The purpose of this study is to examine how people express their beliefs in crystals through the comments section of one of Sweden's largest crystal retailers. The aim of the thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of contemporary religious expressions of crystal users. In total the study material consists of 172 comments collected from the website Ohlamoon.se written between January 2019 and September 2023. The study is conducted using a thematic content analysis and follows an abductive approach. Stark & Finke's Rational Choice Theory (2000) has been employed as the primary theory against which analysis questions are posed, the thesis also utilizes Heelas & Woodhead's (2005) description of The Subjective Turn as a secondary theory against which the results are discussed. The conclusions from the study revealed that crystals are described as possessing positive qualities that in various ways, reinforce, support, or comfort users. In this way crystals can be likened to personal pillars of support that actively contribute to users' lives with their properties and agency. Users form personal relationships and feelings of affection towards the crystals, utilizing their energy and presence in daily life as well as during meditation and rituals to achieve a sense of deeper spiritual states.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate The Woman with the Puppets by Isobel Gloag from a feminist perspective, to find how it challenge the male gaze and patriarchy. I also seek to understand how other female artists past and present compare to Gloag’s painting. The method is Panofsky’s iconology with modifications through Aavitsland’s thoughts of the grammatical structure that the composition holds. To reach social bearings upon the ability to generate this type of historical genre painting Bourdieu’s toolbox of capital, habitus and strategies has been applied. The painting is a feminist expression of the feminist discussions regarding marriage, equality and law that took place at the time of the paintings creation. Through the use of established norm with an ambiguity, female nude and male marionette puppets, the male gaze and patriarchy is challenged. Gloag is the only female artist of her time that has generated a history genre painting in a feminist spirit that challenges multitude of issues in one composition.

[pt] Esta tese tem como objetivo compreender como os docentes universitários concebem, constroem e assumem nas suas atividades acadêmicas uma práxis centrada na perspectiva decolonial e intercultural, efetivando o giro epistêmico demandado pela ruptura da universidade na qual atuam com os paradigmas epistemológicos tradicionais. Ela é o resultado da pesquisa que se desenvolveu olhando para a implementação do Mestrado Profissional do Programa de Pós Graduação em Ensino e Relações Étnico-Raciais (PPGER) da Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB), cuja proposta focaliza as relações étnico-raciais. Trata-se de um programa de Pós-graduação concebido a partir de um paradigma institucional e epistemológico que se propõe contra-hegemônico e intenta engendrar processos de reconfiguração do consolidado modelo universitário brasileiro. O problema central se constituiu na seguinte questão: Quais possibilidades e desafios são colocados para os saberes e práticas de docentes universitários a partir da adoção de uma perspectiva decolonial e intercultural focalizada nas relações étnico-raciais? A pesquisa é de cunho qualitativo e se vale do estudo de caso como matéria empírica. Levando em conta as suas premissas e contexto, se sustentou em três eixos teóricos, a saber: (i) a abordagem decolonial: decolonialidade, interculturalidade e educação intercultural, se referenciando nos trabalhos desenvolvidos por Candau (2000, 2003, 2016), Walsh (2009, 2013, 2016), Mato (2016), Castro-Gómez (2005), Mignolo (2017), Grosfoguel, (2008), Quijano (2000), Maldonado-Torres (2006), Castro-Gómez e Grosfoguel (2007); (ii) relações étnico-raciais e educação, pautando-se prioritariamente em Cavalleiro (2000), Rosemberg (1998, 2003), Gomes (2000, 2001, 2017), Spivak (2010), Hasenbalg e Silva (1998 e 1999) e Carvalho (2005) e; (iii) pedagogia e práxis decolonial, fundamentado em Maldonado-Torres (2007), Castro-Gómez e Grosfoguel (2007), Walsh (2009, 2010), Freire (2005), Mignolo (2005, 2008). Os resultados apontaram que, embora os docentes invistam esforços na promoção de mudanças e avanços em relação às suas práticas e aos saberes que circulam no espaço acadêmico, ainda