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A etnoconservação é uma abordagem teórica em construção que visa salvaguardar a conservação e gestão da biodiversidade incluindo a valorização sociocultural, tendo como pressuposto a indissociável relação entre a biodiversidade e a dimensão humana. Neste trabalho, adotaram-se dispositivos legais que podem dar subsídios a ações de base etnoconservacionista em ambientes altamente fragmentados que apresentam vulnerabilidade no contexto socioambiental. Em decorrência de diversas pressões, como o avanço da urbanização em detrimento das áreas naturais remanescentes na cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre, o objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma análise etnoconservacionista dessa cidade, caracterizando a circulação e o acesso dos Guarani-mbyá aos ecossistemas da região. Esse objetivo geral desdobra-se em: a) descrever o processo de criação da cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre; b) caracterizar socioambientalmente as Áreas Protegidas da cidade rururbana e c) avaliar a circulação dos Guarani-mbyá em seu território, com ênfase no acesso destes aos ecossistemas da região e tendo em vista a proposição de abertura de diálogos e a adoção de instrumentos de conservação e gestão da biodiversidade de acordo com direitos, costumes e tradições dos Guarani-mbyá. A metodologia adotada caracterizou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa. A caracterização da constituição do município de Porto Alegre, a evolução da urbanização até a criação da Macrozona cidade rururbana no Plano de Desenvolvimento Urbano Ambiental – PDDUA – foi realizada por meio de revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e fotográfica, como também a caracterização das Áreas Protegidas da cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com técnicos e pesquisadores que atuam com os Guarani-mbyá na região e o mapeamento das Áreas Protegidas com ênfase nas tekoás Anhetenguá, Pindó Poty e TI Cantagalo. Além disso, desenvolveu-se um conjunto de técnicas de geoprocessamento em um mosaico de imagens do satélite SPOT 5 de 2011, adquiridas a partir do programa Google Earth Pro 4.2 (beta) em abril/2012. Com o Software ArcMap versão 9.3 as imagens foram georeferenciadas através de pontos de controle. No mesmo programa, as geoinformações foram organizadas no formato Geodatabase com a construção de uma tabela de atributos. A Base Hidrográfica foi adquirida na Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental – FEPAM. Contou-se também com arquivos digitais para uso em SIG, em abril/2012, no formato “shape file”. Para acabamento gráfico dos mapas foi utilizado o Software Photoshop CS5 versão 12.0. Os mapas apresentam-se em escala de 1:15000. Os resultados demonstram a complexidade do território tradicional guarani fragmentado pelo processo de colonização e urbanização, tensões e restrições de uso nas áreas naturais do entorno das tekoás. A condição desses territórios, localizados na interface da dimensão rural e urbana, e a proteção do patrimônio ambiental e cultural, são discutidas no contexto da Mata Atlântica e do povo Guarani-mbyá, com ênfase nas Áreas Protegidas e nas áreas de circulação guarani. / Ethno-conservation is a theoretical approach that aims to safeguard the biodiversity’s conservation and management in accordance with the socio-cultural appreciation, presupposing the inseparable relationship between biodiversity and human dimensions. In this dissertation, legal means to subsidize ethno-conservation actions on fragmented environments that present vulnerability on the socio-environmental context were adopted. Due to many factors, such as the expansion of urban areas into the remaining natural urban-rural areas in the city of Porto Alegre, the goal of this dissertation is to analyze the ethno-conservation of urban-rural areas in the city of Porto Alegre, characterizing the Guarani-Mbya ecosystems’ movement and access. The general aim is divided in three parts: a) to describe the urban-rural areas development process in Porto Alegre; b) to characterize the city’s protected urbanrural areas in relation to socio-environmental aspects; and c) to evaluate the movement of the Guarani-mbyá in their territory, specially related to ecosystems’ access, in opposite to the open dialogue and use of conservation tools and biodiversity management, according to the Guarani-mbyá’s rights, traditions and habits. In order to develop this dissertation, there were adopted qualitative investigative methodological procedures. The constitution characterizations of the city of Porto Alegre, as well as the urban evolution up to the creation of an urban-rural city on the PDDUA (Urban-Enviormental Development Plan) was created based on bibliographic review, analysis of documents, photos and characteristics of the urbanrural protected areas of Porto Alegre. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with experts and researchers that work with the Guarani-Mbya in the region and the mapping of protected areas emphasizing tekoás Anhetenguá, Pindó Poty and TI Cantagalo. The field record has been done with techniques in mosaic environment of satellite images SPOT 5 of 2011, taken from the software Google Earth Pro 4.2 (beta) on April/2012. The images were referenced geographically using control points with the Software ArcMap version 9.3. In the same software, the geographic information was organized in the format Geodatabase by building a table of attributes. The Hydrographic Base was acquired in the State Foundation of Environmental Protection - FEPAM. Digital files to be used in GIS, on April/2012, in the format "shape file" were also exerted. The software Photoshop CS5 version 12.0 was used to finalize the graphic map. The maps are presented in a 1:15,000 scale. The results show the complexity of traditional Guarani territory fragmented by the processes of colonization and urbanization and tensions and restrictions in natural areas surrounding the tekoás. The territories’ conditions, located at the interface of urban and rural dimension, and protection of the cultural and environmental heritage are discussed in the context of the Atlantic Forest and the Guarani-Mbya people, with emphasis on protected areas and areas of outstanding Guarani.

