I denna uppsats är syftet att undersöka vad som görs för att minska den äldre befolkningens sårbarhet för urbana värmeöar och värmeböljor i Uppsala. Detta görs genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av dokument från Uppsala Kommun och Folkhälsomyndigheten, samt semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstemän från Uppsala Kommun, Länsstyrelsen i Uppsala och Region Uppsala. De åtgärder som vidtas för att förbättra resiliensen mot värme är klimatanpassningsåtgärder och riskhanteringsstrategier. Detta innebär att införa mer grönstruktur i hela staden och lokalisera äldreboenden på lämpliga platser och med lämplig utformning. Riskhanteringsstrategierna är ett varnings- och beredskapssystem som är till för att informera de kommunala verksamheterna och allmänheten om risker och åtgärder som kan vidtas för att minska sårbarheten. Det visar sig även att det finns förbättringspotential när det gäller de olika åtgärderna för att stärka motståndskraften i framtiden. Detta är framför allt att nå ut till allmänheten när det kommer till riskhanteringsstrategierna, samt få in fler gröna ytor i staden.

This paper examines the phenomenon known as urban heat island and its consequences on public health, pollution and how it can affect energy use in homes and workplaces. Moreover, in this paper it has been discussed how city and regional planners can reduce high temperatures impact on Swedish urban areas. Lastly the phenomenon’s presence and visibility have been studied in a Swedish context. This has been executed by studying reports and papers published by Swedish government agencies, analyzing Swedish municipalities comprehensive plans and by interviewing the city Architect of Umeå.The conclusion that can be drawn from the result of this paper is that the urban heat island phenomenon will be more prominent and will be having a relatively large impact on Swedish urban areas in the future. The study done for this paper also show that higher temperatures in urban areas can make an impact on public health, especially children and elderly might endure health disadvantages during a heat wave. Higher temperatures in cities abroad are linked with a higher usage of expensive air conditions and higher levels of air pollution. However, there are multiple measures that can be implemented in urban areas that can reduce the consequences of higher temperatures. This essay presents multiple adjustments for urban areas. However, the studies done for this paper show that Swedish government and municipal officials’ knowledge about urban heat islands are either quite poor or are rarely taking measures to adapt urban areas to higher temperatures.

Global warming risks overthrowing the Earth's climate system, which would mean thatmany communities need to be reshaped and adapted to a new climate. The PublicHealth Agency of Sweden has run a project during the years 2017-2019 that aims toincrease society's ability to identify, prevent and manage harmful heat in existingbuildings. The project focuses on covering the occurrence and developing measures toprevent heat stress in both urban outdoor- and indoor environments. The agency has commissioned a GIS method which, based on the buildings' groundcover, aims to identify areas that are at risk of developing harmful temperatures. Themethod is based on first calculating the total land area of the cities in order to be able tocalculate the proportion of the area covered by high vegetation, hardened surfaces,building bodies and low vegetation. Based on this calculation, areas with a highproportion of paved surfaces and building bodies as well as a low proportion of highvegetation have been identified as areas with a higher risk of developing harmfultemperatures. In this essay, the method has been used to identify risk areas in KalmarCounty's largest cities; Kalmar, Västervik and Oskarshamn. High temperatures can be dangerous for all people, but elderly people are highlighted asa particularly vulnerable group as they have a reduced ability to regulate bodytemperature. Therefore the survey of the thesis has been supplemented with data onwhere people over the age of 65 live in relation to the risk areas in order to make furtherpriorities in where the measures are needed the most. The conclusion is that the need for cooling measures in the mapped cities is greatest inthe urban centers, as the high density of urban areas there provides good conditions fordeveloping high temperatures while a large part of the old population live in thesecentral areas. Several industrial areas have been identified as risk areas in all mappedcities, but there the need for cooling measures is less as they are usually located on theoutskirts of the cities and lack residents over 65 years. The exception is the OldIndustrial Area in Kalmar, whose central location and the circular design of Kalmarindicate that high temperatures develop here at night, which can drive the urban heatisland in the city.

