African-American and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionately large burden of the Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) epidemic in the United States. To further enhance HIV prevention efforts among men of color, a survey was conducted within New York City’s house ball community; a community largely comprised of racial and ethnic minority persons. Time-space sampling was adapted to recruit participants for the survey from venues frequented by members of the house ball community. Using logistic regression analysis, this study examined the effects of perceived stigma, enacted stigma, sense of community and self-esteem on unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among a sub-sample of men in the survey. Both perceived and enacted stigma had a modest direct effect on engaging in UAI. The direct effect on UAI was significant even after controlling for covariates in the model. The magnitude of the effect on UAI did not vary by race/ethnicity or sexual identity. In addition, perceived and enacted stigma correlated negatively to both sense of community and self-esteem scores. Although sense of community did not buffer the effect of perceived or enacted stigma on UAI, both sense of community and self-esteem were protective against engaging in UAI. However, while the direct effect of sense of community on UAI remained after controlling for covariates in the model, the effect self-esteem had on UAI diminished after adding variables to the model. Further, self-esteem was negatively correlated with both perceived and enacted stigma, but it did not mediate perceived and enacted stigma’s effect on UAI. Implications for HIV prevention strategies given these findings are discussed. Implications include developing multilevel interventions, including structural interventions, to reduce the stigma that is perceived and experienced by men of color as well as building stronger communities for African American and Latino MSM.

<p>HIV poses considerable social and health challenges in South Africa, particularly among young people aged 15-24. Research indicates a strong link between risky sexual behaviour and alcohol and illicit drugs. In the Western Cape drug-related behaviours is a growing concern among young people because of relatively high prevalence rates of drug abuse, particularly methamphetamine. Previous South African studies have tended to focused on the link between substance use and risky sexual behaviour among commercial sex workers. The theoretical approach of this study is the information motivation behavioural skills model. Participants were selected using non-probability sampling of 279 first year students registered for Psychology I at the University of the Western Cape. This study employed a quantitative research approach using a survey design. Results: Forty-six percent of students do not believe that the use of illicit drugs has an impact on a person&rsquo / s sexual behavior. However, the findings also showed that only 45% of students believed that there was a difference between illicit drug users correctly using condoms when compared to non-users. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Conclusion: Prevention is our best and most effective means of decreasing risk-taking behaviours associated with HIV infection. Information is the first line of intervention that is necessary to reduce risk-taking behaviours / however prevention strategies and interventions of risk-taking behaviours should aim to increase motivation and help young people integrate information in a way that it is personally relatable. This is vital to address the inconsistencies between perceptions of risk and the realities of risk-taking behaviour.</p>

