I arbetet analyseras Tysklands blixtkrig under andra världskriget för att ta fram fyra jämförelsedimensioner som kan sägas är det som karaktäriserar blixtkrig. Dessa jämförelsedimensioner används sedan i fallstudier för att lyfta fram förfarande för blixtkrig. Jag gör två fallstudier i mitt arbete på Israels och USA:s krigföring i Sexdagarskriget 1967 och Irakkriget 2003.I andra världskriget uppnådde tyskarna stora framgångar i början av kriget tack vare att de använde sig av blixtkrig. Efter andra världskriget kan man fundera kring om blixtkrig fortfarande är genomförbart och vilka förutsättningar som krävs för detta. Syftet med mitt arbete är därför att granska de viktigaste förutsättningarna för blixtkrig efter andra världskriget.Metoden jag har använt mig av i mitt arbete är kvalitativ textanalys, med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning kring blixtkriget. I analysdelen gör jag en jämförandeanalys på mina två fallstudier. / This work analyzed the German blitzkrieg in World War II to produce fourcomparison dimensions that can be said is the essence of blitzkrieg. Thesecomparative dimensions are then used in case studies to highlight the process ofblitzkrieg. I make two case studies in my work in Israel and the U.S. war in the SixDay War of 1967 and the Iraq war 2003.In World War II the Germans achieved great success in the beginning of the warbecause they used the blitzkrieg. After World War II, one can wonder whetherblitzkrieg is still feasible and the necessary conditions for this. The purpose of mystudy is to examine the key components of blitzkrieg after World War II.The method I am using in my work is qualitative text analysis, based on previousresearch on lightning war. In the analysis section, I make a comparative analysis ofmy two case studies.

Great Power and Small State: Perceptions of Germany in Five Swedish Newspapers 1870–1890. During the last decades of the 19th century, a marked shift in Sweden’s foreign and security policy took place. France had for centuries been considered an ally and continued to be regarded as such in spite of Swedish neutrality. Both king Charles XV and his brother and successor, Oscar II, played a central role in creating the foreign policy of Sweden-Norway (united between 1814–1905). Oscar, however, unlike his brother saw Sweden’s future in closer cooperation with Germany. The aim of this study is to examine the Swedish perception of Prussia and Germany in newspapers from the period between 1870 and 1890. A central aspect is the assumption that the views found in these newspapers also reflect the relationship between small states and great powers in general. War between France and Prussia broke out in July 1870. This led to extensive coverage in the press. For the purpose of the study digitized Swedish newspapers from this month available through the homepage of the National Library of Sweden were examined. Five newspapers which most frequently commented on foreign affairs were identified. Based on literature on the subject and random samples among the newspapers a further seven different events of particular importance and of interest to the press were selected. These are as follows: The founding of the German Empire and the peace treaty between Germany and France in 1871, the visit of the Swedish royal couple to Berlin in 1875, events during the year of the three emperors 1888, including a visit by Wilhelm II to Stockholm, and Otto von Bismarck’s resignation as chancellor in 1890. It turns out that during 1870–71 Swedish newspapers generally, with only a few notable exceptions, were very critical against Prussia and Germany. Apart from Sweden’s traditional connection to France this can also be explained by taking into account events during and after the Dano-Prussian war in 1864. The war had created resentment towards Prussia. Scandinavianism, a political movement with the goal of uniting the three Scandinavian countries (sometimes also including Finland), played an important role in several Swedish newspapers around the mid 19th century. Prussia/Germany was now and again even considered as a potential threat to Sweden. According to German press reports during his visit to Berlin in 1875 Oscar II had expressed that he wanted the Swedish and German armies to become brothers in arms. This led to a heated debate but was eventually characterized as a misunderstanding of what the king had actually said.By the end of the 1880s the views in the newspapers regarding Germany had changed considerably. Both Wilhelm I and Bismarck were now even seen as guarantors of peace in Europe. Wilhelm II:s visit to Sweden shortly after his accession to the throne confirmed that relations between the two countries had entered into a new era. The five newspapers came to support the king’s foreign policy – although they remained critical of some aspects of German domestic policy. An emphasis on Sweden’s weak international position and the need for peace feature very prominently in editorials regarding the eight events. This also relates to the small state – great power dichotomy. A distinctive feature can be found in the occasionally expressed conviction that the Scandinavian peninsula, largely surrounded by the sea and on the periphery of Europe, after all was protected by its geographic location