A etnoconservação é uma abordagem teórica em construção que visa salvaguardar a conservação e gestão da biodiversidade incluindo a valorização sociocultural, tendo como pressuposto a indissociável relação entre a biodiversidade e a dimensão humana. Neste trabalho, adotaram-se dispositivos legais que podem dar subsídios a ações de base etnoconservacionista em ambientes altamente fragmentados que apresentam vulnerabilidade no contexto socioambiental. Em decorrência de diversas pressões, como o avanço da urbanização em detrimento das áreas naturais remanescentes na cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre, o objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma análise etnoconservacionista dessa cidade, caracterizando a circulação e o acesso dos Guarani-mbyá aos ecossistemas da região. Esse objetivo geral desdobra-se em: a) descrever o processo de criação da cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre; b) caracterizar socioambientalmente as Áreas Protegidas da cidade rururbana e c) avaliar a circulação dos Guarani-mbyá em seu território, com ênfase no acesso destes aos ecossistemas da região e tendo em vista a proposição de abertura de diálogos e a adoção de instrumentos de conservação e gestão da biodiversidade de acordo com direitos, costumes e tradições dos Guarani-mbyá. A metodologia adotada caracterizou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa. A caracterização da constituição do município de Porto Alegre, a evolução da urbanização até a criação da Macrozona cidade rururbana no Plano de Desenvolvimento Urbano Ambiental – PDDUA – foi realizada por meio de revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e fotográfica, como também a caracterização das Áreas Protegidas da cidade rururbana de Porto Alegre. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com técnicos e pesquisadores que atuam com os Guarani-mbyá na região e o mapeamento das Áreas Protegidas com ênfase nas tekoás Anhetenguá, Pindó Poty e TI Cantagalo. Além disso, desenvolveu-se um conjunto de técnicas de geoprocessamento em um mosaico de imagens do satélite SPOT 5 de 2011, adquiridas a partir do programa Google Earth Pro 4.2 (beta) em abril/2012. Com o Software ArcMap versão 9.3 as imagens foram georeferenciadas através de pontos de controle. No mesmo programa, as geoinformações foram organizadas no formato Geodatabase com a construção de uma tabela de atributos. A Base Hidrográfica foi adquirida na Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental – FEPAM. Contou-se também com arquivos digitais para uso em SIG, em abril/2012, no formato “shape file”. Para acabamento gráfico dos mapas foi utilizado o Software Photoshop CS5 versão 12.0. Os mapas apresentam-se em escala de 1:15000. Os resultados demonstram a complexidade do território tradicional guarani fragmentado pelo processo de colonização e urbanização, tensões e restrições de uso nas áreas naturais do entorno das tekoás. A condição desses territórios, localizados na interface da dimensão rural e urbana, e a proteção do patrimônio ambiental e cultural, são discutidas no contexto da Mata Atlântica e do povo Guarani-mbyá, com ênfase nas Áreas Protegidas e nas áreas de circulação guarani. / Ethno-conservation is a theoretical approach that aims to safeguard the biodiversity’s conservation and management in accordance with the socio-cultural appreciation, presupposing the inseparable relationship between biodiversity and human dimensions. In this dissertation, legal means to subsidize ethno-conservation actions on fragmented environments that present vulnerability on the socio-environmental context were adopted. Due to many factors, such as the expansion of urban areas into the remaining natural urban-rural areas in the city of Porto Alegre, the goal of this dissertation is to analyze the ethno-conservation of urban-rural areas in the city of Porto Alegre, characterizing the Guarani-Mbya ecosystems’ movement and access. The general aim is divided in three parts: a) to describe the urban-rural areas development process in Porto Alegre; b) to characterize the city’s protected urbanrural areas in relation to socio-environmental aspects; and c) to evaluate the movement of the Guarani-mbyá in their territory, specially related to ecosystems’ access, in opposite to the open dialogue and use of conservation tools and biodiversity management, according to the Guarani-mbyá’s rights, traditions and habits. In order to develop this dissertation, there were adopted qualitative investigative methodological procedures. The constitution characterizations of the city of Porto Alegre, as well as the urban evolution up to the creation of an urban-rural city on the PDDUA (Urban-Enviormental Development Plan) was created based on bibliographic review, analysis of documents, photos and characteristics of the urbanrural protected areas of Porto Alegre. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with experts and researchers that work with the Guarani-Mbya in the region and the mapping of protected areas emphasizing tekoás Anhetenguá, Pindó Poty and TI Cantagalo. The field record has been done with techniques in mosaic environment of satellite images SPOT 5 of 2011, taken from the software Google Earth Pro 4.2 (beta) on April/2012. The images were referenced geographically using control points with the Software ArcMap version 9.3. In the same software, the geographic information was organized in the format Geodatabase by building a table of attributes. The Hydrographic Base was acquired in the State Foundation of Environmental Protection - FEPAM. Digital files to be used in GIS, on April/2012, in the format "shape file" were also exerted. The software Photoshop CS5 version 12.0 was used to finalize the graphic map. The maps are presented in a 1:15,000 scale. The results show the complexity of traditional Guarani territory fragmented by the processes of colonization and urbanization and tensions and restrictions in natural areas surrounding the tekoás. The territories’ conditions, located at the interface of urban and rural dimension, and protection of the cultural and environmental heritage are discussed in the context of the Atlantic Forest and the Guarani-Mbya people, with emphasis on protected areas and areas of outstanding Guarani.

Cette thèse étudie les dynamiques touristiques, contemporaines des réformes, dans les espaces ruraux de la mégalopole du delta du Yangzi. Le processus du tourisme dans les espaces ruraux est étudié au regard des politiques de modernisation rurale (encadrées par l'État central, décentralisées aux échelons locaux, en lien avec des acteurs privés) d'une part, et des mutations des perceptions des citadins de la classe moyenne, bénéficiant de temps libre, de moyens économiques et matériels d'autre part. Les pratiques touristiques ont été envisagées du point de vue de l'expérience des touristes et des motivations de départ. Les campagnes constituent une forme originale de tourisme, dont les aménagements se déclinent selon quatre types : bourg, village, parc à thème et parc naturel. Les lieux touristiques dans les campagnes ont ensuite été analysés selon trois entrées : modernisation rurale, construction identitaire et outil d'aménagement local. Finalement, les espaces ruraux touristiques, circonscrits à des lieux balisés, contribuent aux dynamiques spatiales et économiques de la région du delta du Yangzi, dominée par la métropole de Shanghai. Par ailleurs, le tourisme dans les campagnes participe à la construction de territorialités des provinces et des municipalités. / This thesis examines the tourist dynamic, contemporary of reforms, in rural areas of the megalopolis of the Yangzi Delta. The tourism process in rural areas is studied with regard to rural modernization policies (supervised by the central government, decentralized to local levels, in conjunction with private actors) on the one hand, and urban perceptions mutations of the middle class, enjoying free time, economic resources and the other materials on the other band. Tourist practices have been considered from the perspective of the experience of tourists and starting motivations. The countryside is an original form of tourism; the facilities are divided into four categories: village, town, ù1eme park and natural Park. The tourist places in the countryside were then analyzed according to three inputs: rural modernization, construction of identity and local planning tool. Finally, rural tourism areas, conscripts marked places, contribute firstly to spatial and economic dynamics of the Yangtze Delta region, dominated by the metropolis of Shanghai and the other in territorialities construction of provinces and municipalities.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a destructive brain cancer that results in death 12 to 15 months after diagnosis. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if variations in tumor size at diagnosis, treatment options, and survival rate occur in GBM patients living in urban and rural areas of the United States. Using the behavior model of health services as the theoretical framework, this study used secondary data sets of GBM cases reported from 1988 to 2011 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Tumor size was measured in millimeters; treatment was evaluated by ascertaining the number of GBM patients who had surgical resection of their tumors, radiation, and chemotherapy; and survival rate was evaluated using Cox Regression analysis. With a sample size of 33,202 cases, data were examined using descriptive and multivariable analyses with SPSS. Results showed statistically significant differences in tumor size at diagnosis in rural patients compared to urban patients (p = 0.0085; p = 