existem barreiras - sobretudo nos cursos de pósgraduação - para o rompimento com o consolidado modelo universitário, que ainda vivencia desafios para se configurar efetivamente como espaço contra hegemônico. / [en] This dissertation aims at understanding how university scholars conceive, build, and engage in decolonial and intercultural perspectives in their academic praxis, while performing the epistemic turn demanded to disrupt with outdated academic paradigms. The present work is the result of a research developed throughout the implementation of a Professional Master Program in Education and Ethnic-Racial Relations (PPGER) at the Federal University of South Bahia (UFSB). PPGER Graduate Program has been conceived based on counterhegemonic perspectives and intents to engender process of reconfiguration of the current Brazilian university model. The core question is formulated as follows: which challenges and possibilities are posed to scholarly practices and knowledges through decolonial and intercultural perspectives while focused in ethnic-racial relations? The qualitative method of this research relies on a case study, its empirical matter. While taking into account its premise and context, it structured itself in three theoretical axes: (i) decolonial approaches; decoloniality, interculturality and intercultural education - using as references works by Candau (2000, 2003, 2016), Walsh (2009, 2013, 2016), Mato (2016), Castro-Gómez (2005), Mignolo (2017), Grosfoguel, (2008), Quijano (2000), Maldonado-Torres (2006), Castro-Gómez and Grosfoguel (2007); and (ii) Education and Ethnic-Racial Relations, primarily led by studies by Cavalleiro (2000), Rosemberg (1998, 2003), Gomes (2000, 2001, 2017), Spivak (2010), Hasenbalg and Silva (1998/1999) and Carvalho (2005) and; (iii) decolonial pedagogy and praxis, based on Maldonado-Torres (2007), Castro-Gómez e Grosfoguel (2007), Walsh (2009, 2010), Freire (2005), Mignolo (2005, 2008). Results indicate that, despite efforts by scholars to promote changes and advances towards practices and knowledges within academic environments, there still remain barriers – specially in Grad Programs – that keep the university model from effectively becoming a counterhegemonic space.

Stator inter-turn short circuit (ITSC) faults are one of the common sources for induction machine failure affecting their reliable operation. In this thesis, a finite element (FE) model is developed to study the ITSC fault. The FE model is developed for a prototype induction machine that has the potential to emulate an ITSC fault in the stator. With the developed FE model of the prototype machine, a simulation study is performed to understand the behaviour of various electrical and magnetic quantities in time- and frequency-domain. The investigated quantities are potentially good signatures of the stator winding faults and they are therefore suitable to use in a condition monitoring system. The prototype machine with ITSC faults has been tested in an experimental setup and the results are compared to the simulation and also to analytical results. For the fault current it was found a good agreement between analytical results, FE simulations and experimental results. Moreover, the FE simulation results of the negative-sequence stator current amplitude present a minor mismatch with the analytical and experimental results. The reason for this mismatch is due to an inaccurate knowledge of the prototype machine geometrical parameters. / Kortslutning mellan varven i en asynkronmotors statorlindning (ITSC) är en av de vanligaste källorna för fel som påverkar dess drifttillförlitlighet. I detta examensarbete utvecklas en finit-element (FE) modell för att studera ITSC- fel. FE-modellen är utvecklad för en asynkronmotorprototyp som kan emulera ITSC-fel. Med den utvecklade modellen utförs en simuleringsstudie för att förstå beteendet hos olika elektriska och magnetiska egenskaper både i tids- och frekvensdomän. Dessa egenskaper är goda indikatorer av statorlindningsfel och kan därför med fördel användas i ett tillståndsövervakningssystem. Prototypmaskinen har testats experimentellt och de erhållna resultaten jämförs med FE-simuleringen och analysresultaten. Det analytiska resultatet, FEM- simuleringarna och den experimentella utvärderingen uppvisade god överrensstämmelse vad gäller felströmmen. Dock finns det en mindre avvikelse när det gäller amplituden hos statorströmmens negativa fasföljd. Orsaken till denna avvikelse är att prototypmaskinens geometri inte är helt känd.

