La myrtille et l’airelle rouge, deux arbrisseaux de la famille des Ericacées, sont consommées comme des aliments, boissons et suppléments alimentaires pour leur valeur nutritionnelle et leur richesse en polyphénols antioxydants. Dans les plantes, la qualité et la quantité de composés phénoliques sont influencées par les parties morphologiques de la plante à utiliser. En particulier, les composés phénoliques des végétaux exercent leur activité antioxydante dans la protection des lipides alimentaires et le compartiment gastrique a été proposé comme le site majeur pour le stress oxydatif lié au régime alimentaire. L’objectif général de cette thèse était d’étudier les variations saisonnières des composés phénoliques d’extraits de feuilles, branches et fruits de la myrtille et de l’airelle rouge ainsi que l’activité antioxydante de ces extraits. Pour cette étude, des extraits aqueux et hydroéthanoliques (fruits uniquement) des échantillons collectés en mai, juillet et septembre pendant les années 2013-2014 ont été obtenus par extraction assistée par microondes.Les analyses qualitatives et quantitatives par UPLC / MS des extraits de la myrtille ont montré la présence de dérivés de l’acide caféique et de l’acide p-coumarique et des glycosides de flavonols dans les feuilles tandis que des oligomères de flavanols étaient aussi présents dans les branches, et ce dans des quantités élevées. La thioacidolyse a révélé de faibles degrés de polymérisation (2-4) et l’(-)-épicatéchine comme unité principale des flavan-3-ols. Il existe une très bonne corrélation entre la Somme des Composés phénoliques par UPLC et la Teneur en Polyphenols Totaux ou l’activité antioxydante dans le test DPPH, excepté pour les feuilles du mois de mai. Ces dernières sont relativement riches en dérives de l’acide p-coumarique. Les effets de la saison apparaissent plus marqués pour les feuilles qui présentent une plus grande activité antioxydante et teneur en polyphénols en juillet et septembre. Ces paramètres sont optimaux en juillet pour les branches de myrtille. La période de de cueillette peut être définie en fonction des structures phénoliques désirées.Dans l’airelle rouge, la présence prédominante de monomères et oligomères de flavanols et de glycosides de quercétine a été identifiée dans toutes les parties morphologiques. Les proanthocyanidines contiennent la (+)-catéchine et la (-)-épicatéchine comme unités d'extension et terminale. De plus, la teneur en polyphénols totaux (méthode de Folin, UPLC) a montré une augmentation légère mais significative de mai à septembre pour les feuilles et les branches. Cette augmentation a été confirmée pour l'activité antioxydante dans le test DPPH pour les feuilles et les branches en 2014.L’activité antioxydante des extraits de myrtille et d’airelle rouge lors de l’inhibition de l’oxydation lipidique (accumulation de diènes conjugués) a été évaluée dans des conditions in vitro simulant la digestion. Tout d'abord, l'inhibition de l’oxydation lipidique a été conduite sur des émulsions huile de tournesol-dans-eau stabilisées par la sérum albumine bovine (BSA) ou des phospholipides d’œuf (PL), qui simulent l’état physique des lipides alimentaires lors de la digestion gastrique. L’oxydation a été initiée par la metmyoglobine, une forme de fer apportée par la viande rouge. Dans les deux modèles d’émulsions, les extraits aqueux des branches et des feuilles et l’extrait hydroethanolique de fruit de myrtille sont des inhibiteurs plus efficaces de l'oxydation lipidique durant la première phase de digestion (pH 5) que durant la seconde phase (pH 3). D’autre part, un extrait de feuilles de myrtille a été testé dans un modèle complet de digestion in vitro statique (étapes orale, gastrique et intestinale). L'oxydation lipidique, rapide lors de la