0.018), more urban patients were treated with radiation compared to rural patients (p < 0.001), and rural patients had poorer survival rates than urban patients (p < 0.001). Finally, when controlling for region, race, age, gender, education, and income, longer survival time was associated with urban status, female cases, and higher family income (p < 0.0001), and greater age was associated with reduced survival time (p < 0.0001). Study results could promote positive social change by identifying predictive variables associated with health outcomes of GBM patients. It may also educate providers on the risk of rurality of patients diagnosed with GBM, and inform lawmakers responsible for the creation of healthcare policy and the equitable allocation of healthcare resources.

The aim of this thesis is to contribute with knowledge about if and how attitudes towards the welfare state in Sweden differ between people who live in sparsely populated areas and people in densely populated areas. We argue that the different conditions for welfare services to operate in different places, where cities have greater access to e.g. schools and health care from both public and private actors, while municipals in sparsely populated areas are characterized by fewer options and challenges in the upkeep of the existing services, could be of significance in people’s differing attitudes toward the welfare state. A quantitative study is implemented using data from the 2018 round of the Swedish Welfare State Survey, where five hypotheses are investigated by multivariate regression analyses. The result suggests that there are no significant differences in people’s attitudes toward the welfare state depending on where you live. Other factors, such as perceived risk, class, gender and age seem to explain differences in welfare state attitudes better. We conclude, however, that the performance of and attitudes towards welfare state services is a subject of interest for future research due to the potential consequences of an escalating urban-rural divide, as seen in other parts of the world.

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The transformation of rural people and land to urban land and culture is a natural discourse and inevitable process. In the process, more than half of the current world population are living in urban centres. The number of urban centres and their population is rapidly increasing while the situation of integrated development of urban centres and rural areas such URELs for sustainable development have given less attention in agricultural based countries (ABCs). Multi-disciplinary (agriculture and agro-industries) integration, multi-spatial (urban centre and its hinterlands) linkages, multiscalar (micromeso and macro) levels, multi-actors and stakeholders involvement are the noteworthy innovations in the field of development studies. This study mainly focused on URELs for agribusiness and value chains under the development themes of governance and development as well as contemporary debates. Policies, institutional settings and practical implementation strategies of integrated and balanced development discourse of basic sectoral and urban-rural economic linkages (URELs) missed in ABCs such as Ethiopia‟s comprehensive development policy ADLI neglecting the rapidly growing urban centres. Owing to this, this study is designed to examine the challenges and problems, status and agribusiness and efficiencies of URELs for exploring theoretical empirical model for virtuous circle URELs. Methodologically, the study used sequential explanatory mixed methods research and cross-sectional survey design. The sequential approach was quantitative method, qualitative method and integrating the two findings on interpretation and discussion. The findings present truncated BPLs and FPLs of agriculture and agroindustries. It was was mainly due to poor and greater ranges of efficiency from TE, AE and EE for both agriculture and agro-industries, form of government as ethnic-federalism and regionalism, violation of the existing institutional frameworks, dejure-defacto discrminatin, government businesses, policy and institutional settings, lack of R&D, many paradoxical acts and poor resources mobilization and utilization. These problems and challenges are taken as potential opportunities for improvement and new lens of developing empirical model. The overall recommendation lies on creating enabling environment for virtuous circle URELs and integrated regional development using regional development approach, avoiding illegal interventions, import-export balance, proper resource mobilization and utilization. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

