Das Feld der diskursiven und auch normativen Bestimmungen des Archivbegriffes ist in den letzten Jahren in Bewegung geraten. Das betrifft auch Fragen nach dem Zugang zu Geschichten der Aufführungskünste und die Praxis von Archivprozessen und Sammeltätigkeiten in künstlerischen und kuratorischen Kontexten. Dieses Arbeitsbuch fasst Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts „Verzeichnungen. Medien und konstitutive Ordnungen von Archivprozessen der Aufführungskünste“ zusammen. Es wurde zwischen 2012 und 2017, gefördert von der DFG, in Leipzig und Berlin durchgeführt. Enthält: Performance im Museum als Historisierung; Performance der Institution Museum; Performancekunst an der Schnittstelle von visueller und darstellender Kunst; Sammeln und Archivieren als Themen der Kunst; US-amerikanische Performancekunst; Performa New York; Rituals of Rented Island New York; Radical Presence/ Black Performance; Karneval und Performance; Performancekunst in/aus Osteuropa; Reenactment und Re-Staging; MUMOK Factory und Tanzquartier Wien; dispositive Konstellationen Museum und Theater / The discursive and normative field of archivalities has considerably shifted in recent years. This shift also concerns questions of access to histories of performance-based arts as well as archival practices both in artistic and curatorial contexts. This workbook presents results of the research project “Records and Representations. Media and constitutive systems of archiving performance-based arts” conducted between 2012 and 2017 in Leipzig and Berlin with funding by DFG (German Research Foundation).

Everyware, ubiquitous computing, connexion ambiante, condition hyperconnectée, hypersphère,… Dans la dernière décennie, les chercheurs de tous domaines confondus ont convoqué une série de termes très différents pour évoquer les conséquences de l’introduction des dispositifs mobiles ont engendrés sur notre manière de vivre et habiter l’espace. En poursuivant les réflexions entamées par les chercheurs appartenant au « tournant spatial », cette thèse se propose d’interroger l’imaginaire spatial dans la littérature numérique contemporaine tel que modifié par les nouvelles technologies ainsi que les modalités dont la littérature s’est emparé de ces technologies pour les détourner ou les intégrer en tant qu’éléments poétiques à part entière. Quel est le nouveau rapport à l’espace que dessinent le téléphone intelligent, les réseaux sociaux et la géolocalisation ? Comment la littérature se modifie-t-elle en devenant géolocalisée ? Qu’il soit question de l’espace urbain ou d’autres types d’espaces, cette thèse interroge l’intégration d’outils, de pratiques et de techniques numériques à l’écriture littéraire de l’espace. Au moment où la présence d’une technologie de géolocalisation participe également au processus de redéfinition de notre position dans le monde, en redéfinissant notre rapport à la fois personnel et littéraire à l’espace, comment notre position spatiale devient-elle une donnée partageable, conversationnelle et sémiotique – signifiant et matière poétique à part entière, tout autant que le langage ? / Everyware, ubiquitous computing, ambient connection, hyperconnected condition, hypersphere... In the last decade, researchers from all fields have used a series of very different terms to evoke the consequences of the introduction of mobile devices on our way of living and inhabiting space. By continuing the reflections started by the researchers belonging to the "spatial turn", this thesis proposes to question the spatial imaginary in contemporary digital literature as modified by the new technologies as well as the modalities in which literature has seized these technologies to divert them or integrate them as poetic elements in their own right. What is the new relationship to space that the smart phone, social networks and geolocation draw? How does literature change by becoming geolocated? Whether we are talking about urban space or other types of space, this thesis questions the integration of digital tools, practices and techniques into the literary writing of space. At a time when the presence of geolocation technology also participates in the process of redefining our position in the world, redefining our personal and literary relationship to space, how does our spatial position become a shareable, conversational and semiotic datum - a signifier and poetic material in its own right, as much as language?