Condition monitoring techniques can be employed to enhance reliability of electric machinery. The stator winding fault is one of the dominant causes for the failure of induction machines. In this work, the condition monitoring of an inverter-fed induction machine using high-frequency signal injection based technique is investigated. Initially, an analytical model of the induction machine with a stator inter-turn fault is developed. Subsequently, the behaviour of the induction machine in the presence of stator inter-turn fault is analyzed using the symmetrical component theory. Because of their use for fault diagnosis purposes, the analytical expressions for the fundamental and high-frequency symmetrical component currents are derived. The high-frequency signal injection is performed by adding a balanced three-phase high-frequency low-magnitude voltage to the fundamental excitation voltage. The resulting high-frequency negative-sequence current component can be used as reliable fault indicator to detect stator inter-turn faults. The effectiveness of the high-frequency negative-sequence current as a fault indicator is compared with the fundamental negative-sequence current, which is one of the traditionally used fault indicators for detecting these faults. The high-frequency signal injection technique proposed in this work is tested experimentally on a prototype machine in a laboratory set-up. The use of the proposed fault indicator is found to be advantageous when compared to the use of the traditional fault indicator for variable-frequency drives. In particular, it is shown that the proposed fault indicator is less dependent from the drive operating conditions than the traditional fault indicator. / Tillståndsövervakning är en teknik som kan användas för att förbättra tillförlitligheten hos elektriska maskiner. För asynkronmaskiner är fel i statorlindningen en av de dominerande orsakerna som leder till problem. I detta arbete undersöks tillståndsövervakning av en omriktarmatad asynkronmotor med hjälp av en högfrekvent signalinjektionsbaserad teknik. Inledningsvis utvecklas en analytisk modell av en asynkronmaskin med korsslutningsfel mellan varven i statorn. Därefter analyseras beteendet hos maskinen med hjälp av teorin för symmetriska komponenter. Analytiska uttryck för både grund- och övertoner härleds för de symmetriska komponenterna. Den högfrekventa signalinjektionen utförs genom att addera en liten högfrekvent trefasspänning till den matningsspänningen. Den resulterande högfrekventa negativa strömkomponenten kan användas som en tillförlitlig indikator för att upptäcka eventuella kortslutningar i statorlindningen. Förmågan som felindikator hos den högfrekventa negativa sekvensströmmen jämförs med den grundläggande negativa strömkomponentens förmåga, vilken är den traditionella indikatorn för att detektera dessa fel. Den högfrekventa signalinjiceringsmetoden som föreslås i detta arbete undersöks experimentellt på en prototypmaskin. Den föreslagna felindikatorn har visat sig vara fördelaktig jämfört med användningen av den traditionella felindikatorn för frekvensomriktare. I synnerhet visas att den föreslagna felindikatorn är mindre beroende av frekvensomriktarens driftsförhållanden än den traditionella felindikatorn.

This dissertation presents a systematic design and demonstration of a novel solid-state DC circuit breaker. The mechanical circuit breaker is widely used in power systems to protect industrial equipment during fault or abnormal conditions. Compared with the slow and high-maintenance mechanical circuit breaker, the solid-state circuit breaker is capable of high-speed interruption of high currents without generating an arc, hence it is maintenance-free. Both the switch and the tripping unit are solid-state, which meet the requirements of precise protection and high reliability. The major challenge in developing and adopting a solid-state circuit breaker has been the lack of power semiconductor switches that have adequate current-carrying capability and interruption capability. The high-speed, high-current solid-state DC circuit breaker proposed and demonstrated here uses a newly-emerging power semiconductor switch, the emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristor as the main interruption switch. In order to meet the requirement of being a high-current circuit breaker, ETO parallel operation is needed. Therefore the major effort of this dissertation is dedicated to the development of a high-current (5000A) DC switch module that utilizes multiple ETOs in parallel. This work can also be used to develop an AC switch module by changing the asymmetrical ETOs used to symmetrical ETOs. An accurate device model of the ETO is needed for the development of the high-current DC switch module. In this dissertation a novel physics-base lumped charge model is developed for the ETO thyristor for the first time. This model is verified experimentally and used for the research and development of the emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristor as well as the DC switch module discussed in this dissertation. With the aid of the developed device model, the device current sharing between paralleled multiple ETO thyristors is investigated. Current sharing is difficult to achieve for a thyristor-type device due to the large device parameter variations and strong positive feedback mechanism in a latched thyristor. The author proposes the "DirectETO" concept that directly benefits from the high-speed capability of the ETO and strong thermal couplings among ETOs. A high-current DC switch module based on the DirectETO can be realized by directly connecting ETOs in parallel without the bulky current sharing inductors used in other current-sharing solutions. In order to achieve voltage stress suppression under high current conditions, the parasitic parameters, especially parasitic inductance in a high-current ETO switch module are studied. The Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method is used to extract the parasitics. Combined with the developed device model, the electrical interactions among multiple ETOs are investigated which results in structural modification for the solid-state DC switch module. The electro-thermal model of the DC switch module and the heatsink subsystem is used to identify the "thermal runaway" phenomenon in the module that is caused by the negative temperature coefficient of the ETO's conduction drop. The comparative study of the electro-thermal coupling identifies a strongly-coupled thermal network that increases the stability of the thermal subsystem. The electro-thermal model is also used to calculate the DC and transient thermal limit of the DC switch module. The high-current (5000A) DC switch module coupled with a solid state tripping unit is successfully applied as a high-speed, high-current solid-state DC circuit breaker. The experimental demonstration of a 5000A current interruption shows an interruption time of about 5 microseconds. This high-speed, high-current DC switch module can therefore be used in DC circuit breaker applications as well as other types of application, such as AC circuit breakers, transfer switches and fault current limiters. Since the novel solid-state DC circuit breaker is able to extinguish the fault current even before it reaches an uncontrollable level, this feature provides a fast-acting, current-limiting protection scheme for power systems that is not possible with traditional circuit breakers. The potential impact on the power system is also discussed in this dissertation. / Ph. D.

