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The thesis discusses a constructional project of a simple handling truck for an easy taking out of a cone with the product of load capacity of 1500 kg from the line winder and removing it from the line. The aim is to propose a simple construction of the truck including a suggestion of a possible solution of the lift. It deals with its design including processing of important strength construction calculations and lifting parts. There is also a significant part of the work which includes the drawing documentation.

Inventory control is important to ensuring sufficient quantities of items are available tomeet demands of customers. The Newsvendor problem is a model used in Operations Research to determine optimal inventory levels for fulfilling future demands. Our study extends the newsvendor problem to a food truck problem. We used simulation to show that the food truck does not reduce to a newsvendor problem if demand depends on exogenous factors such temperature, time etc. We formulate the food truck problem as a multi-product multi-period linear program and found the dual for a single item. We use Discrete Event Simulation to solve the stochastic version of the dual and found the optimal order to maximize the food vendors profit.

This thesis aims to address the incompatibility issues between Scania's 600 mm silencers and the second position 2 o'clock PTO adapted crossmember, by exploring redesign possibilities. The goal is to enable the co-mounting of these components, expanding customization options and enhancing Scania's modularization capabilities. The research investigates various design constraints and parameters associated with the crossmember were gathered in a QFD, and compares the structural rigidity and manufacturing processes of new crossmember concepts to Scania's standard crossmember. The evaluation of concepts is conducted using a Pugh's matrix analysis, which allows for performance assessment and comparison. The investigation reveals that two concepts, namely the Z-beam and trusses-based designs, show the most promise. The Z-beam can be manufactured using either sheet metal or casting methods, while the trusses concept can be realized through laser cutting or CNC machining. Both concepts demonstrate comparable structural rigidity to the current adapted and standard crossmembers. They exhibit good stress distribution, possess potential for further weight reduction, and importantly, are compatible with Scania's modularization system. Additionally, these concepts can effectively accommodate a 2 o'clock PTO and the 600 mm silencers, resolving the incompatibility issue. / Denna avhandling syftar till att adressera inkompabiliteten mellan Scanias 600 mm ljuddämpare och den nuvarande klockan 2 PTO-anpassade tvärbalken i den andra tvärbalkspositionen. Genom att utforska möjligheter till omkonstruktion strävar avhandlingen efter att möjliggöra sammontering av dessa komponenter, vilket utvidgar anpassningsalternativen och förbättrar Scanias modulära system. Forskningen undersöker olika begränsningar och parametrar för tvärbalken som fastställs i en QFD, samt jämför den strukturella styvheten och tillverkningsprocesserna för nya tvärbalkskoncept med Scanias standardtvärbalk. Utvärderingen av koncepten genomförs med hjälp av en Pugh-matrisanalys, vilket möjliggör bedömning och jämförelse av prestanda. Undersökningen visar att två koncept, nämligen Z-balken och fackverk-baserade designen, visar mest lovande resultat. Z-balken kan tillverkas antingen i plåt eller gjutas, medan fackverks-konceptet kan förverkligas genom laserskuren plåt eller CNC-bearbetning. Båda koncepten uppvisar jämförbar strukturell styvhet med den nuvarande anpassade och standardtvärbalken. De visar även en god fördelning av belastningar, har potential för ytterligare viktreducering och är kompatibla med Scanias modulsystem. Dessutom är dessa koncept kompatibla med en klockan 2 PTO i andra tvärbalkspositionen och Scanias 600 mm ljuddämpare, vilket löser imkompabilitetsproblemet.