För att bromsa effekterna av klimatförändringarna i urbana miljöer krävs det omfattande vetenskaplig forskning inom alla områden. Till en början för att öka medvetenheten om alla oklara frågor och aspekter av effekterna av ett förändrat klimat - och sedan som ett verktyg för att skapa holistiska lösningar som bör sträva efter att lösa en sammansättning av problem inom samma insats. Med denna studie vill vi belysa vikten i sammanhållen stadsuteckling för att lyckas med klimatanpassning. Både effekter av och orsaker till urbana värmeöar är något som träder fram över längre perioder av tid, samt påverkas av permanenta och storskaliga förändringar. Argument för implementeringen av insatser såsom alternativa sätt av mobilitet blir därmed mer realistiska och genomförbara genom att belysa vikten av en mer storskalig, övergripande och gemensam planering. / To cultivate efforts to curb the effects of climate change in urban spaces, a multitude of scientific research across all features is necessary. First, as a step to raise awareness to every obscure issue and aspect of the effects of a changing climate; and second as a tool to create holistic solutions which should strive to solve a compund of issues within the same action. With this thesis we want to illustrate the importance of a cohesive urban development to be able to succeed in climate change adaption. Both effects and causes of urban heat islands appear over time and are affected by permanent and grand changes in the urban environment. Therefore, arguments for the implementation of actions such as alternative ways to confront mobility become more realistic and achievable through illustrating the importance of a more holistic and united urban planning approach.