Für blinde und seheingeschränkte Menschen ist die Ausübung des Bewegens im Wasser und das Schwimmen an die Bereitstellung von Hilfsmitteln und -systemen gebunden. Im Para Schwimmen sind dafür die technischen Voraussetzungen zu erschließen, die ein sicheres Bewegen im Wasser autonom und unabhängig von einer dritten Person als Tapper ermöglichen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Konzeption, Entwicklung, Evaluation und Praxistransfer eines induktiven persönlichen Abstandswarnsystems (IPA) zur Anzeige der bevorstehenden Beckenwand bzw. des Schwimmbahnendes präsentiert. Das System basiert auf dem elektromagnetischen Sender-Empfänger-Prinzip. Der stationäre Sender wird an der Beckenwand positioniert und erzeugt im aktivierten Zustand ein Magnetfeld. Der blinde bzw. seheingeschränkte Schwimmer trägt zum Signalempfang am vorderen Schläfenbein eine mobile Empfängereinheit mit integriertem Magnetfeldsensor und miniaturisiertem Vibrationsmotor. Sobald sich ein:e Schwimmer:in in den Empfängerbereich hineinbewegt, erhält sie:er ein taktiles Signal in Form der Vibration mit einer Frequenz von 14.000 Hz über die Dauer von 2 s. Die Labor- und Feldstudien zeigen, dass die Schwimmer das Vibrationssignal des IPA-Systems mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von über 99,8 % im Zuge der Wendeneinleitung wahrnehmen. Im Folgenden zeigte eine Evaluationsstudie mit Para Leistungsschwimmern, dass es mit Hilfe des IPA-Systems möglich ist, Wenden in jeder Schwimmart und Belastungsintensität autonom und damit ohne eine dritte Person durchzuführen. Zudem konnte in einer zwanzigwöchigen Interventionsstudie im Training eines Para Leistungsschwimmers durch die Anwendung des IPA-Systems als eine Verbesserung der Wendenzeiten nachgewiesen werden. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf wird in der Untersuchung der Lageabhängigkeit der mobilen Empfängereinheit sowie in der Untersuchung von Individualisierungsstrategien beim Auslösen des taktilen Signals in Abhängigkeit von der Wandentfernung gesehen. Zudem sind im Anwendungsbereich des IPA-Systems weitere Zielgruppen des Para Schwimmens zu erschließen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis VII Abbildungsverzeichnis VIII Abkürzungsverzeichnis XI 1 Aufbau der Arbeit und Forschungsstrategie 1 1.1 Forschungsverbund 1 1.2 Projektphasen 3 1.3 Datenerhebung und -auswertung 5 2 Einleitung und Problemstellung 6 3 Initialisierungsphase 7 3.1 Zielgruppen 9 3.2 Theoretische Grundlagen 10 3.2.1 Sehbeeinträchtigung und Blindheit 10 3.2.2 Para Schwimmen 13 3.2.3 Schwimmwende 19 3.3 Stand der Gerätetechnik 25 3.3.1 Stationäre Systeme 25 3.3.2 Mobile Systeme 28 3.3.3 Gesamtübersicht 32 4 Konzeptphase 35 4.1 Expertenbefragung 36 4.2 Hauptanforderungen 39 4.3 Konzeptfragen 40 4.4 Signalübertragung 41 4.4.1 Signalart 44 4.4.2 Empfängerposition grob (Körperregion) 45 4.4.3 Studie 1a: Empfängerposition fein (Kopfregion) 48 4.4.4 Studie 1b: Signalintensität 52 4.4.5 Signaltaktung 57 4.5 Konzeptentwurf 59 5 Realisierungsphase 60 5.1 Prototypsystem und Komponenten 61 5.2 Prototypfunktionsprinzip 62 5.3 Realisierungsstand 63 6 Evaluierungsphase 63 6.1.1 Studie 2: Zuverlässigkeit des IPA-Systems Testumgebung und -ablauf 65 6.1.2 Fragestellungen 67 6.1.3 Ergebnisse 68 6.1.4 Diskussion und Fazit 69 6.2 Studie 3a: 1D- Magnedfeldsensorik 73 6.2.1 Simulation der Schwimmlage 75 6.2.2 Simulation der Anschwimmposition 77 6.2.3 Simulation der Höhendifferenz 80 6.2.4 Diskussion und Fazit 82 6.3 Studie 3b: Mehrdimensionale Sensorik 84 6.3.1 2D-Magnetfeldsensorik 85 6.3.2 3D-Magentfeldsensorik 90 6.3.3 Diskussion und Fazit 93 6.4 Studie 4a: Einfluss der Belastungsintensität auf die taktile Wahrnehmung 96 6.4.1 Fragestellungen 96 6.4.2 Testumgebung und -ablauf 97 6.4.3 Ergebnisse 100 6.5 Studie 4b: Wahrnehmung des Vibrationssignals einer S13 Schwimmerin 103 6.5.1 Fragestellungen 103 6.5.2 Testumgebung und -ablauf 104 6.5.3 Ergebnisse 