Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os desequilíbrios na escala de capacidades militares, econômicas, tecnológicas, de território e população entre Estados formalmente soberanos configuram um sistema internacional de relações assimétricas que pressupõe desafios relativamente maiores para as políticas externas dos países periféricos. Entretanto, em contextos de assimetria em uma relação bilateral, é possível constatar que a parte fraca pode, sob certas condições, sustentar com sucesso preferências divergentes das formuladas pela contraparte mais forte. Esta é uma pesquisa histórica comparativa que, através da comparação entre casos de divergência e crise na história das relações bilaterais do Brasil e do México frente aos Estados Unidos, se propõe a indagar que condições permitem a sustentação das preferências formuladas pelos governantes da parte mais fraca de uma díade assimétrica. Uma afirmação central desta pesquisa postula que variáveis de política doméstica devem ser levadas em conta para explicar o sucesso da parte fraca, em particular, a formação de coalizões de apoio à política externa amplas, plurais e heterogêneas. A comparação inclui casos de sucesso e insucesso na sustentação de preferências formuladas pelos governos do Brasil e do México, de forma a avaliar a presença ou ausência desse tipo de coalizão em cada conjuntura. A partir da consulta de estudos prévios, jornais e revistas publicadas nas respectivas épocas, arquivos diplomáticos e documentos oficiais, foi possível mapear o omportamento de atores relevantes para a política externa em cada caso e avaliar sua adesão ou não às preferências postuladas pelos responsáveis da condução da política externa. A inclusão na análise de duas conjunturas de alinhamento dos governantes do Brasil e do México com as preferências de Washington permitiu afirmar a importância do apoio interno para a sustentação de preferências capazes de gerar clivagens muito intensas no âmbito das relações do Brasil e do México frente aos Estados Unidos. / Imbalances between formally sovereign states on the scale of military, economic and technological capabilities, land and population, result in a system of asymmetrical relations which implies that officials from countries of the periphery will face relatively bigger challenges in advancing foreign policy preferences. Nevertheless, in contexts of asymmetrical bilateral relations, it is possible to see cases in which the weakest side is able to maintain divergent preferences against the strongest side. The purpose of this historical comparative research is to investigate under which conditions it was the case in contexts of divergence and bilateral crisis in the history of the relations of Brazil and Mexico in face of the United States. A central claim is that domestic politics variables must be considered as part of the explanation of the weakest sides successes, in particular, the formation of a wide, plural and heterogeneous coalition supporting divergent foreign policies. The comparison includes both cases of success and failure, a strategy that allows the identification of the presence or absence of specific conditions related to the phenomenon to be explained. By consulting existing literature on these junctures, press reports, diplomatic archives and official documents, it was possible to identify the political behavior of relevant foreign policy actors in each case and evaluate whether they support or reject the policies adopted by government officials. This research also examines two critical junctures where both Mexican and Brazilian foreign policy were conducted in line with Washington preferences. The evidences showed that, even in cases where intense cooperation between asymmetrical sides are tried, the presence of a strong coalition was also an indispensable part of the conditions that led to the success of the weakest sides foreign policy.