p. 1-216 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-08T18:01:08Z No. of bitstreams: 4 ddddddddddddddw.pdf: 366263 bytes, checksum: 214248a4bc1b1481143085bf55270bb8 (MD5) cccccccccccc.pdf: 805194 bytes, checksum: 2d485e75e2131a0e5774158a2bb3ddb6 (MD5) bbbbbbbbbbbbb.pdf: 575446 bytes, checksum: 3bec72656f3a7823fe14ccc7a732eea9 (MD5) aaaaaaaa.pdf: 612916 bytes, checksum: c1acf4fcb837d2f43c5d65c4fe309d75 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:15:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 ddddddddddddddw.pdf: 366263 bytes, checksum: 214248a4bc1b1481143085bf55270bb8 (MD5) cccccccccccc.pdf: 805194 bytes, checksum: 2d485e75e2131a0e5774158a2bb3ddb6 (MD5) bbbbbbbbbbbbb.pdf: 575446 bytes, checksum: 3bec72656f3a7823fe14ccc7a732eea9 (MD5) aaaaaaaa.pdf: 612916 bytes, checksum: c1acf4fcb837d2f43c5d65c4fe309d75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:15:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 ddddddddddddddw.pdf: 366263 bytes, checksum: 214248a4bc1b1481143085bf55270bb8 (MD5) cccccccccccc.pdf: 805194 bytes, checksum: 2d485e75e2131a0e5774158a2bb3ddb6 (MD5) bbbbbbbbbbbbb.pdf: 575446 bytes, checksum: 3bec72656f3a7823fe14ccc7a732eea9 (MD5) aaaaaaaa.pdf: 612916 bytes, checksum: c1acf4fcb837d2f43c5d65c4fe309d75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A prática do sexo oral e anal sem o uso do preservativo masculino é um importante fator para a infecção pelo HIV e outras DST na população dos homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) e das travestis. As relações entre características sociais, individuais, institucionais e as práticas sexuais desprotegidas são informações que podem ser utilizadas para estruturar ações de prevenção. Investigar as associações entre fatores de vulnerabilidade e as práticas sexuais desprotegidas além de descrever características dos HSH e travestis faz parte dos objetivos deste trabalho. O presente estudo é um recorte do Projeto Convida, inquérito sobre conhecimentos, atitudes, comportamentos e práticas de risco para a infecção pelo HIV entre HSH na cidade de Salvador na Bahia, em 2003. A população do estudo foi de HSH e travestis residentes na cidade de Salvador e região metropolitana que responderam ao questionário e que freqüentaram a “cena gay” desta cidade. A parte exploratória do estudo foi realizada com a análise de correspondência. Para a classificação da amostra em grupos, utilizou-se a análise de cluster. A modelagem estatística foi realizada utilizando regressão logística, todas norteadas pelo quadro conceitual da vulnerabilidade. A prática do sexo anal e oral desprotegido foi de 48,5% e 68,6% respectivamente, sendo a identidade sexual um importante fator para se descrever tais práticas nos grupos identificados na análise gráfica. Ajustou-se a formação dos grupos com a análise de cluster que permitiu identificar quais as características dos indivíduos que se envolvem mais freqüentemente na prática do sexo anal e oral desprotegido. A associação entre os diferentes grupos dos HSH e travestis e a prática do sexo anal desprotegido foi estatisticamente significante para o grupo dos que se sentem em médio risco de contrair HIV (OR=2,31; IC=1,68;3,19), os que se sentem em alto risco de contrair HIV (OR=1,56; IC95%=1,09;2,24), os que não responderam a percepção de risco (OR=3,20; IC95%=1,05;9,77), os ativos e passivos que gostam de todos os tipos de prática e parceria homossexual (OR=1,67 IC95%=1,07;2,61), os persuadidos/cuidadosos ao sexo desprotegido (OR=1,48; IC95%=1,16;1,89), os persuasivos e persuadidos a prática do sexo anal sem proteção (OR=6,75; IC95%=4,38;10,40). Para o sexo oral desprotegido, a associação foi estatisticamente significante para os grupos dos casados com mulher (OR=0,57; IC95%=0,38;0,87), os ativos e passivos que gostam de todos os tipos de prática e parceria homossexual (OR=3,65 IC95%=2,06;6,45), o ativo e passivo seletivo nos locais que freqüenta (OR=2,16; IC95%=1,25;3,73), o ativo sem preferência de parceiro (OR=2,34 ic95%=1,46;3,75 e os persuasivos e persuadidos a prática do sexo anal sem proteção (OR=2,41; IC95%=1,30;4,43). As práticas sexuais desprotegidas são freqüentes na população dos HSH e travestis da cidade de Salvador, sendo que os homossexuais parecem mais vulneráveis a estas práticas sexuais, seguidos das travestis. Os resultados são consistentes com alguns estudos que mostram a associação entre fatores da percepção de risco, prática do sexo insertivo sem proteção, negociação de regras para as práticas desprotegidas. Uma vantagem foi ter grupos de homens formados através da observação das relações simultâneas entre vários fatores para se observar as associações. A descrição detalhada das relações entre as práticas desprotegidas e características dos grupos de HSH e travestis podem ser usada para subsidiar ações diferenciadas e específicas de prevenção nos locais da “cena gay” de Salvador, convidando estes homens e travestis à práticas sexuais mais protegidas. / Salvador

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / Alcohol remains the most commonly abused substance in South Africa and several studies have shown associations between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviours, which pose a risk of HIV infection. Research indicates that the age group of 15-24 years is a high risk group for HIV infection. This study aimed at examining the perceptions of alcohol as a risk factor to HIV infection amoungst a sample of university students.Specifically, this study tested the hypotheses that most students perceive that those who consume alcohol were more likely to engage in unprotected sex, sex with multiple partners, casual sex and transactional sex. The Information Motivation Behavioural(IMB) skills model provided the theoretical framework for the study. Using a quantitative research design, a survey questionnaire was used to collect the data. The sample consisted of 240 first year psychology students (192 females, 48 males). Data analyses indicated support for the hypotheses that alcohol consumption was perceived as high risk for unprotected sex, casual sex and sex with multiple partners. However, the data showed no support for the hypothesis of alcohol increasing the risk of transactional sex. The data also indicated that non-drinkers were more likely to perceive alcohol as a risk factor than drinkers. The recognition by students of alcohol as a risk factor for HIV infection provides an opportunity for raising awareness about safer sex practices at institutions of higher learning in South Africa.