This essay searches to examine religious education (RE) in Swedish primary school through a comparison to the teaching of the same subject in Germany. The perspective used is the one of the teacher, and the methods and content of religious teaching have been investigated by interviews and a minor study of the curricula of RE in both nations. The three central concepts of teaching RE, defined by Michael Grimmit, operate as a mould for the findings to be organized after. The purpose is not to investigate the knowledge of religions among pupils, but to compare two different methods of RE, both being used in two secularized North European nations, and how they are practically performed by six teachers. The respondents’ experiences of their mission will be the focal point of the study, but didactics methods of RE have also been an important part of  the literary synthesis as well as of the interviews. A survey of which cathegories of methods were described in the interview will be presented in a chart. The synthesis of the respondents’ reflections suggests that the experience of the professional mission varies between the teachers teaching confessionally and those teaching unconfessionally. The first include in their charge to breed their pupils into the culture and heritage of their religion, and guide them into living within it. The second stress their target as objective founders of knowledge, responsible to offer varying views of the world and society. The collective opinion among the respondents was however that to be able to interact well in a society of multiple religions, the pupils need to reach substantial knowledge of the religions of the world, including other outlooks on life, and develop understanding and tolerance for their neighbours.

För svenska företag som har ambitionen att expandera internationellt är Tyskland en av de närmast större marknaderna. Då svenska och tyska marknaden har olika förutsättningar vad gäller politik, lagstiftning, ekonomi samt kultur, ställs företag inför utmaningar när det kommer till hur de bör styra och leda sina tyska dotterbolag. I vår studie har vi valt att undersöka hur det svenska detaljhandelsföretaget Stadium styr sitt tyska dotterbolag i förhållande till sitt svenska samt granska vilka utmaningar som följer av att implementera kontrollmekanismerna i Tyskland. Vi ämnar även undersöka ifall utmaningarna kan härledas till de av Hofstede beskrivna kulturskillnaderna mellan länderna. De kontrollmekanismer vi undersöker i studien har vi valt att benämna centralisering, byråkratiska styrmedel och kulturell kontroll. Resultatet är inhämtad genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som innehar ledande befattningar i dotterbolagen samt med personer ur moderbolagets företagsledning. Det visar att Stadium valt att ha samma styrmedel i båda ländernas dotterbolag men att det har inneburit utmaningar för ledarna i det tyska dotterbolaget. Framförallt har den tyska personalens syn på hierarki, ledarskapspreferenser och attityder till regler och rutiner påverkat arbetet med Stadiums kontrollmekanismer på den tyska marknaden.

Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga och jämföra preventiva hjälpinsatser i Sverige och Tyskland för människor som har begått, eller riskerar att begå, sexuella handlingar mot barn. Tidigare forskning visar att det saknas evidensbaserade behandlingsmetoder som har en mätbar preventiv effekt för sexualbrottsförövare mot barn, samt att kompetens inom den svenska vården för att möta individer ur denna förövargrupp är bristfällig. I Tyskland har ett behandlingsprogram som riktar sig specifikt till pedofiler framtagits – någon motsvarande behandlingsinsats finns inte i Sverige. Denna uppsats utgörs av en litteraturstudie som utifrån tryckt vetenskapligt och icke-vetenskapligt material presenterar ett flertal preventiva hjälpinsatser inom kriminalvård och öppenvård i de bägge länderna. Slutsatser som kan dras från studien är att det i Tyskland finns fler preventiva hjälpinsatser för människor som har begått, eller riskerar att begå, sexuella övergrepp mot barn än vad det gör i Sverige. Hjälpinsatser i Tyskland finansieras i större utsträckning än i Sverige med offentliga medel. Skilda lagar kring anmälnings- och tystnadsplikt resulterar i att behandling delvis utgår från olika premisser i de båda länderna.

This essay examines cases of faux executions administered by the high court of Göta hovrätt in Sweden during the years of 1648-1653. The faux executions are examined as a form of mental torture, utilized to extract confessions from suspected criminals. The essay builds on previous research on subjects of the early modern Swedish justice system, the interaction between the Swedish justice system and its constituents, as well as research on the subject of torture in the context of the Swedish justice system. Furthermore, research on the subject of torture and justice systems in early modern Germany and England are used as points of comparison. The goal is to understand the place of faux executions in both judicial practice and the mental frameworks of early modern Swedes, the condemning as well as the condemned. To achieve this end, the essay employs the theories of history of mentalities as well as ideas from micro history.      The primary material used in this essay are the judgements of the high court of Göta hovrätt, from which all orders of faux executions were issued. Importance is given not only to the sentencing as such, but the meaning loaded into choices of individual words. Additionally, the original sentence from the relevant lower court is consulted when available. The aim is to amass as much text as possible with regards to each individual case in order to acquire as many details as possible about each case.      The essay concludes that the use of faux executions arose as a consequence of the Roman-canon legal theory of proof, as well as the prevalence of ideas about the connection between truthful confessions and pain or death. In addition, the essay concludes that the present mentalities offered a wide range of reactions to the faux executions to those subjected to it. Furthermore, with regards to faux executions used in cases of infanticide, a parallel is found between the lack of condemning evidence and the court's ambiguous use of language with regards to the constructed ideal of "the guilty mother." Also, the essay concludes that faux executions had an ambiguous relationship with the concept of poena extraordinaria present in judicial discourse and practice throughout continental Europe. With regards to conditions in early modern England, it is established that there was no place for the faux execution, as the use of torture in England was not a consequence of the legal theory of proof. Lastly, the essay concludes that while the preconditions for faux executions existed in Germany, a possible reason for it not being used was the decentralized nature of its justice system.