This thesis attempts to evaluate the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods Metropolis-Hastings (MH) and No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS) to estimate systemic risk measures. The subject of analysis is an equity portfolio provided by a Nordic asset management firm, which is modelled using a vine copula. The evaluation considers three different crisis outcomes on a portfolio level, and the results are compared with a Monte Carlo (MC) benchmark. The MCMC samplers attempt to increase sampling efficiency by sampling from these crisis events directly, which is impossible for an MC sampler. The resulting systemic risk measures are evaluated both on the portfolio level as well as marginal level.  The results are divided. In part, the MCMC samplers proved to be efficient in terms of accepted samples, where NUTS outperformed MH. However, due to the practical implementation of the MCMC samplers and the vine copula model, the computational time required outweighed the gains in sampler efficiency - causing the MC sampler to outperform both MCMC samplers in certain settings. For NUTS, there seems to be great potential in the context of estimating systemic risk measures as it explores high-dimensional and multimodal joint distributions efficiently with low autocorrelation. It is concluded that asset management companies can benefit from both using vine copulas to model portfolio risk, as well as using MC or MCMC methods for evaluating systemic risk. However, for the MCMC samplers to be of practical relevance, it is recommended to further investigate efficient implementations of vine copulas in the context of MCMC sampling. / Detta examensarbete utvärderar Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)-metoderna No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS) och Metropolis-Hastings (MH) vid uppskattning av systemiska riskmått. För att göra detta används en vine copula för att modellera en portfölj, baserad på empirisk data från ett nordiskt kapitalförvaltningsföretag. Metoderna utvärderas givet tre olika krishändelser och jämförs därefter med ett Monte Carlo (MC) benchmark. MCMC-metoderna försöker öka samplingseffektiviteten genom att simulera direkt från dessa krishändelser, vilket är omöjligt för en klassisk MC-metod. De resulterande systemiska riskmåtten utvärderas både på portföljnivå och på marginalnivå. Resultaten är delade. Dels visade sig MCMC-metoderna vara effektiva när det gäller accepterade samples där NUTS överträffade MH. Dock, med anledning av av den praktiska implementationen av MCMC-metoderna och vine copula modellen var beräkningstiden för hög trots effektiviteten hos metoden - vilket fick MC-metoden att överträffa de andra metoderna i givet dessa särskilda kontexter. När det kommer till att uppskatta systemiska riskmått finns det dock stor potential för NUTS eftersom metoden utforskar högdimensionella och multimodala sannolikhetsfördelningar effektivt med låg autokorrelation. Vi drar även slutsatsen att kapitalförvaltare kan dra nytta av att både använda riskmodeller baserade på vine copulas, samt använda MC- eller MCMC-metoder för att utvärdera systemisk risk. För att MCMC-metoderna ska vara av praktisk relevans rekommenderas det dock att framtida forskning görs där mer effektiva implementeringar av vine copula-baserade modeller görs i samband med MCMC-sampling.

This thesis entitled “Design and Access to Disallowed and Unusual Conformers of Peptides in Crystals and in Solution: Structural Consequences of the Imidate and Thioimidate Isosteres for the Peptide bond” is divided into eight chapters. Imidate Modification The range of disallowed dihedral angles for residues in peptides is governed by their local steric and electrostatic clashes. Rare tolerances of violations in these angles are attributed to distortions in both local and global bond characteristics of the peptides. Discerning the origins of such disallowed angles and the consequent distortions in body of the peptides is essential, for a complete understanding of the protein fold, to improve the crystal database for validation of rare but acceptable residue conformations and for validation and improvement of theoretical models that evaluate the interactions that define the Ramachandran space. Unlike for the ordered secondary structures such as β-sheets α-helices and β-turns currently there are no models for residues constrained in disallowed folds. We reasoned that residues may be stabilized in disallowed folds in peptides if a neighbouring group and The range of disallowed dihedral angles ( , ψ) for residues in peptides is governed by their hence its local unfavorable clashes can be selectively modified to a motif that favors such space Steric clashes of the type H•••Xi±n involving the backbone amide hydrogen (H) contribute to ~60% of disallowed ,ψspace. Conversion of an amide to an imidate (A→I) will