l’étape gastrique (systèmes BSA et PL) et puis plus lente lors de l'étape intestinale (système PL), a été totalement inhibée par l'extrait de feuilles de myrtille. / Bilberry and lingonberry, two shrubs of the Ericaceae family, are consumed as food, beverage and dietary supplements due to their nutritional value and richness in antioxidant polyphenols. In plants, the quality and quantity of phenolic compounds are influenced by the parts of the plant to be used. In particular, plant phenolic compounds provide antioxidant activity in the protection of dietary lipids from oxidation and the gastric compartment has been proposed as a major site for diet-related oxidative stress. The aim of this thesis is to simultaneously assess the seasonal variations of phenolic compounds in leaves, stems, and fruits of bilberry and lingonberry extracts, as well as their antioxidant activity. For this study, aqueous and hydroethanolic (only fruits) extracts of bilberry and lingonberry samples collected in May, July and September during the years 2013-2014 were obtained under microwave-assisted extraction.In bilberry extracts, qualitative and quantitative analyses by UPLC/MS showed the presence of caffeoyl derivatives, p-coumaroyl derivatives, and flavonol glycosides in leaves whereas in stems, flavanol oligomers were additionally identified in significant amounts. Thioacidolysis revealed low degrees of polymerization (2-4) and (-)-epicatechin as the main flavan-3-ol unit. The sum of the phenolic compounds by UPLC was highly correlated with the Total Polyphenol Content and the antioxidant activity in the DPPH test for all the extracts except those of May leaves. The latter were relatively richer in p-coumaric acid derivatives. Seasonal effects were more marked for leaves which exhibited higher antioxidant activities and phenolic contents in July and September when these parameters were maximum in July for bilberry stems. The harvest period can be refined based on the desired phenolic structures. For lingonberry, the predominant presence of monomers and oligomers of flavanols and quercetin glycosides was found in all the morphological parts. Proanthocyanidins contain (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin as both extension and terminal units. The sum of the phenolic compounds by UPLC was less correlated with the Total Polyphenol Content and the antioxidant activity in the DPPH test than in bilberry. Furthermore, the total phenolic content (Folin method, UPLC) showed a slight but significant increase from May to September for both leaves and stems. This increase was confirmed for the antioxidant activity by the DPPH test for both leaves and stems in 2014.The antioxidant activity of bilberry and lingonberry extracts against lipid oxidation (formation of lipid-derived conjugated dienes) was evaluated under in vitro simulated digestion conditions. Firstly, the inhibition of lipid oxidation was performed using sunflower oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by bovine serum albumin (BSA) or egg yolk phospholipids (PL), both emulsifiers mimicking dietary components. Oxidation was initiated by metmyoglobin, a form of dietary iron from red meat. In both emulsion models, aqueous extracts from stems and leaves and the hydroethanolic fruit extract of bilberry proved to be more efficient inhibitors of lipid oxidation in the early phase of digestion (pH 5) than during the second phase (pH 3). Secondly, a bilberry leaf extract was tested in the inhibition of lipid oxidation in a complete static in vitro digestion model (oral, gastric and intestinal phases). The fast lipid oxidation in the gastric step (BSA and PL systems) and the slower lipid oxidation in the intestinal step (PL system) were totally inhibited by the bilberry leaf extract.

Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / Los bajos niveles de cuajado en cranberries han motivado el estudio de distintos aspectos relacionados con la biología reproductiva de la especie. Dichos estudios indican que el factor limitante que induciría estos bajos niveles de cuajado, sería la disponibilidad de carbohidratos durante el período que abarca desde inicio de floración al cuajado. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del sombreamiento, y de aplicaciones de sacarosa en cinco distintos estados de floración sobre el cuajado y el rendimiento del cranberry var. Stevens e identificar el periodo en que la disponibilidad de carbohidratos es limitante en el cuajado de frutos. Con este fin se realizaron mediciones de carga frutal, rendimiento, repartición de biomasa vegetativa y calidad de frutos y jugo en una plantación adulta de cranberry en la Región de la Araucanía. Los resultados permitieron identificar un periodo común en que la aplicación de sombreamiento afectó negativamente el cuajado y el rendimiento del cranberry, mientras que la aplicación de sacarosa afectó positivamente estas variables. Este período corresponde al estado de final de plena flor e inicios de cuajado de frutos. La distribución de materia seca no mostró diferencias significativas para ninguno de los dos ensayos, mientras que las variables de calidad de fruta (peso individual y distribución de calibres) y la intensidad colorante del jugo solamente fueron afectadas en el caso del ensayo de sombreamiento. Se concluye que el período de fines de plena flor - inicios de cuajado de frutos, corresponde a un período crítico para el cultivo del cranberry var. “Stevens” durante el cual se determina la carga frutal de la planta. Bajo las condiciones del presente estudio, las aplicaciones de sacarosa durante dicho período aumentaron el cuajado y el rendimiento de este frutal sin afectar la calidad de los frutos y del jugo. / The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of shading and sucrose sprays at five different flowering stages of the cranberry cultivar “Stevens” on fruit set and yield. Additionally the study aimed at identifying the period during which the plant’s carbohydrate availability is a limiting factor for fruit set. Fruit set, yield, vegetative biomass as well as fruit and juice quality measurements were conducted on a cranberry farm in the Araucanía Region of Chile. A common period during which fruit set and yield were negatively affected by shading and positively affected by sucrose application was identified. This period corresponded to end of full bloom and onset of fruits. Vegetative biomass distribution was not affected by neither shading nor sucrose applications whereas quality traits such as individual fruit weight and size distribution, as well as juice color intensity were only affected by shading. The period during which the plant carbohydrate status is crucial could be identified and, under the trial’s conditions, sucrose sprays during this period enhance fruit seat and yield of cranberry cv. Stevens without affecting fruit and juice quality.

Cranberry tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana Johnson (a gall‐making fly), disrupts normal growth of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) by injuring the apical meristem of shoots or uprights. The impact of larval feeding injury on reproductive parameters of cranberry was determined, from one growing season to next, at upright (Maine and Massachusetts, 2008 ‐ 2009) and plot levels (Massachusetts, 2009 – 2010 and 2010 ‐ 2011). I also estimated the proportions of uprights injured because of tipworm feeding at several cranberry production sites (Massachusetts and Maine) and the proportions of uprights that produced flowers and fruits in the next growing season. Tipworm‐injured uprights tagged at the end of the growing season did not produce floral‐units (following year) across sites in both Massachusetts and Maine. There was significant variation among the sampled sites in the proportions of tipworm‐injured uprights and also in the proportions of uprights with flowers in the next growing season (Massachusetts and Maine). A trend was apparent wherein sites with higher tipworm injury levels had relatively lower flowering proportions in the next growing season. However, sites in Massachusetts did not differ in the proportions of uprights that set fruit and in a replicated study, significant reduction in tipworm injury at plot level (using insecticide) did not impact flower and fruit production in the next growing season. A two‐year field study was carried out at three different locations to determine the impact of tipworm feeding injury on the reproductive and vegetative growth of two cranberry cultivars (‘Howes’ and ‘Stevens’) in Massachusetts. Individual uprights of cranberry exhibited tolerance to natural (tipworm) and simulated apical meristem injury in the current growing season (fruit production) and results were corroborated by a greenhouse study. In the field study, weight of fruit was higher intipworm‐injured uprights as compared with intact control uprights at the sites with Howes. However, majority of injured uprights (tipworm and simulated) did not produce new growth from lateral buds (side‐shoots) before the onset of dormancy. In the next growing season, fewer injured uprights resumed growth and produced flowers as compared with intact uprights at two of the three sites.

Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are valued for their high nutritional quality and flavor. There are five species in the Vaccinium genus native to the state of Florida, but only three are palatable to humans: V. myrsinites, V. darrowii, and V. corymbosum. While V. darrowii has been studied extensively due to its successful hybridization with northern highbush blueberry cultivars, V. myrsinites and wild V. corymbosum have been understudied. This study aims to 1) quantify the abundance of various phytochemicals in fruits of these wild blueberry species and compare fruit quality both among the wild taxa and two varieties of cultivated blueberries (V. corymbosum) and 2) compare the variation of fruit traits across sampling sites. Wild berries were collected from seven different sites across Central Florida, and cultivated berries were collected from a local blueberry farm. Chemical analyses scored for titratable acidity, sugar content, phenolic content, and anthocyanin content. Additionally, measurements were taken for fruit size and water content. Results indicated that V. myrsinites has the highest sugar content and a significantly higher sugar:acid ratio than all other sample types. V. corymbosum and V. myrsinites had similarly high total phenolic concentrations. V. corymbosum had the highest anthocyanin concentration. This exploratory analysis provides new insight into the phytochemical profiles of understudied native Florida blueberries with applications to blueberry breeding efforts.

No description available.

Os efeitos deletérios causados pela radiação ultravioleta (UV) e o aumento significativo no diagnóstico de câncer de pele, confirmam a necessidade de um progresso significativo na pesquisa de produtos fotoprotetores eficazes e seguros, para proteção eficaz da pele. As formulações atuais associam filtros UV, orgânicos e inorgânicos, com eficácia limitada e que podem acarretar reações cutâneas adversas. O extrato de Vaccinium myrtillus L. (EVM) apresenta em sua composição compostos fenólicos, como as antocianinas, que possuem atividade antioxidante. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar formulações fotoprotetoras contendo extrato de Vaccinium myrtillus L. com amplo espectro de ação e concentrações reduzidas de filtros UV. As emulsões contendo ou não EVM e filtros orgânicos (octocrileno e metileno bis-benzotriazolil tetrametilbutilfenol) e inorgânico (dióxido de titânio) foram avaliadas e consideradas estáveis perante parâmetros pré-definidos. O perfil de segurança foi determinado pelo método in vitro Hen´s Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) e o potencial antirradicalar do EVM foi confirmado pelo teste de DPPH• A formulação fotoprotetora acrescida de 5,0% de EVM foi avaliada quanto à eficácia fotoprotetora in vivo e in vitro e não demonstrou aumento significativo no FPS quando comparada à formulação que continha somente os filtros solares e, no ensaio referente à hidratação da pele, não houve alteração nos dados, segundo teste de eficácia clínica. Os resultados obtidos sugeriram que mesmo não apresentando aumento no valor de FPS in vivo, a formulação fotoprotetora contendo o extrato, poderia atuar como agente antioxidante evitando os danos provocados pela radiação UV. / The deleterious effects caused by ultraviolet radiation (UV) and the significant increase in the diagnosis of skin cancer confirm the need for significant progress in researching effective and safe sunscreen products for effective skin protection. Current formulations associate UV, organic and inorganic filters with limited efficacy that can lead to adverse skin reactions. Vaccinium myrtillus extract (EVM) contains in its composition polyphenols compounds, such as anthocyanins, which have been antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate sunscreens containing EVM with broad action spectrum and reduced concentrations of UV filters. Emulsions containing or not EVM and organic (octocrylene and methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol) and inorganic (titanium dioxide) filters were evaluated and considered stable under pre-defined parameters. The safety of the emulsion was assessed was determined by the in vitro Hen´s Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane method (HET-CAM) and the antiradical potential of EVM was confirmed by the DPPH• test. The sunscreen formulation containing EVM 5.0% was photoprotective efficacy evaluated in vivo and in vitro and did not show a significant increase in SPF when compared the formulation only with UV filters and no improves skin hydration, according to clinical efficacy assay. The results of the study suggest that even without increase SPF in vivo, the sunscreen formulation containing the extract may show antioxidant activity avoiding damage caused by UV.