Introdução: A introdução da agricultura e pecuária foram muito recentes para que o genoma humano se adaptasse e a tecnologia avançada pós revolução Industrial foi ainda mais. Segundo Cordain, a substituição de alimentos minimamente processados por alimentos pós-agrícolas e pós-industriais influenciaram os indicadores nutricionais: carga glicêmica, composição de ácidos graxos e macronutrientes, densidade de micronutrientes, equilíbrio ácido-base, relação sódio/potássio e teor de fibras, levando a um desequilíbrio que é causa de várias doenças atuais da civilização. A Protein Leverage Hypothesis (PLH) propõe que a queda na ingestão de proteínas possa levar a obesidade e doenças cardiometabólicas associadas. Objetivos: Estudar o efeito do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados nos indicadores nutricionais na população dos EUA, incluindo a composição de macronutrientes, densidade de fibras e micronutrientes e fitoestrógenos urinários; avaliar se a contribuição calórica de alimentos ultraprocessados é determinante para a qualidade nutricional das dietas contemporâneas; e finalmente estudar se a associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, proteína e energia correspondem às previsões do modelo PLH. Métodos: Foram avaliados os participantes do National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010, com pelo menos um recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Os itens foram classificados em: alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, processados, ultraprocessados e ingredientes de uso culinário. O manuscrito 1 examina a relação entre a contribuição calórica de alimentos ultraprocessados e qualidade nutricional da dieta, avaliando individual e globalmente a contribuição de cada ingrediente crítico, usando a análise de componentes principais (ACP). O manuscrito 2 estuda a associação entre a contribuição calórica dos alimentos ultraprocessados e consumo de açúcares de adição. O manuscrito 3 avalia como o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados influencia o conteúdo proteico relativo da dieta e as ingestões absolutas de energia e proteína, e se essas relações se encaixam nas previsões da PLH. O manuscrito 4 avalia a relação entre a contribuição calórica de alimentos ultraprocessados e níveis de fitoestrógenos urinários. Resultados: O teor médio de proteínas, fibras, vitaminas A, C, D e E, zinco, potássio, fósforo, magnésio e cálcio na dieta diminuiu ao longo dos quintis de contribuição calórica de alimentos ultraprocessados, enquanto o de carboidratos, açúcares de adição e gordura saturada aumentou. Uma associação inversa de dose-resposta foi encontrada entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e qualidade nutricional total, medida através de um escore de padrão balanceado de nutrientes derivado usando ACP. Consistente com a PLH, a contribuição calórica de alimentos ultraprocessados foi inversamente associada à densidade proteica e diretamente ao consumo energético total, enquanto a ingestão absoluta de proteínas permaneceu constante com aumento do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Os níveis médios de enterolignanos urinários diminuíram ao longo dos quintis de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, enquanto os níveis de isoflavonas permaneceram inalterados. Conclusões: Este estudo mostra que a diminuição da contribuição calórica de alimentos ultraprocessados é um meio racional e eficaz de melhorar a qualidade nutricional das dietas dos EUA / Background: The introduction of agricultural and animal husbandry has not provided the human genome time enough to adapt, much less the advancing technology after Industrial Revolution. According to Cordain et al., displacement of minimally processed foods by post-agricultural and post-industrial food items adversely affected the following dietary indicators: glycemic load, fatty acid and macronutrient compositions, micronutrient density, acid-base balance, sodium-potassium ratio and fiber content. Many current diseases of civilization, in turn may be ascribable to those unbalanced dietary indicators. Indeed, Raubenheimer and Simpson have proposed the Protein Leverage Hypothesis (PLH) to explain how a drop in dietary protein content might lead to obesity and associated cardiometabolic disease. Objective: This thesis aims to study the effect of an increased consumption of ultra-processed foods on dietary indicators in the US population, including macronutrient composition, micronutrient and fiber densities, and urinary phytoestrogens. It also explores whether the dietary share of ultra-processed foods, expressed as a percentage of total energy intake, is a meaningful determinant of overall nutritional quality of contemporary diets. Lastly, it also looks into whether the association between ultra-processed food, protein and energy consumptions fit predictions of the PLH model. Methods: Participants from cross-sectional 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with at least one 24-hour dietary recall were evaluated. Food items were classified according to extent and purpose of industrial food processing as: unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods and ultra-processed foods. Manuscript 1, examines the relationship between dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and nutritional quality of US diet through the evaluation of dietary contents of critical nutrients individually and also overall, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Manuscript 2 studies the association between dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and energy intake from added sugars. Manuscript 3 examines how consumption of ultra-processed food influences relative dietary protein content and, absolute energy and protein intakes; it furthermore, tests whether the relationships fit PLH predictions. Manuscript 4 assesses the relationship between dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and urinary levels of phytoestrogens. Results: The average content of protein, fiber, vitamins A, C, D and E, zinc, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium in US diet decreased significantly across quintiles of energy contribution of ultra-processed foods, while carbohydrate, added sugars and saturated fat contents increased. An inverse dose-response association was found between ultra-processed food consumption and overall dietary quality measured through a Nutrient balanced pattern PCA derived factor score. Consistent with PLH, dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods was inversely associated with protein density and directly associated with total energy intake, while absolute protein intake remained relatively constant with increases in ultra-processed food consumption. Average urinary mammal lignan levels decreased across quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption, while isoflavone levels remained unchanged. Conclusions: This study suggests that decreasing the dietary share of ultra-processed foods is a rational and effective way to improve the nutritional quality of US diets