remove the corresponding H and hence the steric clashes related to it in peptides. Importantly, this will introduce an H-bond acceptor N (of imidate) in place of an H-bond donor NH (of amide), which will allow formation of unusual H-bonding interactions between the imidate N and the neighbouring Hs and hence constrain residues in otherwise inaccessible dihedral angles. The conversion of A→I is challenging owing to difficulties in selective synthesis, stability and purification of the imidate motif. We address all these concerns by the selective conversion of a backbone amide in peptides to the relatively stable cyclic 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine imidate isostere, by an intra¬molecular nucleophilic cyclo-O-alkylation reaction. Chapter 1:SectionB: Autocyclo-O-Alkylation of N-(3-Bromopropyl)amides into 2-Alkyl-5,6-Dihydro-4H-1,3-Oxazinehydrobromides We are describing the reactivity of N-(3-bromopropyl)amides that are precursors for 2-peptide-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine. The starting materials, 3-bromopropylamides, were synthesized in good yields by coupling the corresponding carboxylic acids and anhydrides with 3-bromopropylaminehydrobromide using standard mixed anhydride peptide coupling protocol. N-(3-bromopropyl)-acylamides are unstable during the isolation. Time-dependent 1H NMR of all the acetamides revealed that they underwent clean auto-cyclization to form the corresponding 2-alkyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine hydrobromides following first order rate. The salts were easily isolated in high purity by trituration of the mixtures with ether. The t1/2 of autocycliation of decreased upon increase in electron density on the R-carbon. Notably, the tert-butyl substituent cyclized significantly faster than acetamide which have enolizable hydrogens at the R-carbon. Thus, the cyclization rate is affected predominantly by the inductive effect of the R-carbon substituents. The formamide remained stable and unchanged due to the poor electron-donating ability of hydrogen. Chapter 1: Section C: Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond Assistance Improves Autocyclization in N-(3-Bromopropyl)amides The autocyclisation do not go to 100% completion. This is because the released hydrobromic acid quenches the nucleophilicity of amide carbonyl oxygen. In order to scavenge hydro bromic acid, we used 1 equivalent of DIEA base is acting only acid scavenger which conformed by unaffecting the reaction rate upon increasing equivalents of DIEA. We found that autocyclisation of N-(3-bromopropyl)amides rates in peptides involved in intramolecular backbone H-bonding interactions improve the autocyclization rates significantly than unstructured (random coil) peptides. Even with in the ordered structures the rate depends on the proximity of H-bonding distances as well as the H-bond acceptor strength. Half-life of autocyclisation in various peptide secondary structures are determined from time variant 1H NMR studies performed at 60 mM peptide concentration in CDCl3 at 32 oC. Chapter 2: Section A: Synthesis and Isolation of 5,6 Dihydro-4H-1,3-Oxazine Containing Peptidomimetics We have introduced 5,6-Dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine as the imidate isostere at C-terminus of a number of peptides through NaH (base) mediated intramolecular cyclo-O-alkylation of N-(3-bromopropyl)amides. The amide to imidate (A→I) modification reaction is faster (1-5.5 h), Exhibiting no electronic and structural effects under these conditions. The side product NaBr can be easily separated by filtration through celite. No side products were observed and there is no need of further purification to get pure 1,3-oxazines in quantitative yields in all the peptidomimetics. Using this synthetic protocol we have synthesised a variety of 1,3-oxazine containing peptide analogues including aliphatic, branched aliphatic, polar side chains and larger peptides. We show that the retention of configuration at Cαof peptides during the base mediated cyclo-O-alkylation reaction. that the C5i.structures are more populated at Aib due to operation of The Thorpe-Ingold effect. The strength of hydrogen bonding interaction in C5i structure is similar to those of the highly buried backbone hydrogen bonding interaction found in the middle of a model 310-helical peptide as indicated by DMSO titration experiments. Chapter 3: Section A: Consequences of "Disallowed" Conformations on Constrained β-Turn Peptides Here we are describe the consequence of disallowed conformations the on a C-terminus of a type-II β-turn. We choose stereochemically constrained Type-II β-turn Pro-Aib dipeptide analogue which is the ideal model to mirror the structural effects of introducing the A→I modification at the C-terminus. The imidate containing peptidomimetic crystallised in dichloromethane and hexane