Alimentos funcionais têm estado cada vez mais presentes na dieta humana devido aos seus efeitos benéficos à saúde e entre tais alimentos, destaca-se o mirtilo. Reconhecido como uma super-fruta, o mirtilo é caracterizado por apresentar alta concentração de antocianinas, pigmentos com atividade antioxidante associada ao combate de doenças como câncer, osteoporose, Alzheimer e oftalmológicas, e que devido à sua versatilidade é utilizado amplamente na gastronomia mundial. A produção de mirtilo é liderada pelos Estados Unidos e Canadá e com a crescente demanda pelos frutos, o cultivo do mirtileiro têm se expandido para países do Hemisfério Sul, como o Brasil. Por se tratar de uma cultura proveniente de clima temperado, o mirtileiro demanda um determinado número de horas de frio (NHF) durante o inverno para superar seu período de dormência e entrar no período reprodutivo, o que pode limitar a expansão da produção para regiões de temperaturas mais altas. Como forma de ampliar as áreas de cultivo do mirtileiro, a Universidade da Flórida desenvolveu cultivares de menor exigência em frio e entre elas, estão \'Emerald\' e \'Jewel\', ambas cultivadas no município de Piracicaba, SP. Em Dezembro de 2016, plantas destas cultivares foram podadas e no ano de 2017 avaliadas quanto ao crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo, conteúdo e repartição de carboidratos e desempenho fotossintético. O crescimento menos vigoroso de \'Emerald\' resultou em uma forma de armazenamento e translocação de carboidratos mais eficiente, o que refletiu numa maior produção de frutos desta cultivar frente à \'Jewel\'. Em \'Emerald\', os valores de fotossíntese condutância estomática. concentração intercelular de CO2, índice de área foliar e clorofila foram maiores que em \'Jewel\', no entanto, o desempenho fotossintético em ambas as cultivares foi afetado por condições de alta temperatura do ar e baixa umidade relativa. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo confirmam a importância da adoção de manejos que proporcionem equilíbrio entre o crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo dos mirtileiros, otimizando a repartição dos carboidratos, a fotossíntese e favorecendo a assimilação de carbono, principalmente durante o período de produção dos frutos. / Functional food have been increasingly present in the human diet due to its beneficial effects on health, and among such foods, stands out blueberries. Recognized as a super fruit, blueberry is characterized by its high concentration of anthocyanins, pigments with antioxidant activity associated with the fight against cancer, osteoporosis, Alzheimer\'s and ophthalmological diseases, and due to its versatility, it is widely used in world gastronomy. Blueberry production is led by the United States and Canada and with the increasing demand for fruits, the blueberry growth has expanded to countries in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Brazil. As a tipical temperate fruit crop, blueberry plants demands a certain number of chilling hours during the winter to overcome its dormancy period and enter the reproductive period, which may limit the expansion of blueberry production in regions of higher temperatures. As a strategy to expand the growing areas, the University of Florida has developed blueberry cultivars of low-chilling requirement and among them are \'Emerald\' and \'Jewel\', both growth in the city of Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. In December 2016, plants of both cultivars were pruned and in 2017 they were evaluated regarding its vegetative and reproductive growth, carbohydrate contents and partition and photosynthetic performance. The less vigorous growth of \'Emerald\' resulted in more effective carbohydrate storage and partition, wich reflected in a higher yield than \'Jewel\'. In \'Emerald\', the values for photosynthesis, stomatal condutance, intercellular CO2 concentration, LAI and chlorophyll were higher than in \'Jewel\', however, the photosynthetic performance of both cultivars was affected by high air temperature and low umidity conditions. The results obtained in this study confirm the importance of cultural practices which provide balanced growth and development to blueberry plants, optimizing the carbohydrates partition and photosynthesis, supporting carbon assimilation specially during fruit production.