This master thesis has been performed by a request from Scania CV AB in Södertälje. Scania CV AB is a global company manufacturing heavy vehicles, such as busses and trucks. When developing a gearbox, an endurance test is made that shows failures, such as damaged gears or bearings. STP and delta-ANALYSER are used to discover this kind of failure. STP is developed by Scania CV AB, and it measures the vibration, oil pressure, temperature, etc. delta-ANALYSER is developed by Reilhofer. It is a measuring system that detects failures in the gearbox by comparing the vibrations with a reference. The main issue is that these tests are time consuming. The goal is to cut time and still be able to follow the results more accurately and in an early stage receive failure reports from bearings and gears. Accelerate the tests is not possible, because the test-rig is already heavily accelerated. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate existing methods for a more precise detection of a damage that has reached a certain size, also be able to isolate the source of a defect to a specific gear. In this thesis project different methods for detection of damages has been identified: vibration, thermography, acoustic emission, ultrasonic, oil analysis, etc. After an internal discussion, a combination of two methods: oil analysis and vibration, were chosen. Companies demonstrated their oil analysis systems. Advantages and disadvantages were discussed and it was decided to continue with an oil particle sensor, OPCom FerroS, from ARGO HYTOS, that detect the oil particles with a magnet in the flow of oil. The final system for detection of damages is a combination of OPCom FerroS and Scania’s current system: delta-ANALYSER and STP. The developed detection system was evaluated by the set system requirements, showing that the system meet 22 of the 33 tested requirements. All requirements could not be verified and needs more investigation and tests. / Detta examensarbete har utförts på uppdrag av Scania CV AB i Södertälje. Scania CV AB är ett globalt företag som tillverkar tunga fordon, såsom lastbilar och bussar. Vid utveckling av en växellåda, är ett livslängdsprov genomfört för att upptäcka typiska fel, t.ex. skadade kugghjul eller lager. Idag används två system, STP och delta-ANALYSER, för att upptäcka fel. STP har utvecklats av Scania CV AB, och det används för att mäta vibration, oljetryck, temperatur, etc. Delta-ANALYSER är framtaget av Reilhofer. Det är ett mätsystem som detekterar fel i växellådan genom att jämföra vibrationer med en referens. Det största problemet är att dessa system är tidskrävande. Målet är att förkorta provtiden men fortfarande erhålla tydliga resultat och i ett tidigt stadium erhålla en rapportering av skador på lager och kugghjul. Det är inte möjligt att accelerera proven eftersom provriggarna redan är kraftigt accelererad. Målet med examensarbetet är att göra en undersökning av befintliga system som kan tänkas vara användbara för tidig detektering av utfall kopplat till en viss storlek och kunna isolera felkällan till en viss del av växellådan. I detta examensarbete har flera tekniker för detektering av skador identifierats: vibration, termografi, akustisk emission, ultraljud, oljeanalys, etc. Efter en intern diskussion så valdes det att kombinera två olika tekniker, oljeanalys och vibration. Flera olika företag som jobbar med oljeanalys demonstrerade sina system. Fördelar och nackdelar diskuterades och det valdes att gå vidare med en oljepartikelsensor, OPCom FerroS, från ARGO HYTOS, som med hjälp av en magnet i oljeflödet kan detekterar oljepartiklar. Det slutgiltiga systemet för detektering av skador blev en kombination av OPCom FerroS och Scanias nuvarande system: delta-ANALYSER och STP. Det utvecklade detekteringssystemet utvärderades med de ställda kraven och det påvisade att systemet uppfyller 22 av de 33 testade kraven. Alla krav kunde inte verifieras och kräver vidare undersökningar och tester.

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Currently, Scania is not offering full air suspended AWD trucks, which it seems to be a demand for. This study acts as a first step to fulfill this demand. Including, a benchmarking of what competitors offer as well as an investigation and an evaluation of Scania’s current suspension system. Moreover, a requirement specification and a concept generation for a front air suspension system on AWD trucks have been presented. Eight concept were generated, where two were chosen for further study of design, force analysis and roll gradient analysis. It was concluded that there is a market for this configuration, however, implementing it would require extensive design work. / I nuläget erbjuder inte Scania luftfjädring för samtliga hjulaxlar på AWD lastbilar, vilket det tycks finnas ett kundbehov av. Denna studie agerar som ett initialt steg till att uppfylla detta kundbehov. Studien inkluderar inledningsvis en analys av vad konkurrenter erbjuder samt en undersökning och utvärdering av Scanias nuvarande fjädringssystem. Utöver det, har en kravspecifikation och en konceptgenerering för främre luftfjädring på AWD lastbilar presenterats. Åtta stycken koncept genererades, varav två stycken valdes för vidare studie av design, kraftanalys samt krängstyvhetsanalys. Slutsatserna var att det finns en marknad för denna typ av konfiguration, dock skulle det behövas omfattande designarbete för att implementera det.