mixture. Analysis of crystal structure revealed that Aib NH is involved in 3-centered H-bonding interactions with the N of oxazine and N of proline. This constrains Aib in a conformation that is natively disallowed to it. The (, ) angles of Aib residue fall in the (180,0) region which is strictly disallowed for natural peptides due to steric clashes involving the back bone amide N-H. More importantly there are two C•••O interactions which are accomidated in the crystal structures. Both oxygen‟s were place in staggered orientation of the Pro oxygen (OPro) between the two β-CH3 groups of Aib, which is again strictly disallowed in natural peptides due to strong C•••Oi-1 hard sphere clashes. However no vdW space violations are observed between these atoms. Chapter 3: Section B: Conformational Effects of “Disallowed Aib on a 310-Helical peptide In order to investigate the origins and consequences of “disallowed” conformations on a folded helical peptide body, the conformationally stable peptide sequence Boc-Leu1-Aib2-Ala3-Leu4-Aib5-Ala6-Phe7-Aib8-OMe (310-helix-OMe)was chosen which is known to adopt 310-helix in crystal structure. Analyses of the ROESY spectra, DMSO titration experiments, and CD spectra of 310-helix-OMe and its Oxa analogue reveal that their solution conformations are identical to those of the crystal structure of 310-helix-OMeSix sequential i+3→i intramolecular backbone H-bonds stabilize the 310-helical peptide fold in both peptides in solvents of varying polarity. The N-terminal and central segments of the helical molecules are quite structurally rigid and are not deformed. The presence of the disallowed Aib*8 residue in Oxa analogue has a clear conformational effect mainly on the residue Phe7. It looks like the Phe7 amide H is involved in shielding, the Aib*8 amide H through a bifurcated hydrogen bonding interactions with the nitrogen of oxazine and carbonyl oxygen of Ala6 residue. Maximum structural distortion effect on the registers closest to the putative imidate bond. Our results show that “disallowed folds need not denature order in the peptide fold”. Chapter 4: Synthetic Methods for Introducing the A → I Modification anywhere along the Peptide Chain Here we describe the incorporation of imidate isostere in the middle of any peptide sequence. In Oxa selectivity is towards 5-exo-cyclo-O-alkylation in 1 : 4. In Thi it is towards 6-exo-cyclo-S-alkylation in 3 : 1 ratio. This is because of better nucleophile of sulphur (S). We saw that Thi is stable to peptide coupling, N-and C-terminus protection, deprotection conditions and can be easily incorporated in middle of peptide. Chapter 5: Section A: Cis-trans Isomerism in the X-Pro Peptide Bond In tertiary amides like X-Pro peptides having high propensity to access cis conformations due to similar environment in both cis and trans around the Cof X. X-Pro peptide bonds, constrained in s-cis conformations are prevalently found in the turn regions of peptides with the residue „X‟ in the i+1position and Pro at the i+2position of the β¬turn. These types of turns are termed as the type VI β-turns. For better understanding of the molecular recognition at specific cis X-Pro peptide bonds in biological events, the structure and dynamics of various constrained cis X-Pro peptide bond analogues with varying steric and electronic perturbations have been studied. Many models have been developed for stabilizing cis conformer by perturbation of molecular recognition surface of proline by employing steric and electronic interaction. In biological functions proline molecular recognition surface and cis X-Pro peptide bond more important. There is need of novel method for stabilizing X-Pro peptide bond in cis conformer without modifying the pyrolidine ring in proline. Chapter 5: Section B: Biasing the cis/trans Equilibrium in X Pro Peptides using Reverse ni → ni-1 * Interactions Here we present our findings that peptidomimetics containing the 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3¬oxazine (Oxa) and 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine (Thi) functional groups at the C-terminus of Pro selectively and remotely stabilize the s-cis rotamers of the preceding pyrrolyl (Xaa-Pro) 3° amide bonds, while conserving these recognition elements. The cis/trans equilibrium of Xaa-Pro peptide bonds is shifted significantly in favor of the satirically disfavored cis isomers in these peptidomimetics (upto ~90%). We also provide evidence for the influence of an unusual n→ πi-1 * interaction in the cis, and the n)(n repulsion in the trans, conformers of these molecules to beat the origin of such the origin of such cis stabilization. Chapter 6: Steric Interactions in the cis Piv-Pro Peptide Bond The inaccessibility of cis Piv-Pro rotamer in any peptide is believed to be because the steric clashes between substituents on CX and CPro are unavoidable in this conformer. Here we access