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Oliveira.pdf: 1283767 bytes, checksum: 902cc2416d1d157460b534a7f6b62ed8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The expansion of cultivated blueberry fields in Brazil is directly linked to the provision of quality seedlings to the market, which may result in the increase of production. The plant micropropagation technique enables the production and provides high quality plants, physiologically viable and healthy and free from viruses in a short space of time. Woody plants presente difficulty in the in vitro rooting, in this context the development of a more efficient system of rooting results in plants with higher physiological quality and reduction of losses during the acclimatization phase. In the first experimente the treatments consisted in 8 doses of BIOBRAS 16 (0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 0,6; 0,7 mg L-1) added to the culture medium at the time of preparation. The following characteristics were evaluated: number of corns, callus diameter, number of roots, the total root length, total length, number of shoots, length of shoots, number of leaves and fresh mass. The lowest concentration of BIOBRAS 16 used (0,1 mg L-1) presented a higher percentage of rooting, root length and number of leaves, but also stimulated the development of calluses. The dose of 0,4 mg L-1 stimulated the formation of shoots and length thereof. There was no significant difference for other parameters evaluated. In the second experiment the treatments consisted in diferent doses of BIOBRAS 16 (0,1; 0,3; 0,5 mg L-1) associated to different doses of indole acetic acid (1; 3; 5 L-1 μM) added to the culture medium during preparation. The parameters evaluated were the same as the experiment 1. The use of BIOBRAS 16 associated with indolacetic acid showed a positive effect for the development of in vitro characteristics of blueberry. For rooting, the concentration of 0,3 mg L-1 BIOBRAS 16 + 5 μM AIA showed a higher percentage. Concentrations of 0,5 mg L-1 BIOBRAS 16 + 5 μM of AIA induced the formation and callus diameter, undesirable feature when the goal is rooting. For the parameters number of shoots and number of leaves, the best result was the concentration of 0,1 mg L-1 BIOBRAS 16 + 5 μM of AIA. / A expansão da área cultivada de mirtileiro no Brasil está diretamente vinculada a oferta de mudas de qualidade ao mercado, que poderá resultar em aumento da produção. A técnica da micropropagação de plantas viabiliza a produção e fornece plantas de elevada qualidade, fisiologicamente viáveis, sadias e isentas de vírus emcurto espaço de tempo. Plantas lenhosas apresentam dificuldade de enraizamento in vitro, nesse contexto o desenvolvimento de um sistema de enraizamento mais eficiente resulta em mudas com maior qualidade fisiológica e diminuição de perdas durante a fase de aclimatização. No primeiro experimento os tratamentos consistiram em 8 doses de BIOBRAS 16 (0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 0,6; 0,7 mg L-1) adicionados no meio de cultura no momento do preparo. As seguintes características foram avaliadas: número de calos, diâmetro do calo, número de raízes, comprimento total de raízes, comprimento total, número de brotações, comprimento de brotações, número de folhas e massa fresca. A menor concentração de BIOBRAS 16 utilizada (0,1 mg L-1) apresentou maior percentual de enraizamento (%), comprimento de raízes (cm) e número de folhas, porém também estimulou o desenvolvimento de calos. A dose de 0,4 mg L-1 estimulou a formação de brotações e o comprimento das mesmas. Não houve diferença significativa para os demais parâmetros avaliados. No segundo experimento os tratamentos consistiram em diferentes doses de BIOBRAS 16® (0,1; 0,3; 0,5 mg L-1) associadas a diferentes doses de ácido incolacético (1; 3; 5 μM L-1) adicionados ao meio de cultura no momento do preparo. As características avaliadas foram número de calos,diâmetro do calo, número de raízes, comprimento total de raízes, comprimento total, número de brotações, comprimento de brotações, número de folhas e massa fresca. A utilização de BIOBRAS 16 associado a ácido indolacético mostrou efeito positivo para características de desenvolvimento in vitro de mirtileiro. Para enraizamento, as concentrações de 0,3 mg L-1 de BIOBRAS 16 + 5 μM de AIA apresentaram maior percentual. As concentrações de 0,5 mg L-1 de BIOBRAS 16® + 5 μM de AIA induziram a formação e diâmetro de calos, característica indesejável quando o objetivo é o enraizamento. Para as características número de brotações e número de folhas, o melhor resultado foi da concentração de 0,1 mg L-1 de BIOBRAS 16 + 5 μM de AIA.

