing emotional reactions and identified the dislocation as the greatest stressor. The findings of this study have the potential to effect positive social change by informing stakeholders such as policymakers, community, and state agencies, and related professionals to help them recognize and address the health and psychological needs of persons with disabilities following a hurricane. Knowing which coping strategies and resilience factors persons with disabilities use to create awareness of the positive ways in which persons with disabilities manage the aftermath of this natural disaster.

People with disabilities are likely to experience difficulties overcoming the impact of natural disasters. Few scholars have focused on this population's ability to recover and handle stress following a natural disaster. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore and describe coping strategies and resilience factors that people with physical or mental disabilities used in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Resilience theory was used as the theoretical framework. Through face-to-face interviews, 10 persons with disabilities shared their experiences of coping and resilience. A lens of interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to identify emergent themes related to persons with disabilities' experiences of overcoming challenges and sustaining wellbeing in the aftermath of this natural disaster. According to study results, religion, recreation, and relaxation techniques were the main coping strategies used, and self-determination and independent skills were resilience factors that helped persons with disabilities remain positive and overcome challenges following the hurricane. Participants reported experiencing emotional reactions and identified the dislocation as the greatest stressor. The findings of this study have the potential to effect positive social change by informing stakeholders such as policymakers, community, and state agencies, and related professionals to help them recognize and address the health and psychological needs of persons with disabilities following a hurricane. Knowing which coping strategies and resilience factors persons with disabilities use to create awareness of the positive ways in which persons with disabilities manage the aftermath of this natural disaster.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskan är i sin yrkesposition ofta utsatt för traumatiska upplevelser och kritiska händelser i olika omvårdnadssituationer. Olika faktorer påverkar sjuksköterskans möjligheter och förmåga att återhämta sig psykiskt vilket i många fall leder till sjukskrivningar eller att de till och med lämnar yrket. Med den stora bristen av sjuksköterskor som sjukvården brottas med är det viktigt att uppmärksamma det stöd som sjuksköterskan behöver för att utöva sitt yrke på ett patientsäkert sätt och på ett sätt som inte äventyrar den egna hälsan. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors behov av stöd efter traumatiska upplevelser i omvårdnadssituationer. Metod: Litteraturöversikt över 10 artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskor har ett behov av stöd i form av debriefing, praktiskt och emotionellt stöd främst från kollegor, och ett organisatoriskt stöd där vårdledare erbjuder stödinterventioner om så efterfrågas.    Slutsats: För att sjuksköterskor ska trivas och orka arbeta ett helt yrkesliv inom vården är det viktigt att uppmärksamma behovet av stöd efter olika traumatiska händelser. Likaså att vårdledaren arbetar för en god kamratanda i teamet eftersom det kollegiala stödet visade sig vara det viktigaste för sjuksköterskan. / Background: Nurses are in their profession often exposed to traumatic or critical incidents in situations of caring. Different terms affect nurses possibility and ability to recover psychically which in many cases leads to sick leave or that they even leave their profession. With the lack of nurses that health organizations today struggle with it is important to pay attention to the support that nurses need to practise their profession in a patient safe way that not jeopardizes her own health. Aim: To describe nurses need of support after traumatic/critital incidents in situations of care. Method: Literature review of 10 articles. Result: The result shows that nurses has a need of support in terms of debriefing, practical and emotional support mainly from colleagues, and organizational support where managers offers support interventions if needed. Conclusion: For the wellbeing of nurses in their working life in the health care it is important to acknowledge their need of support after traumatic incidents. Likewise, it is important that the nurse manager creates a positive team spirit as collegial support has shown to be the most important for the nurse.