The White Revolution was a set of six reform measures put to the Iranian people via referendum on 6 Bahman 1341 (26 January 1963), based on a plan for social justice linked with economic development, encased in the concept of a bloodless revolution from the top. This did not happen unexpectedly; it was the culmination of events spanning several years, which accelerated during the John F. Kennedy Presidency. Various plans and reforms paved the way for the White Revolution and certain events as well as political and economic developments encouraged reform. There were similarities between plans and some reforms influenced others, or were shaped to suit different agendas. All played a part in instigating the White Revolution. This included Prime Minister ʻAlī Amīnī’s 15-point plan, the Shah’s Royal Farmān, the Third Development Plan, and the six-points of the White Revolution itself. The question this thesis seeks to answer is to what extent the Kennedy administration was responsible for instigating the White Revolution by influencing the various steps that paved the way for the 6 Bahman referendum?The United States had at its disposal various means by which it might apply pressure and influence development. This included, economic aid, military assistance, numerous advisers, agencies on the ground, plus support for the Shah and other Iranians. Given the Kennedy administration’s association with modernisation and development, the existing historiography has portrayed this period in US-Iranian relations as one of increased pressure on the Shah to reform with the White Revolution being the result of such pressure. This thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge by challenging this portrayal by providing the first detailed, analysis of the period 1961-63, utilising a vast array of newly released documents. This is not the first study to conclude agency on the part of Iran for the White Revolution, but is the first to do so though a detailed, balanced approach, which doesn’t ignore the significance of the US-Iranian relationship. Thus, this thesis is at the forefront of revisionist accounts of US-Iranian relations during the Cold War critiquing the portrayal of the Shah and others as mere tools of the US and reaching the conclusion that contrary to widely held beliefs it was Iranians rather than Americans who instigated the White Revolution by initiating and directing reform.

This thesis focuses on the convergence project of IASB and FASB with the aim to create a new lease standard. The main goal of this thesis is to point on weakness of existing IAS 17 which is criticized, go through the history of the project development for preparing new standard since 2006 and to find out which changes have been prepared and accepted by IFRS for eliminating critical deficiencies. IASB published two drafts, the final standard has been published on 13 January 2016.

From 1990-2010 ecoterrorist attacks by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and Earth Liberation Front (ELF) created an anomaly in the U.S. with millions of dollars in property destruction. Interestingly, in a post 9/11 era, the FBI warns that the number one threat to U.S. national security is not religious terrorism, but rather environmental-group terrorism. When examining this topic further, there is a void in analysis between examining ecoterrorist attacks and U.S. public policy. Is there a statistical significant relationship between terrorist attacks by ALF/ELF and U.S. public policy towards terrorism? Is per capita income an influence on the attacks occurring in specific states? This study seeks to analyze such relationships through an exploratory analysis and case study approach. I conducted a trend analysis on attacks by ELF/ALF from 1990-2010 and the subsequent adoption of U.S. public policy towards terrorism. I analyzed per-capita income by region and its relationships to attacks occurring. I performed chi^2 hypothesis testing in order to determine the statistical significant relationships between ELF/ALF attacks/U.S. public policy and per capita income by State. The findings of this study suggest that the definition of terrorism is ambiguous and can lead to alternative interpretations, which can affect U.S. public policy towards terrorism. Attacks by ALF/ELF are not deterred by U.S. public policy. Also, a majority of attacks by ALF/ELF are most likely to occur in states that rank in the top 20th percentile regarding per capita income and occur mainly on the west coast. The statistical significance of the relationships between ELF/ALF attacks and U.S. public policy demonstrate that these two entities are mutually exclusive. Per capita income levels by states and ELF/ALF attacks are also mutually exclusive. This study creates an improved understanding of what constitutes terrorism and an understanding of the radical elements in the environmental movement and its place in a post 9/11 America. The significance of this study is to provide a model for analysis of terrorist attacks and government responses and provide a framework of inquiry for the fields of terrorism,public policy and conflict studies.

<p><i>She Will Be: Literary Authorship and the Coming Woman in the Postbellum United States </i>argues that postbellum women writers deployed the figure of the Coming Woman, an archetype for the nation’s improved female future, to articulate expanded sociopolitical opportunities for women, interrogate prevailing standards of literary art, and validate their own literary pursuits. During the final decades of the nineteenth century, the American reading public became increasingly fascinated with identifying who the Coming Woman would be, what qualities she would possess, and how her arrival would alter the nation’s future. Such questions flooded US print culture in the decades between 1865 and 1900, demonstrating that the Coming Woman not only occupied a space between the antebellum True Woman and fin de siècle New Woman but also that she was a major feminine archetype in her own right.</p><p><br></p><p>Even so, existing scholarship on the Coming Woman tends either to identify the Coming Woman anachronistically as an early iteration of the New Woman or, when naming her directly, to overlook her complex function as both a harbinger and manifestation of manifold sociopolitical changes. These limited examinations elide the Coming Woman’s ubiquitous influence on postbellum literary culture, particularly in terms of the complex links Susan Coultrap-McQuin and Lawrence W. Levine have traced between middlebrow culture and postbellum national identity. <i>She Will Be</i> builds on recent scholarship by demonstrating how the American Coming Woman helped reshape notions of women’s literary authorship, modernity, and national identity in the late nineteenth century. By examining her literary life through four key middlebrow genres (<i>Bildungsroman</i>, sentimentality, utopianism, and regionalism), <i>She Will Be</i> reveals how female authors used the Coming Woman figure to imagine—and, indeed, write into being—an expanded vision for the US’s female future.</p>

No description available.