Alimentos funcionais têm estado cada vez mais presentes na dieta humana devido aos seus efeitos benéficos à saúde e entre tais alimentos, destaca-se o mirtilo. Reconhecido como uma super-fruta, o mirtilo é caracterizado por apresentar alta concentração de antocianinas, pigmentos com atividade antioxidante associada ao combate de doenças como câncer, osteoporose, Alzheimer e oftalmológicas, e que devido à sua versatilidade é utilizado amplamente na gastronomia mundial. A produção de mirtilo é liderada pelos Estados Unidos e Canadá e com a crescente demanda pelos frutos, o cultivo do mirtileiro têm se expandido para países do Hemisfério Sul, como o Brasil. Por se tratar de uma cultura proveniente de clima temperado, o mirtileiro demanda um determinado número de horas de frio (NHF) durante o inverno para superar seu período de dormência e entrar no período reprodutivo, o que pode limitar a expansão da produção para regiões de temperaturas mais altas. Como forma de ampliar as áreas de cultivo do mirtileiro, a Universidade da Flórida desenvolveu cultivares de menor exigência em frio e entre elas, estão \'Emerald\' e \'Jewel\', ambas cultivadas no município de Piracicaba, SP. Em Dezembro de 2016, plantas destas cultivares foram podadas e no ano de 2017 avaliadas quanto ao crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo, conteúdo e repartição de carboidratos e desempenho fotossintético. O crescimento menos vigoroso de \'Emerald\' resultou em uma forma de armazenamento e translocação de carboidratos mais eficiente, o que refletiu numa maior produção de frutos desta cultivar frente à \'Jewel\'. Em \'Emerald\', os valores de fotossíntese condutância estomática. concentração intercelular de CO2, índice de área foliar e clorofila foram maiores que em \'Jewel\', no entanto, o desempenho fotossintético em ambas as cultivares foi afetado por condições de alta temperatura do ar e baixa umidade relativa. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo confirmam a importância da adoção de manejos que proporcionem equilíbrio entre o crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo dos mirtileiros, otimizando a repartição dos carboidratos, a fotossíntese e favorecendo a assimilação de carbono, principalmente durante o período de produção dos frutos. / Functional food have been increasingly present in the human diet due to its beneficial effects on health, and among such foods, stands out blueberries. Recognized as a super fruit, blueberry is characterized by its high concentration of anthocyanins, pigments with antioxidant activity associated with the fight against cancer, osteoporosis, Alzheimer\'s and ophthalmological diseases, and due to its versatility, it is widely used in world gastronomy. Blueberry production is led by the United States and Canada and with the increasing demand for fruits, the blueberry growth has expanded to countries in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Brazil. As a tipical temperate fruit crop, blueberry plants demands a certain number of chilling hours during the winter to overcome its dormancy period and enter the reproductive period, which may limit the expansion of blueberry production in regions of higher temperatures. As a strategy to expand the growing areas, the University of Florida has developed blueberry cultivars of low-chilling requirement and among them are \'Emerald\' and \'Jewel\', both growth in the city of Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. In December 2016, plants of both cultivars were pruned and in 2017 they were evaluated regarding its vegetative and reproductive growth, carbohydrate contents and partition and photosynthetic performance. The less vigorous growth of \'Emerald\' resulted in more effective carbohydrate storage and partition, wich reflected in a higher yield than \'Jewel\'. In \'Emerald\', the values for photosynthesis, stomatal condutance, intercellular CO2 concentration, LAI and chlorophyll were higher than in \'Jewel\', however, the photosynthetic performance of both cultivars was affected by high air temperature and low umidity conditions. The results obtained in this study confirm the importance of cultural practices which provide balanced growth and development to blueberry plants, optimizing the carbohydrates partition and photosynthesis, supporting carbon assimilation specially during fruit production.