105 6.5.4 Diskussion und Fazit 106 7 Praxistransferphase 111 7.1 Para Trainingsgruppe 111 7.2 Studie 5: S11-Schwimmer mit zwanzigwöchiger Trainingsintervention 113 7.2.1 Fragestellungen 113 7.2.2 Testumgebung und –ablauf 113 7.2.3 Ergebnisse 116 7.2.4 Diskussion und Fazit 119 7.3 Internationale Deutsche Meisterschaften der Behinderten 2017 124 8 Zusammenfassung 125 9 Ausblick 127 10 Literaturverzeichnis 130 Anhang 142 / For blind and visually impaired people the practice of moving in water and swimming is tied to the provision of an assistive devices and systems. In para-swimming, the technical prerequisites must be developed to enable safe movement in the water autonomously and independently of a third person as a taper. The present work presents the conception, development, evaluation and practical transfer of an inductive personal distance alert (IPA) system for indicating the impending pool wall or the end of the swimming lane in the pool. The system is based on the electromagnetic transmitter-receiver principle. The stationary transmitter is positioned on the pool wall and generates a magnetic field when activated. The blind or visually impaired swimmer wears a mobile receiver unit with an integrated magnetic field sensor and miniaturized vibration motor on the front temporal bone for signal reception. As soon as the swimmer moves into the receiver area, he receives a tactile vibration signal with a frequency of 14 000 Hz over a period of 2 s. The laboratory and field studies document that swimmers perceive the vibration signal from the IPA system with a probability of over 99.8 % in the course of turn initiation. Furthermore, an evaluation study with para competitive swimmers showed that with the help of the IPA system it is possible to perform turns autonomously in any swimming mode and load intensity and thus without a third person. In addition, a twenty-week intervention study in the training of a para competitive swimmer using the IPA system showed an assistance in the improvement in turn times. Further research is needed to investigate the positional dependence of the mobile receiver unit and the individualization strategies for triggering the tactile signal as a function of the wall distance. In addition, further target groups of para-swimming are to be integrated in the application of the IPA system.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis VII Abbildungsverzeichnis VIII Abkürzungsverzeichnis XI 1 Aufbau der Arbeit und Forschungsstrategie 1 1.1 Forschungsverbund 1 1.2 Projektphasen 3 1.3 Datenerhebung und -auswertung 5 2 Einleitung und Problemstellung 6 3 Initialisierungsphase 7 3.1 Zielgruppen 9 3.2 Theoretische Grundlagen 10 3.2.1 Sehbeeinträchtigung und Blindheit 10 3.2.2 Para Schwimmen 13 3.2.3 Schwimmwende 19 3.3 Stand der Gerätetechnik 25 3.3.1 Stationäre Systeme 25 3.3.2 Mobile Systeme 28 3.3.3 Gesamtübersicht 32 4 Konzeptphase 35 4.1 Expertenbefragung 36 4.2 Hauptanforderungen 39 4.3 Konzeptfragen 40 4.4 Signalübertragung 41 4.4.1 Signalart 44 4.4.2 Empfängerposition grob (Körperregion) 45 4.4.3 Studie 1a: Empfängerposition fein (Kopfregion) 48 4.4.4 Studie 1b: Signalintensität 52 4.4.5 Signaltaktung 57 4.5 Konzeptentwurf 59 5 Realisierungsphase 60 5.1 Prototypsystem und Komponenten 61 5.2 Prototypfunktionsprinzip 62 5.3 Realisierungsstand 63 6 Evaluierungsphase 63 6.1.1 Studie 2: Zuverlässigkeit des IPA-Systems Testumgebung und -ablauf 65 6.1.2 Fragestellungen 67 6.1.3 Ergebnisse 68 6.1.4 Diskussion und Fazit 69 6.2 Studie 3a: 1D- Magnedfeldsensorik 73 6.2.1 Simulation der Schwimmlage 75 6.2.2 Simulation der Anschwimmposition 77 6.2.3 Simulation der Höhendifferenz 80 6.2.4 Diskussion und Fazit 82 6.3 Studie 3b: Mehrdimensionale Sensorik 84 6.3.1 2D-Magnetfeldsensorik 85 6.3.2 3D-Magentfeldsensorik 90 6.3.3 Diskussion und Fazit 93 6.4 Studie 4a: Einfluss der Belastungsintensität auf die taktile Wahrnehmung 96 6.4.1 Fragestellungen 96 