Klimatförändringarnas påverkan på stadsmiljöer blir alltmer påtagligt med ökande frekvenser av extrema väderfenomen, vilket kräver resilienta städer med förmågan att anpassas till framtida störningar. Urbaniseringen förtätar städerna och leder till mer hårdgjord mark och minskad vegetation som kan resultera i fenomenet urbana värmeöar. Fenomenet koncentrerar och förlänger värmen i städer, vilket hotarmänniskors hälsa, särskilt under extrema värmeböljor. Värmeöar är väldokumenterade globalt men är en förbisedd fråga i Sverige. Examensarbetets syfte var därför att öka förståelsen kring värmeöar för svenska kommuner och myndigheter med exempel från städerna Gävle, Sundsvall och Uppsala. Målen var att föreslå resilienta planeringsåtgärder som både kan förbättra det pågående arbetet mot värmeöar samt nya inslag från internationell forskning.Studiens metoder var litteraturstudie, dokumentstudie av översiktsplaner (ÖP) samtintervjuer. En spatial multikriterieanalys (MKA) användes för att skapa farokartor av var värmeöar kan uppstå. Kriterier valdes genom litteratur, viktades med analytisk hierarkiprocess samt genomgick en känslighetsanalys. Farokartorna valideradessedan med Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskaps (MSB) värmekartering. Resultaten visade att värmeöar behandlades på en övergripande nivå i ÖP. Varierade kunskaper om fenomenet framkom av respondenter från både kommuner och myndigheter. Flera utmaningar, möjligheter och planeringsåtgärder identifierades iarbetet mot värmeöar. Resiliens framhölls som ett nyckelkoncept i stadsplaneringen för att beakta olika klimatrisker där värmeöar är ett exempel. Litteraturstudien gav förslag på resilienta planeringsåtgärder i arbetet mot värmeöar som kan användas i svensk stadsplanering, vilka sedan sammanställdes. För att skapa resilienta städer krävs både reduceringsåtgärder (minska den byggda miljöns påverkan på stadsvärme)samt hanteringsåtgärder (förebyggande arbeten för att minska människors värmeexponering).  Farokartorna visade att värmeöar framför allt kan uppstå i bostads-, handels- och industriområden. MKA som metod för kartläggning av värmeöar överensstämdedelvis med marktemperaturer från MSB:s värmekartering. Slutsatsen av studien var att värmeöar behöver uppmärksammas mer i den svenska stadsplaneringen. Utmaningarna inkluderade att inkorporera värmefrågor i befintlig bebyggelse, medan möjligheterna fanns i fler planeringsunderlag och detaljerade kartläggningar. Främjandet av resiliens, särskilt genom reducerings- och hanteringsåtgärder,behöver utvecklas i Sverige för att stärka planeringsarbetet mot värmeöar i både nutida och framtida stadsplanering. / The impact of climate change on urban environments is becoming increasinglyapparent with higher frequencies of extreme weather phenomena, which requires resilient cities with the ability to adapt to future disturbances. Urbanization densifies cities and leads to more hard surfaces and reduced vegetation which can result in urban heat islands (UHI). This phenomenon concentrates and prolongs heat in citieswhich threatens human health, especially during extreme heat waves. UHI are well documented globally but are an overlooked issue in Sweden.  The aim of the study was therefore to increase the understanding of UHI for Swedish municipalities and authorities with examples from the cities of Gävle, Sundsvall and Uppsala. The goals were to propose resilient planning measures that can both improve the ongoing work against UHI as well as new elements from international research. The study's methods were a literature study, a document study of comprehensive plans (översiktsplan) and interviews. A spatial multicriteriaanalysis (MCA) was used to create hazard maps of where UHI can occur. Criteria were selected through literature, weighted using analytic hierarchy process and underwent a sensitivity analysis. The hazard maps were validated with the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency’s (MSB) heat mapping. The results showed that UHI were treated at an overall level in comprehensiveplans. Varied knowledge about the phenomenon emerged from respondents from both municipalities and authorities. Several challenges, opportunities and planning measures were identified in the work against UHI. Resilience was highlighted as a key concept in urban planning to consider various climate risks where UHI are an example. The literature study provided suggestions for resilient planning measures in the work against UHI that can be used in Swedish urban planning, which were then compiled. To create resilient cities, both reduction measures (reducing the built environment's impact on urban heat) and management measures (preventive work to reduce people's heat exposure) are required.  The hazard maps showed that UHI mainly occur in residential, commercial and industrial areas. MCA as a method for UHI mapping partially matches ground temperatures from MSB's heat mapping. The conclusion of the study was that UHIneed more attention in Swedish urban planning. Challenges included incorporating heating issues into existing buildings, while the opportunities were in more planning documents and detailed mapping. The promotion of resilience, especially through reduction and management measures, needs to be developed in Sweden to strengthen the planning against UHI in both present-day and future urban planning.

The important urban issue of urban heat islands in Stockholm is examined in this thesis. These places influence urban sustainability, liveability, and public health because of the much higher temperatures they experience relative to their surroundings. This thesis objectives were to discover these urban heat islands, comprehend their patterns, investigate how they relate to sociodemographic characteristics, and identify vulnerable areas. Advanced remote sensing techniques and analytical techniques were used to locate and show urban heat islands. The procedure produced visualizations of urban heat patterns, illuminating the geographical distribution and intensity of these islands as well as the urban zones most exposed to risks from heat.The study found a link between hotter temperatures and places with higher population densities, as predicted by the authors. Regression analysis and visual inspection both support this link, which underlines the impact of population dynamics on the local environment and the necessity for people- centered urban development. Additionally, a connection was shown between warmer areas and locations with a non-Swedish population. This finding suggests possible differences in heat exposure and raises concerns about the urban heat occurrence in same areas as where vulnerable socio- demographic factors appear. However, more thorough research is needed to determine the underlying reasons behind this link.The lack of a significant relationship between age groups or income levels and the prevalence of urban heat in the thesis suggests that Stockholm's vulnerability to heat may not be highly associated with these variables. This highlights the complexity of urban heat and its effects. A vulnerability map was made using data from previous research on groups that are vulnerable and causing factors. It was possible to identify regions where vulnerable socio-demographics factors and heat zones overlapped when compared to the heat map, which was useful information for developing the vulnerability map, that identified the areas in need of more resources.