Detta examensarbete jämför olika rättighetsupplåtelser som kan användas för att säkra allmänna VA-ledningar som ligger i mark som inte ägs av ledningshavaren. När fastighetsägaren och ledningshavaren har en överenskommelse bör de välja att säkra ledningen med ett avtalsservitut eller en ledningsrätt. Avtalsservitutets främsta egenskaper är en låg upprättandekostnad, går att upprätta snabbt samt att den underlättar vid en framtida flytt av ledningen medan ledningsrättens främsta fördel är att den gäller med bästa rätt i fastigheten. Jämförelsen mellan de olika rättigheterna visade att ledningshavaren borde använda sig av ledningsrätten men i de fall avtalsservitutets fördelar passar bättre för situationen kan även den användas. När det inte finns en överenskommelse har ledningshavaren möjlighet att expropriera marken genom ledningsrätt eller mark- och miljödomstolen.   Arbetet behandlar de negativa konsekvenserna med en oskyddad VA-ledning, ledningshavaren kan t.ex. bli ersättningsskyldig pga en oskyddad  ledning. Om ledningen är oskyddad finns det även möjlighet för fastighetsägaren att ta bort ledningen genom att ansöka om handräckning hos kronofogden.     Examensarbetet innehåller även en inventering av alla Nacka kommuns VA-ledningar som inte ligger inom Nacka kommuns fastigheter. Inventeringen av Nacka kommuns VA-ledningar visade att drygt hälften av alla ledningar som inte ligger på kommunens mark är oskyddade. De övriga ledningarna skyddades till största delen av avtalsservitut och ledningsrätt, det fanns även några officialservitut. Inventeringen visade att kommunen inte har upprättat en enda rättighet sedan 2008, vilket tydligt bekräftar Nacka kommuns misstankar om att det finns en brist i tillvägagångssätt med att upprätta ett skydd för ledningarna. För att lösa detta problem måste Nackas organisation få klara riktlinjer för hur ledningarna ska skyddas. Det bästa vore om enhetschefen för VA &amp; Avfallsenheten fick befogenheten att skriva på servitut och nyttjanderättsavtal samt befogenheten att skriva under en ledningsrättsansökan. / This thesis compares different rights that could be used to secure public water and sewage lines that lies in other people's property. In cases where the property owner and the pipeline owner have an agreement they should choose to secure the pipeline with an agreement easement or a utility easement. An agreement easement main characteristic is that it´s not expensive, can be established quickly and that it is easy to relocate the pipelines in the future. The utility easements main advantage is that it applies with the best right in the property. The comparison between the various rights showed that the pipeline owner should use utility easement but can also use an agreement easement in cases where its advantages are best suitable for the situation.   In situations when pipelines are unprotected and when the pipeline owner are in a dispute with the property owner he could apply for a utility easement or turn to a court of justice to secure the pipelines. If the pipelines owner doesn’t get a right, the property owner could apply for assistance to remove the pipelines at the enforcement office.   The thesis also includes an inventory of all public water and sewage lines located in land not owned by themunicipalityofNacka. The inventory ofNacka’s water and sewage lines showed that about half of all pipelines lying on someone else's land were unprotected. The rest of the pipelines were largely protected by agreement easements and utility easement. The inventory showed that the municipality haven´t created a right since 2008, which means that there have to be some weakness in the municipality's organization. To solve this problem the organization must have clear directives about what rules that are applicable for each right and who it is that are responsible for establish the right.

This study described sexual behaviours among adolescents living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Zimbabwe. This study utilised a quantitative descriptive design. Data was collected using structured questionnaires from 341 adolescents living with HIV. Findings revealed that some adolescents were sexually active and had early onset of sexual activity (before their sixteenth birthday). A good proportion of sexually active adolescents were noted not to practise safer sex and the main reason was condom inaccessibility and some had multiple sex partners. Factors independently associated with being sexually active included exposure to erotic content on television programmes, having a psychiatric diagnosis, discussions of sexuality with health worker and older age. Adolescents` behaviours living with HIV and the issue of availability of condoms may play a part in the spread of HIV. More discussions and research on sexuality of adolescents are recommended / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Thesis (LLM.) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The study will analyse the legal position of the right to strike and the consequences of participating in an unlawful strike. The study will provide a brief practical implication of employees dismissed for participation in an unlawful and/or unprotected strike and the employer’s right to reemploy any employee dismissed for a misconduct relating to unlawful and/or unprotected strike. The study will further make a brief comparison with the labour law position relating to strikes in the United Kingdom (“UK”). At the end provide recommendations on how the law on participation on unlawful and/or unprotected strikes and reemployed of employees dismissed on misconduct relating to participation in an unprotected strike can be developed and improved.