the cisPiv-Pro conformer in crystal structure of Piv-Pro-Aib-OMe and that it is sufficiently flexible to undergo bond distortions and avoid all steric clashes between substituents on CPiv and CPro . It is however the unavoidable distortions in the dihedral angle of the Prothe cisPiv-Proconformer. The cisPiv -Pro conformer is indeed accessible, if such distortions are accommodated in the peptide. Chapter 7: Steric and Electronic Interactions in the cis Isomer of Piv-Pro Peptide Bond in Solution We have studied the electronic and steric interactions and the conformational equilibrium in two sets of homologous peptides, X-Pro-Aib-OMe (which contain Aib) and X-Pro-NH-Me, where X is acetyl, propionyl, isobutyryl and pivaloyl, in solvents of varying polarities consisting of carbontetrachloride, chloroform or dimethylsulfoxide, by means of their 1H and 13C-NMR, and FT-IR spectra. Formation of n * interactions between the carbonyls that flank the Aib residue, influences the alleviation of steric interactions that are believed to preclude access to the cis conformer of the Piv-Pro peptide bond. The cis Piv-Pro conformer is observable in the Aib containing peptides, at ambient conditions by FT-IR and at temperatures as low as 273 K by NMR. We estimate that the steric interactions contribute < 0.5 kcal/mol to the conformational free energy of X-Pro peptide bond isomerism, irrespective of the steric bulk on the acyl (X) group. The relative strengths of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions involving the X-Pro peptide motif in different conformers of these peptides influence their relative conformational stabilities. Chapter 8: Remote Effect of Oxa and Thi Functional Groups on cis-trans Isomerism at X-Pro Peptide Bonds The C5a interaction at Pro residue occurs in the transition states for the intramolecular acid catalysis of cis → trans isomerization in peptidyl prolyl isomerases (PPIs) and enables the decrease in transition energy barrier for the isomerization process. We show that the NPro….HAib interactions in C5a structures can be remotely effected in order to control in equilibrium constant values of the cis/trans isomerism (Kc/t) in X-Pro¬Aib-Oxa and Thi containing peptides. By this method we observed improvement in Kc/t values from 0.18 in esters to 0.56 in Thi and 0.66 in Oxa containing peptides. Analyses of the ROESY spectra, DMSO titration experiments, variable temperature experiments and FT-IR spectra of R-CO-Pro-Aib-Oxa (R = Me, Et, iPr) and its Thi analogues reveals that both interactions (C5a and C5i) are persistent in cis and trans conformers of this peptidomimetics. (for structural formula pl. see the abstract.)

This thesis is a moral and theological interpretation of the book of Jeremiah (primarily chapters twenty-one through twenty-nine). The prime focus is on the Hebrew term &#61508;&#61513;&#61527; and associated vocabulary and terminology which enable an understanding of how the book of Jeremiah sets up knowledge of Yahweh as a primary concern. Such a concern reinforces the rhetorical and ethical nature of the textual witness and elevates the significant and profound challenge that is put forth. For instance, Jeremiah 22:16 is a prime example within the book where an understanding of &#61508;&#61513;&#61527; of Yahweh should be given adequate attention, although it has not in Old Testament scholarship, to arrive at the kind of moral and theological interpretation that is voiced in this ancient Israelite prophet. Knowledge of Yahweh in the text of Jeremiah is to be distinguished from a purely cognitive knowing that removes from the equation, in any way, living a certain kind of life with Yahweh - a life which is measured only by the highest of moral and religious standards. Indeed, there is a direct relationship between a certain kind of action/way of living and a genuine knowledge of Yahweh. Key texts explored in this thesis then, are those which bring the challenge of a true knowledge of Yahweh to the Judean king, priest, prophet, and people. An overall coherent vision of what it means to know Yahweh, the God of Israel, in the text of Jeremiah, is the aim of this thesis. / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D.Th. (Old Testament)

This thesis will show that, in its original form, “The Turn of the Screw” acted as a monument to the intellectual unity shared between Henry James and his brother William. Through evaluating James’ biography, memoirs, and letters with William, this thesis will illustrate the subtle collaborative inspirations that initially helped James write the first twelve-part serial edition of “The Turn of the Screw” for Collier’s Weekly, which ran from January 27, 1898 until April 16, 1898. I will also demonstrate the effect of William’s philosophy and his death on the revisions James’ made to his story as published in the twelfth volume of his New York Edition (NYE).