6.4.2 Testumgebung und -ablauf 97 6.4.3 Ergebnisse 100 6.5 Studie 4b: Wahrnehmung des Vibrationssignals einer S13 Schwimmerin 103 6.5.1 Fragestellungen 103 6.5.2 Testumgebung und -ablauf 104 6.5.3 Ergebnisse 105 6.5.4 Diskussion und Fazit 106 7 Praxistransferphase 111 7.1 Para Trainingsgruppe 111 7.2 Studie 5: S11-Schwimmer mit zwanzigwöchiger Trainingsintervention 113 7.2.1 Fragestellungen 113 7.2.2 Testumgebung und –ablauf 113 7.2.3 Ergebnisse 116 7.2.4 Diskussion und Fazit 119 7.3 Internationale Deutsche Meisterschaften der Behinderten 2017 124 8 Zusammenfassung 125 9 Ausblick 127 10 Literaturverzeichnis 130 Anhang 142

Ionic self-assembled multilayers (ISAMs) can be formed by alternately dipping a substrate in anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes. Each immersion deposits a monolayer via electrostatic attraction, allowing for nanometer-scale control over film thickness. Additionally, ISAM films can be applied to arbitrary substrate geometries and can easily incorporate a variety of polymers and nanoscale organic or inorganic inclusions. The ISAM technique was used to tune and functionalize a rapid, sensitive fiber optic biosensor for textit{Brucella}, a family of bacteria that are detrimental to livestock and can also infect humans. The sensor was based on a turn-around point long period fiber grating (TAP-LPG). Unlike conventional LPGs, in which the attenuation peaks shift wavelength in response to environmental changes, TAP-LPGs have a highly sensitive single wavelength peak with variable attenuation. ISAMs were applied to a TAP-LPG to tune it to maximum sensitivity and to facilitate cross-linking of receptor molecules. Biotin and streptavidin were used to attach biotinylated hybridization probes specific to distinct species of textit{Brucella}. The sensor was then exposed to lysed cell cultures and tissue samples in order to evaluate its performance. The best results were obtained when using samples from textit{Brucella} infected mice, which produced a transmission change of 6.0 ± 1.4% for positive controls and 0.5 ± 2.0% for negative controls. While the sensor was able to distinguish between positive and negative samples, the relatively short dynamic range of the available fiber limited its performance. Attempts to fabricate new TAP-LPGs using a CO2 laser were unsuccessful due to poor laser stability. A second application of the ISAM technique was as a source of second-harmonic generation (SHG). SHG is a nonlinear optical process in which light is instantaneously converted to half its wavelength in the presence of intense electric fields. Localized surface plasmons (LSPs) in metal nanoparticles produce strong electric field enhancements, especially at sharp tips and edges, that can be used to increase SHG. Colloidally grown silver nanoprisms were deposited onto nonlinear ISAM films and conversion of 1064 nm Nd:YAG radiation to its 532 nm second-harmonic was observed. Little enhancement was observed when using nanoprisms with LSP resonance near 1064 nm due to their large size and low concentration. When using shorter wavelength nanoprisms, enhancements of up to 35 times were observed when they were applied by immersion, and up to 1380 times when concentrated nanoprisms were applied via dropcasting at high enough densities to broaden their extinction peak towards the excitation wavelength. A maximum enhancement of 2368 times was obtained when concentrated silver nanoprisms with LSP resonance around 900 nm were spincast with an additional layer of PCBS. / Doctor of Philosophy / Polyelectrolytes are long molecules composed of chains of charged monomers. When a substrate with a net surface charge is dipped into an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte solution, a single layer of molecules will be electrostatically deposited onto the substrate. Because the surface charge now appears to match the charge of the solution, no further