Bakgrund: Det är långa avstånd i Västerbottens inland och 11 av 14 ambulansstationer har genomsnittliga transportsträckor som överstiger 90 km per uppdrag. De avstånd som förekommer i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd innebär långa framkörningstider till patienten och längre tid innan ankomst till närmsta vårdenhet eller sjukhus, än i tätort eller storstäder. Tidigare studier har visat att det var bättre med “ scoop and run” än “stay and play” om transporttiderna till närmsta akutsjukhus var korta. När det däremot var långa transporttider eller om det prehospitala arbetet utspelade sig i glesbygd och i tätortsnära landsbygd, fanns det behov av mer avancerad teknik i ambulansen och att de medicinska behandlingarna påbörjades. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa ambulanssjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att arbeta inom ambulanssjukvården i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd. Metod: Studien bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer, med 7 ambulanssjuksköterskor som hade erfarenhet av ambulanssjukvård i minst 2 år i Västerbotten, södra Lappland, som analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i 2 huvudkategorier; Ett stort ansvar och Resurser –en tillgång. Att arbeta i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd var ett utmanande och kravfyllt arbete. Hjälp från övriga resurser som andra ambulanser och ambulanshelikopter fanns att tillgå, men många gånger var dessa resurser bristfälliga på grund av de långa avstånden och väderförhållanden. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis förefaller ambulanssjukvården i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd som ett kravfyllt jobb med ett utökat ansvar. Emellanåt krävdes mycket planering kring patienten vad gällde logistik och samordning. Trots detta upplevdes arbetssituationen som tillfredställande och utvecklande. Med denna studie ses dock att det kan finnas anledning att forska vidare för att belysa eventuella skillnader att arbeta i storstad och glesbygd. En utveckling av den tekniska utrustningen vad gäller visuell teknik inom ambulanssjukvården kan också ses som behövligt. Ett förbättrat samarbete och fördjupning i ambulanssjukvård i glesbygd och tätortsnära landsbygd, tillsammans med glesbygdsmedicinskt centrum som finns i primärvården i Västerbotten och mellan jourläkare och läkare med högre medicinsk kompetens, skulle kunna leda till ytterligare kvalificerade bedömningar och adekvata åtgärder på ett ännu tidigare stadium. / Background: Västerbottens interior and 11 of the 14 ambulance stations have average distances exceeding 90 km per mission. The distance that exists in rural areas and in near-urban rural areas means long run-up times for the patients and even longer time before arrival to the nearest health care unit or hospital. There are long distances, especially in the Earlier studies has shown that it`s better with the "scoop and run" than "stay and play" when the journey time to the nearest emergency hospital was short. However, when it was long transport times or if the prehospital work took place in rural areas and in near-urban rural areas, there was a need for more advanced technology in the ambulance and that the medical treatment will be started. Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe ambulance nurses experiences of working in the ambulance service in rural and near-urban rural areas. Method: Seven registered nurses with experience of having worked in the ambulance for at least 2 years in Västerbotten in south Lapland were interviewed by qualitative research. The transcript was analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in 2 categories; A great responsibility and Resources- an asset. Working in rural and near-urban rural areas was a challenging job with a lot of solitary work. Help from other resources as other ambulances and ambulance helicopters were available, but many times were these resources inadequate because of the long distances and weather conditions. Conclusion: In conclusion, it seems that the ambulance service in rural and near-urban rural areas was a requirement filled job with great responsibility and occasionally a lot of planning around patient, concerning the logistics and coordination. Despite this perceived was working at a satisfactory level and fulfilling. However, the result of this study shows that there might be reason to dig deeper to develop investigate further in order to highlight any differences to work in big cities and rural areas. A development of the technical equipment in terms of visual technology for the ambulance service can also may need to be procured. Improved cooperation and specialization in emergency medical services in rural and near-urban rural areas, together with the rural medical center, in the primary care, Västerbotten, and between emergency physicians and physicians with higher medical expertise, could lead to more qualified assessments and appropriate action at an even earlier stage