No description available.

This study explores the evolution of discourse surrounding Donald Trump as depicted in The Washington Post, and examines potential biases in the newspaper's articles across two distinct periods: 2015-2017, from when Trump announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election until his inauguration, and 2022-2024, from when he announced his candidacy for the 2024 election until the data collection date. Using corpus-assisted discourse analysis, the study investigates keywords and their collocating adjectival modifiers within the two corpora to reveal patterns in the discourse and potential bias around Trump. The results show that during the 2015-2017 period, the discourse predominantly centered on Trump's rivalry with Hillary Clinton, characterized by personal attacks and recurring themes of corruption, authoritarianism, and widespread protests against his presidency. In contrast, the 2022-2024 period's discourse focused more on Trump's legal challenges, particularly regarding the mishandling of classified information and doubts about electoral integrity, indicating a shift in discourse. The findings do not explicitly demonstrate bias towards Trump. However, the discussion highlights the potential for bias to subtly manifest itself through language choices, issue framing, and narrative selection.

Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Identifikation der bisher unidentifizierten TeV Gammastrahlungsquelle, HESS J1303-631 als Pulsarwind-Nebel, angetrieben von dem Pulsar PSR J1301-6305. Dieses Ergebnis wird durch den Nachweis von energieabhängiger Morphologie in den vom High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) genommenen Daten und durch die Detektion eines neuen Röntgen-Pulsarwind-Nebels in XMM-Newton Daten erreicht. Zudem wird eine obere Schranke auf den Fluss von Radiostrahlung aus Beobachtungen mit dem Parkes Radioteleskop bei 4.48 GHz abgeleitet. Diese Ergebnisse können in einem leptonischen Modell des Pulsarwind-Nebels verstanden werden, wo Elektronen und Positronen in der Nähe des Termination Shocks des Pulsarwindes auf ultrarelativistische Energien beschleunigt werden. Diese Leptonen bilden einen ausgedehnten Pulsarwind-Nebel, der auf Grund des inversen Compton-Effekts und Synchrotronstrahlung TeV Gammastrahlung beziehungsweise Röntgen- und Radiostrahlung erzeugt. Da nur eine obere Grenze auf den Radiofluss abgeleitet wurde, erfolgte die Modellierung im Rahmen eines einfachen ``one zone models'''', wo angenommen wird, dass die Radio-, Röntgen- und Gammastrahlung alle von derselben Leptonenpopulation erzeugt werden. Das Modell wird aber trotzdem von den Daten schon eingeschränkt und liefert ein schwaches Magnetfeld von ungef 0.9 Microgauss. Diese Magnetfeldstärke ist überraschend niedrig, da in ähnlichen Systemen die Magnetfeldstärken eher bei 10 Microgauss liegen. Andererseits passt das Ergebnis gut zu dem sehr niedrigen Synchrotronstrahlungsfluss. Ein derart schwaches Magnetfeld wird im theoretischen Szenario eines ausgedehnten, beziehungsweise entwickelten Pulsarwind-Nebels erklärt. / This work represents the identification of the very high energy, E > 100 GeV (VHE), Gamma-ray source HESS J1303-631 as a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) powered by the pulsar PSR J1301-6305. This is achieved through the detection of energy dependent morphology in the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) data, the detection of a new X-ray PWN in archival XMM-Newton X-ray observations, as well as multi-wavelength modeling of the source and its energetics. An upper limit on the radio synchrotron flux is obtained from observations made by the Parkes telescope at 4.48 GHz. The combined Gamma-ray, X-ray and radio measurements are used to constrain a leptonic emission model, where strong winds of relativistic electrons and positrons from the pulsar power the acceleration of particles to ultrarelativistic energies at the wind termination shock region, and these shock accelerated leptons then form a nebula which emits in the X-ray and radio bands via synchrotron emission in the ambient magnetic field and Gamma-rays through the inverse Compton mechanism. One surprising result of this analysis is the anomalously low magnetic field derived for the PWN. Typical values for PWNe are on the order of 10 microgauss. For this source, however, the low synchrotron levels predict an average magnetic field of approximately 0.9 microgauss. The low magnetic field is explained in the scenario of an expanded/evolved PWN.