Au Canada, les discours politiques entourant la question des politiques pénales ont parfois été favorables à la répression, et parfois favorables à la réhabilitation et la littérature démontre qu’au cours des années, nous avons toujours nuancé notre approche à l’aide d’une philosophie pénale dichotomique, favorisant le juste équilibre entre ces deux rationalités pénales. Depuis l’arrivée du gouvernement conservateur en 2006 et malgré une baisse de l’activité criminelle enregistrée, l’activité législative en matière criminelle et pénale s’est intensifiée. En 2011, le gouvernement a ainsi déposé le projet de loi C-10, une loi omnibus comprenant 5 volets distincts, chacun mettant en place des changements important sur différentes dimensions du processus criminel ou pénal. L’objet de notre étude consiste, à partir de l’analyse des débats entourant l’adoption de ce projet de loi C-10, à comprendre les représentations du crime, du criminel et de la sanction pénale, et ce à partir de l’analyse documentaire thématique. Le corpus utilisé dans ce mémoire est formé de débats parlementaires ayant eu lieu à la Chambre des communes entre le 20 septembre 2011 et le 6 décembre 2011. Il ressort de notre analyse que la perspective dualiste d’autrefois a disparu au détriment d’une perspective pénale axée sur la protection en favorisant la rétribution, réprobation et la neutralisation. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance de l’émotion et du sensationnel dans les débats, ainsi que l’arrivée d’une pénalité politisée. / In Canada, the rhetoric surrounding penal policy has sometimes been favorable to a more punitive approach, sometimes to a more rehabilitative approach and the literature shows that we have always mitigated our approach with a dichotomous penal philosophy that promotes the balance between retributive punishment and rehabilitation. Since the arrival of a minority conservative government in 2006, and despite a drop in reported criminal activity and in the severity of crime, the legislative activity in criminal and penal matters has intensified. In 2011, the government proposed Bill C-10, an omnibus retributive crime bill comprised of 5 distinct parts, each implementing important changes to various sections of the criminal and penal processes. The purpose of our study is to understand the social representations of crime, the criminal and the criminal sanction, that led to the adoption of Bill C-10 using a document analysis of the political debates on C-10 that took place in the House of Commons from September 20th 2011 to December 6th 2011. We used a thematic analysis. Our findings reveal that dualistic speeches have disappeared to the detriment of a penal perspective centered on the notion of protection by means of retribution, denunciation and neutralization. Our analysis also reveals the importance of emotion and sensationalism in the debates, as well as the arrival of a politicized penal realm.

This theoretical and historiographical thesis examines the theoretical work of the Translation Studies scholar André Lefevere. It focuses primarily on the analysis of Lefevere's work in the context of the development of Translation Studies (particularly in connection with the development of Descriptive Translation Studies, the formation of the "Manipulation School" and the cultural and sociological turns in Translation Studies). The paper covers Lefevere's theoretical underpinnings, the gradual development of his theoretical model and his contribution to the development of the discipline, with special regard to the integration of sociocultural aspects into translation research. Also included is an overview of the most significant critical responses to Lefevere's work and of the applications of his model in practical research.

(in English): In this thesis I focus on the system of social protection in Japan at the turn of the 21st century and the role of the state in this system. In the first chapter I define the terms society, social policy and welfare state. The second chapter is dedicated to the historical development of the social policy from antiquity to the end of the Second World War. In the next chapter I concern myself with the character of the social protection system in Japan at the beginning of the third millennium, the changes in the Japanese society and the financial state of the social protection system. In the last chapter I analyse the reforms that have been done since the beginning of the new century and which propose was to stabilize the system of the social protection in Japan and make it sustainable.

During the 19th century German language teaching as a foreaing language was significantly changing related to the development of education and the promotion of Czech language as the main teaching language at Czech schools. German language became optional foreign language even though there was a large number of pupils interested in learning German. German was offical language until the estabilishment of an independent Czechoslovak Republic also in Czech lands. In the introduction I focus on the organizational structure of the Czech education system in the Austria-Hungary monarchy between 1869 and 1918. Secondary vocational education was mostly changing and developing at this time, real gymnasiums and various specialization vocational schools were formed. I pay attention to teachers and their education too, since without good teachers there is no chance to have high quality education. The main focus of my work is an overview of the development of teaching methods of modern foreign languages. Development of methods is described chronologically from 17th century and in more detail in 19th century, when the most methods were invented. Instead of Grammar translation method, which was the standard in the teaching of foreaign languages for a very long time, new so called reform methods started to became...