deposition occurs. However, the process can be repeated by rinsing the substrate and immersing in a solution with the opposite charge. This technique forms ionic self-assembled multilayers (ISAMs), which can be assembled with nanometer-level control over thickness. The flexibility of polymer chemistry allows ISAMs to be formed from polyelectrolytes with a wide variety of properties. Additionally, the technique can easily incorporate other nanoscale materials, such as nanoparticles, clay platelets, and biological molecules, and has been investigated for applications ranging from dye-sensitized organic solar cells to drug delivery and medical implant coatings. This dissertation presents two applications of ISAM films. In one, ISAM films were used to tune and functionalize an optical biosensor for Brucella. Brucellosis primarily infects livestock, in which it causes significant reproductive problems leading to economic losses, but can also cause flu-like symptoms and more serious complications in humans. A rapid, sensitive test for Brucella is required to monitor herds and adjacent wild carriers, such as elk and bison. Optical biosensors, which operate by detecting changes due to the interaction between light and the stimulus, could satisfy this need. Long period fiber gratings (LPGs) are periodic modulations induced in the core of an optical fiber that cause transmitted light to be scattered at a resonant wavelength, resulting in attenuation. Conventional LPGs respond to changes in strain, temperature, or external refractive index by shifting their resonant wavelength. When special conditions are met, an LPG may exhibit a turn-around point (TAP), where dual peaks coalesce into a single peak with a constant wavelength but variable attenuation depth. TAP-LPGs are more sensitive than ordinary LPGs, and could be developed into inexpensive sensors with single-wavelength light sources and detectors. In this work, ISAMs were deposited onto an LPG to tune it near its TAP. Segments of single-stranded DNA, called hybridization probes, that were specific to individual species of Brucella were attached to the ISAM film before the sensor was exposed to lysed bacterial cultures. It was found that the sensor could distinguish between Brucella and other types of bacteria, but was less successful at distinguishing between Brucella species. The project was limited by the available TAP-LPGs, which had less dynamic range than those used in prior work by this group. Attempts were made to establish a new supply of TAP-LPGs by fabrication with a CO2 laser, but these efforts were unsuccessful due to poor laser stability. The second project discussed in this dissertation investigated ISAM films as a source of second-harmonic generation (SHG), a nonlinear optical process in which light is converted to half its fundamental wavelength in the presence of intense electric fields. Nonlinear ISAMs were constructed by choosing a polyelectrolyte with a hyperpolarizable side group in which SHG can occur. The SHG efficiency was increased by factors of several hundred to several thousand by the addition of silver nanoprisms. Metal nanoparticles can produce strong electric field enhancements, especially at their tips and edges, when incident light causes resonant collective oscillations in their electrons called localized surface plasmons (LSPs). It was found that while silver nanoprisms whose LSP resonant wavelength matched the fundamental wavelength were too dilute to produce noticeable enhancement, better results could be obtained by depositing shorter wavelength nanoprisms at sufficient density to broaden their extinction peak via interparticle interactions. The best enhancement observed was for a sample where concentrated silver nanoprisms with LSP resonance around 900 nm were dropcast onto an ISAM film and coated with an additional polymer layer, resulting in 2368 times more SHG than the plain ISAM film.