The purpose of this Master thesis is to compare the perception and significance of reference work in two countries, Sweden and Germany. This will be achieved by means of a literature review of previous research literature and public documents and a content analysis of articles from two library journals.A first step was to examine the historical development of reference work in the selected countries. In connection with this there proved to be distinct phases in the discussion regarding reference work. These phases with their specific discourses, themes and emphases reflected and thus later were confirmed in the second part of the study.The results show that despite some similarities there are also quite a few differences in how reference work is perceived in both countries. For Sweden, the idea of reference work was introduced relatively early. But only little has been done over time to develop this service. Germany has only recently been orientating itself away from a collection-oriented to a service-oriented library. Reference work was therefore established relatively late in German libraries, despite some earlier theoretical discussions. Swedish literature deliberates primarily reference service quality and how it could be improved. The German literature considers in contrast, mainly reference work’s more general role, its functions and forms of organization.In recent years the meaning both countries ascribe to reference work has become more similar, this is due to fact that libraries, regardless of whether they are located in Sweden, Germany or the United States, are faced with the same challenges. / Program: Masterprogram: Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap, Digitala bibliotek och informationstjänster

<p>Titel: Revisorers arbetsuppgifter – En kvantitativ studie om revisorers arbetsuppgifters förväntade utveckling efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten med paralleller dragna till Tyskland Författare: Bohman, Kaisa (Mälardalens högskola) Gunstad, Anna-Karin (Mälardalens högskola) Handledare: Riitta Lehtisalo Seminariedatum: 2010-06-04 Institution: Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling Kurs: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi, 15 hp Examinator: Cecilia Lindh Nyckelord: Revisionsplikt, revisor, revision, arbetsuppgifter, Tyskland Bakgrund: Den 1 november 2010 träder en ny lag i kraft som avser avskaffandet av revisionsplikten i Sverige för små aktiebolag. När ramverket runt revisorerna förändras måste de anpassa sig för att bli så effektiva och verksamma som möjligt. Tyskland har i dagsläget ett system där mindre aktiebolag inte behöver revidera sina räkenskaper. Sverige och Tyskland har sina rötter i kontinental redovisningstradition vilket bidrar till att Tyskland kan anses vara ett föregångsland till Sverige. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur revisorer tror att deras arbetsuppgifter förändras efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten. Syftet är även att dra paralleller till den tyska utvecklingen av arbetsuppgifter för revisorer för att undersöka om det kan ge en bild av den kommande svenska utvecklingen. Vi kommer även i studien identifiera intressenter som kommer att påverka denna förväntade framtida utveckling. Metod: Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär där intervjuer med revisorer har genomförts för att få en ökad förståelse för problemet. Studien genomfördes genom intervjuer i både Sverige och Tyskland. Slutsatser: Slutsatser vi kan dra är att de svenska revisorerna tror att deras arbetsuppgifter kommer att utvecklas i riktning mot rådgivning, konsultation och punktinsatser. De svenska revisorerna tror att intressenter såsom kreditgivare, leverantörer, företag och Skatteverket, kommer att påverka hur deras framtida arbetsuppgifter kommer att se ut.</p> / <p>Titel: Auditors tasks - A qualitative study on auditor’s tasks expected development after the abolition of the audit requirement with parallels drawn to Germany Authors: Kaisa Bohman Anna-Karin Gunstad Advisor: Riitta Lehtisalo Seminar date: 2010-06-04 Institution: School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology Course: Bachelor Thesis, 15 hp Examiner: Cecilia Lindh Keywords: Audit requirement, review, auditor, tasks, Germany The main issues: 1 November 2010 a new law in force relating to the abolition of the audit requirement in Sweden. The Swedish companies, can after this date, freely choose whether they want to audit or not. When the framework around the auditors change, they must change to adapt to the new ground rules to ensure that they stay as efficient and as effective as possible. Germany has in the current situation a system where smaller companies do not have to revise their accounts; it takes place entirely on a voluntary basis. Sweden and Germany has its roots in continental accounting tradition, whereas Germany can be regarded as a leading country of Sweden. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine how auditors believe that their tasks will change after the abolition of the audit requirement. The aim is also to draw parallels with the German development of the tasks of auditors to examine whether it can provide a picture of the future Swedish development. We will identify stakeholders who are likely to influence the development of auditors' work. Method: The study is qualitative in nature in which interviews with auditors has been conducted to obtain a better understanding of the problem. This study was conducted through interviews in both Sweden and Germany. Conclusions: One conclusion we can draw is that the Swedish auditors believe that their work will evolve in the direction of advisory and consultancy services. Another conclusion we can draw is that the Swedish auditors believe that stakeholders such as creditors, suppliers, other businesses and the Treasury, will influence their future task.</p>