No / This paper presents experimental results of temperature distribution in fire in four typical types of steel-concrete composite joint (web cleat, fin plate, flush endplate and flexible endplate) with different fire-protection schemes. The test specimens were unloaded and the steelwork of each joint assembly was exposed to a standard fire condition [ISO 834, 1975: Fire Resistance Tests, Elements of Building Construction, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva] in a furnace. In total, 14 tests were conducted, including 4 tests without any fire protection and 10 tests with different schemes of fire protection. The main objective of these tests was to investigate the effects of three practical fire-protection schemes as alternatives to full fire protection of the entire joint assembly. The three alternative methods of fire protection were: (1) protecting a segment, instead of the entire length, of the beams; (2) unprotected bolts and (3) protecting the columns only. The main results of these tests are: (1) if all the steel work (excluding the bolts) in the joint assembly was protected, whether or not protecting the bolts had very little effect on temperatures in the protected steelwork other than the bolts. The bolt temperatures were higher if they were not protected than if they were protected, but the unprotected bolt temperatures in a joint with fire protection to other steelwork were much lower than bolt temperatures in a totally unprotected joint; (2) as far as joint temperatures are concerned, protecting a segment of 400 mm of the beam was sufficient to achieve full protection and (3) if only the column was protected, only the joint components that were in the immediate vicinity of the column (such as welds) developed noticeably lower temperatures than if the joint assembly was unprotected, but due to heat conduction from the unprotected steel beams, these temperature values were much higher than if the joint assembly was protected. Furthermore, the column temperatures in the joint region were much higher than the protected column temperatures.

The effective management of a strike is generally a challenging phenomenon which impacts on employers, employees and the general public. The main purpose of this study was to analyse the legal implications of employees’ participation in an unprotected strike. The study also explored requirements for a strike to be protected in compliance with the prescribed legislation. From the literary review, cases and legislation, it became clear that compliance plays a key role when a consideration is taken by employees to take part in a strike during dispute resolution. In analysing the legal consequences for participating in an unprotected strike, a finding was made that employers in the end have an upper hand in that when all due processes and procedures are followed, they are empowered to dismiss employees. Legislation and international standards form the cornerstone upon which dispute resolution mechanisms and the rights of employers and employees are derived from. / Mercantile Law / LL.M. (Labour law)

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika en die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge verleen aan werknemers die reg om te staak. Die reg is egter nie onbeperk nie. Op grond van die voldoening aan wetlike vereistes, word stakings as beskermd of onbeskermd geklassifiseer. Beskermde stakers kan ontslaan word weens wangedrag tydens die staking of op grond van die bedryfsvereistes van die werkgewer. Die werkgewer se bedryfsvereistes sal ontslag regverdig indien sy /haar vlak van toleransie bereik is. Dit sal die geval wees indien die werkgewer se besigheid met ondergang gedreig word of onherroeplike skade gaan ly, sou die staking voortduur. Aile relevante faktore moet egter in ag geneem word. Daar is nie tans 'n vasgestelde toets in die verband nie en daar word ook aan die hand gedoen dat billikheid, met inagneming van al die relevante faktore en omstandighede, die belangrikste oorweging moet wees. 'n Vasgestelde toets vir die bepaling van die werkgewer se vlak van toleransie, word afgekeur. / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the Labour Relations Act give employees the right to strike. This right is, however, not unlimited. By reason of the satisfaction of statutory requirements, strikes are classified as protected or unprotected. Protected strikers may be dismissed for misconduct during the strike or by reason of the operational requirements of the employer. The employer's operational requirements will justify dismissal when his/her level of tolerance is reached. This will be the case when the employer's business is on the brink of extinction or about to suffer irreparable harm. All the relevant facts must however be taken into account. Currently there is no definite test in this regard and it is proposed that fairness, taking into account all the relevant facts and circumstances, be the overriding consideration. A specific test for the determination of the employer's level of tolerance must be rejected. / Economics and Management Sciences / LL.M.