Intresset för föreliggande uppsatsarbete har varit att analysera synen på unga lagöverträdare som döms till frihetsberövande påföljder. Avstamp har gjorts i propositionen som 1998 föreslog att sluten ungdomsvård skulle införas i påföljdssystemet i en ambition att undvika fängelsestraff för unga (Prop. 1997/98:96) samt i betänkandet som 2023 föreslår att unga lagöverträdare återigen ska verkställa fängelsestraff (SOU 2023:44). Utifrån en diskursanalytisk ansats var syftet att synliggöra hur påföljdssystemet för unga framställs som ett ’problem’, hur dessa problemrepresentationer motiverar respektive förslag om frihetsberövande påföljd samt hur det kan förstås i ljuset av en ’straffande vändning’. Resultatet visar att påföljdssystemet i propositionen framställs som ett rättssäkerhetsproblem där en framträdande juridisk diskurs har ökat såväl samhällets rättsmedvetande som det enskilda barnets rättsstatus. I betänkandet framställs påföljdssystemet i stället som ett trygghetsproblem, baserat på en alarmistisk bild av ökad och grövre brottslighet bland unga vilka samhället behöver skyddas från. En utveckling har skett från att unga lagöverträdare betraktas vara i fara, offer för en social utsatthet, till att de betraktas som farliga barn som skapar otrygghet i samhället. Det är den senaste kategorin av ‘farliga barn’ som betänkandets förslag vilar på. Ett förslag som förväntas bidra till ökade samhällsklyftor och ökad stigmatisering av en redan utsatt grupp unga lagöverträdare. Ett förslag som också får direkta konsekvenser, i huvudsak för de barn som underrepresenteras i betänkandet: De barn som är flickor, och de barn som är i särskilt behov av stöd, vård och behandling. / The interest in the present study has been to analyze the way juvenile offenders, who are sentenced to a custodial sanction, are portrayed. The study draws from the proposition that 1998 suggested the new sanction of youth custody in an aspiration to replace prison for juvenile offenders (Prop. 1997/98:96) and in the deliberation that 2023 suggested that juvenile offenders once again should be sentenced to prison (SOU 2023:44). Drawing from a discourse analysis, this study aims to uncover the way the youth penal system is produced as a ‘problem’, how this problem representation justifies the different suggestions about custodial sanctions and how it could be understood in the light of a ‘punitive turn’. The results show that the penal system in the first document is produced as a problem regarding penal certainty, whereas a prominent juridical discourse has raised a general legal awareness as well as the legal status for the individual child. In the second document the penal policy is produced as a problem regarding public safety, based on the view of an increased and rougher crime scene among youngsters whom society needs to be protected from. A development can be identified from where juvenile offenders are portrayed as being in danger, victims of social circumstances, to that they are portrayed as dangerous kids that constitutes a threat to the society. It is the latter category of ‘dangerous kids’ that the suggestions in the second document lays upon. Suggestions that are expected to contribute to increased stigmatization of an already exposed group of juvenile offenders. Suggestions that also have direct consequences, especially for those who are underrepresented in the second document: Kids who are girls, and kids who need care, treatment, and protection.

Obwohl die Theatralisierung der Musik ein entscheidender Aspekt der Neuen Musik ist, der im Szenario nach 1945 noch mehr an Bedeutung gewinnt, kann die aber auch als Ausdruck einer musikalischen Wende zum Leib verstanden werden. Um von einer Wende zum Leib in der Musik zu sprechen, muss man auch eine Form des Dualismus zu überwinden. Durch die Werke avantgardistischer Komponisten wird in dieser Arbeit versucht, ein Verständnis der Musikwahrnehmung aufzubauen. / It is our thesis that, even though the theatricalization of music is a crucial aspect of the Neue Musik – one that gain even more prominence on the post-1945 scenario –, it is also an expression of a corporeal turn in music. To speak of a corporeal turn in music also means an attempt to overcome a form of dualism. It is an attempt to unify music making and music perception. This is what will be attempted here. Through the works of avant-garde composers, an attempt to build an understanding of music perception in the context of a corporeal turn in music will be made. From the perception of the body and corporeity to the move from “listening” to “perceiving” and, finally, in the concept of the work of music as a phenomenal field, a physiological perception of the avant-garde will be developed.