The efficiency of the transport sector is under close examination due to multiple different reasons. Among them are the environmental aspects of emission reduction along with the need to maintain a tight time schedule. Heavy trucks have a significant negative impact on the environment and are sensitive to external factors. Planning green routes is a way to minimize the emissions from heavy trucks by reducing the fuel consumption without sacrificing travel time. This thesis will investigate suspected parameters relevance to the fuel consumption of heavy trucks and their effect on the fuel consumption on heavy trucks. To achieve this, two independent literature searches were conducted, the first to find the relevance and the second to understand the effect. Then a comparison was made with the NVDB to see if the suspected parameters were represented by the attributes in the database. The result of the first literature search varied and the speed and congestion parameter showed the strongest relevance to the fuel consumption of the heavy truck. The second literature search found past research that stated that the fuel consumption of heavy trucks were affected by the parameters, gradient, speed, road curvature, road roughness, congestion, road elements and weather. The result of the investigation of attributes in the NVDB is displayed with respect to green routing. The relevance measure in the first literature search was assumed to be higher if the number of relevant articles were high. The results of the second literature search were discussed with respect to green routing. This was followed by suggesting eventual improvements in the NVDB and improvements in the method used in this thesis. Furthermore, the parameters usage and implementation in GIS were discussed. It was concluded that all parameters found in the second literature search except weather were appropriate for green routing. Other parameters could also have an effect on the fuel consumption of heavy trucks but further research is necessary to investigate this.

Commerce companies have experienced a rise in the number of parcels that need to be delivered each day. The goal of this study is to provide a decision-making procedure to assist carriers in taking a more significant role in selecting cost and risk-efficient truck-drone intermodal delivery routing plan. The congestion-based model is developed to select the method of parcel delivery utilizing a truck and a drone for optimizing cost and time. A study also has been conducted to compare drone-only and truck-only delivery routing plan. The proposed A* Heuristic algorithm and the OSRM application generate the travel path for drone and a truck along with the time of travel. Case studies have been conducted by varying the weight provided to cost and risk variable, studies indicate that there is a significant change in drone delivery travel time and cost with increase of cost weightage.

The research looks at the advantages and disadvantages of a hydraulic auxiliary drive (HAD) system which is installed on a 25 meter long timber transport vehicle. The purpose is to investigate the performance with regard to energy, economy and environment of the system due to the added components, the hydraulic accumulators. The auxiliary system that is used on the vehicle is simply a hydrostatic transmission system. Ideally, the fuel consumption and cost can be reduced by using accumulators. To verify this hypothesis, model-based simulations were performed in a software environment and the result was analyzed for a linear and repeatedly accelerating and decelerating driving cycle. Additionally, comparisons were made between the HAD system with and without the assistance of accumulators. From the simulation results, the system assisted by accumulators consumes approximately 14% less fuel than the other. And it produces 15% more tractive effort when the vehicle is accelerating. The paper also includes the determination of the size of accumulators, both theoretically and with simulations. By comparison, there is a small difference between the results from the theoretical calculation and the simulations, which might be caused by a neglecting the volumetric losses in the simulation process. Ideally, an accumulator with a size of 57 L was found to be the most efficient size for the studied driving cycle. Beyond that speed, the efficiency will decrease to some extent. Physical tests are not presented in this paper, but they will be done in the future. / Den presenterade forskningen studerade fördelar och nackdelar med ett hydraulisk hjälpsystem för fordonsdrift (HAD) för en 25 meter lång timmerlastbil. Syftet var att undersöka hur drivlinans prestanda med avseende på energy, ekonomi och miljöpåverkan, påverkas av de adderade komponenterna, de hydrauliska ackumulatorerna. Hjälpsystemet är helt enkelt ett hydrostatiskt transmissionssystem. Idealt, kan bränsleförbrukning och kostnad reduceras genom att använda ackumulatorer i systemet. För att verifiera denna hypotes, har modell-baserade simuleringar utförts och resultaten har analyserats för konstantfartskörning och en körcykel med upprepade accelerationer och inbromsningar. Dessutom, har ett HAD-system med och utan ackumulator jämförts. Simuleringsresultaten visar att ett system med ackumulatorer förbrukar ca 14% mindre bränsle än ett system utan ackumulatorer. Ett ackumulatorstött system ger också 15% högre framdrivningseffekt vid accelereration. I avhandlingen dimensionera också storleken på ackumulatorerna, både teoretiskt och med simuleringar. Det finns en liten skillnad mellan resultaten från den teoretiska beräkningen och simuleringarna, som kan bero på att volymetriska förlusterna inte har tagits med i simuleringarna. En ackumulator med en storlek på 57 L visar sig ha den mest effektiva storleken för den studerade körcykeln. Vid högre körhastigheter, kommer verkningsgraden att minska till viss del. Inga fysiska tester har gjorts, men de kommer att utföras i framtiden.