<p>Under det senaste decenniet har det skett en märkbar förändring vad gäller bedrivandet av den ekonomiska politiken i Europa. Den kanske mest synliga förändringen är EMU och introduktionen av den gemensamma valutan i tolv av unionens medlemsländer. En annan skillnad är införandet av de allmänna ekonomiska riktlinjerna som syftar åt harmonisering av bedrivandet av finanspolitik på nationell nivå. En tredje skillnad är introduktionen av stabilitets- och tillväxtpakten, som tillkommit som komplement för EMU i syfte att motverka ett beteende bland medlemsländerna som skulle försvåra ECB: s arbete för prisstabilitet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera om och i så fall hur stabilitets- och tillväxtpakten har påverkat Tysklands möjligheter till stabilisering av ekonomin genom den nationella finanspolitiken. Avgränsningar som gjorts i uppsatsen är bland annat att fokus kommer att ligga på Tyskland, samt att den undersökta tidsperioden kommer vara mellan år 1998 och vintern 2003. Uppsatsen utgör en typ av fallstudie och den metod som nyttjats i arbetet är av kvalitativ karaktär. Förutom skriftliga källor har intervjuer med tyska ledamöter av EU-parlamentet varit en väsentlig del av det material som ligger till grund för uppsatsen.</p>

<p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och inhämta information om den ryska och den tyska marknaden, både vad gäller lagar och restriktioner samt kulturskillnader, för att på så sätt få fram information som kan vara till nytta för svenska företag som funderar på att etablera sig på någon av dessa marknader.</p><p>Metod: Studien är kvalitativ och resultat har erhållits genom en fallstudie av Ikea och de problem företaget upplevde vid etableringen i Ryssland och Tyskland. Intervjuer, såväl personligen som via mail, har genomförts med anställda inom Ikea i respektive land. Till detta har sekundärdata inom det valda området studerats och analyserats.</p><p>Teoretiska perspektiv: Uppsatsens teoretiska syntes bygger på Porters sju etableringshinder, teorin om tariffära och icke-tariffära handelshinder och teorin om regional ekonomisk integration samt Hofstedes dimensionsmodell över nationella kulturer och teorin om hög- och lågkontextkulturer.</p><p>Resultat: Resultaten av undersökningen visar bland annat att de konkreta handelshinderna, såsom statlig politik och höga tullar, upplevs vara de största svårigheterna vid en etablering på den ryska marknaden, medan kulturella skillnader ses som det största etableringshindret på den tyska marknaden. Detta beror på Tysklands EU-medlemskap, då EU i stort sett reducerat de konkreta handelshinderna mellan medlemsländerna.</p> / <p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and obtain information about the Russian and the German market regarding laws and restrictions as well as cultural differences, to elicit useful facts for those Swedish companies thinking about an establishment in both or one of these countries.</p><p>Methodology: This thesis is based on a qualitative approach containing a case study of Ikea. Interviews with employees at the company in both Russia and Germany have been made, as well as a literature study within our study field.</p><p>Theoretical perspectives: The frame of reference is based on the theory of Porter concerning trade barriers, the theory about tariff and non-tariff barriers as well as the one about regional economic integration. It also contains cultural theories, viz. Hofstede’s theory about national culture differences and the theory about high and low context cultures.</p><p>Results: Our results show that trade barriers such as national politics and customs tariffs appear to cause the greatest problems when Swedish companies establish themselves on the Russian market, whereas cultural differences seem to be the most prominent barrier on the German market. The reason for this is the EU-membership of Germany, since EU has reduced most of the trade barriers between its members.</p>