Το Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae) είναι ένας ψηλός θάμνος, ο οποίος καλλιεργείται σε περιοχές της Αμερικής και της Ευρώπης για τους υψηλής διατροφικής αξίας καρπούς του (κυανά μύρτιλλα: blueberries). Στη χώρα μας, καλλιέργεια μύρτιλλων γίνεται κυρίως στην περιοχή της Δράμας. Οι περισσότερες μελέτες εστιάζουν στην ανάλυση των συστατικών των καρπών, ενώ η φυτοχημική σύσταση των φύλλων δεν έχει μελετηθεί εκτενώς. Η παρούσα εργασία, στόχο είχε την ανάλυση των κυριότερων φαινολικών συστατικών των φύλλων του φυτού, με χρήση χρωματογραφικών μεθόδων ανάλυσης. Τα αποξηραμένα φύλλα, τα οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην παρούσα διατριβή, προέρχονται από τις ποικιλίες ‘Bluecrop’ και ‘Patriot’, βιολογικής καλλιέργειας στην περιοχή της Δράμας. Προετοιμάστηκε αφέψημα των αποξηραμένων φύλλων, το οποίο στη συνέχεια εκχυλίστηκε διαδοχικά, με οξικό αιθυλεστέρα (AcOEt) και βουτανόλη (BuOH). Κατόπιν και με σκοπό τον εύκολο προσδιορισμό των φαινολικών ενώσεων, πραγματοποιήθηκε όξινη υδρόλυση (90 oC, 2 h, 50% μεθανόλη) όλων των κλασμάτων: Crude (αφέψημα), AcOEt, BuOH και Aqueous. Η ανάλυση των συστατικών πραγματοποιήθηκε με Υγρή Χρωματογραφία Υψηλής Απόδοσης με Ανιχνευτή Συστοιχίας Φωτοδιόδων (HPLC-DAD) και ύστερα με Υγρή Χρωματογραφία Υπερυψηλής Απόδοσης (UPLC-MS) με Φασματόμετρο Μάζας, το οποίο διαθέτει υβριδικό αναλυτή τετραπόλου – χρόνου πτήσης (Q-TOF). Για την HPLC-DAD ανάλυση χρησιμοποιήθηκε στήλη αντίστροφης φάσης (Luna C-18), με σύστημα βαθμιδωτής έκλουσης με τρείς διαλύτες: διάλυμα οξικού αμμωνίου (CH3COONH4-10 mM), ακετονιτρίλιο και μεθανόλη (Μαργιάννη, 2011). Επιπλέον, για την ποσοτικοποίηση των κυριότερων φαινολικών συστατικών χρησιμοποιήθηκε σύστημα βαθμιδωτής έκλουσης με δύο διαλύτες: διάλυμα CH3COONH4-10 mM και ακετονιτρίλιο (τροποποίηση Tsao et al., 2003). Στην ανάλυση UPLC-ESI-MS χρησιμοποιήθηκε στήλη αντίστροφης φάσης (BEH C18), με σύστημα βαθμιδωτής έκλουσης με δύο διαλύτες: 0.1% μυρμηκικό οξύ σε H2O και ακετονιτρίλιο. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν, αρχικά, ότι κανένα από τα κλάσματα δεν περιέχει ανθοκυανίνες, ενώ το AcOEt κλάσμα είναι περισσότερο εμπλουτισμένο σε φαινολικά συστατικά, σε σχέση με τα άλλα κλάσματα. Με χρήση της UPLC-ESI-MS ανάλυσης, προσδιορίσθηκαν διάφορα συστατικά μεταξύ των οποίων φαινολικά οξέα και φλαβονοειδή. Ενδιαφέρον παρουσίασε το γεγονός ότι το Aqueous κλάσμα περιείχε μόνο φαινολικά οξέα. Η επιλογή της μεθόδου της όξινης υδρόλυσης, φαίνεται να ήταν ικανοποιητική, αφού τα άγλυκα τμήματα των γλυκοζυλιωμένων φλαβονολών, αλλά και τα προϊόντα διάσπασης του εστερικού δεσμού του χλωρογενικού οξέος, προσδιορίσθηκαν εύκολα με την UPLC-ESI-MS ανάλυση. Στα επιμέρους δείγματα ποσοτικοποιήθηκαν, με χρήση HPLC-DAD ανάλυσης τα εξής φαινολικά συστατικά: χλωρογενικό οξύ, ρουτίνη, υπεροζίτης, ισοκερσιτρίνη και κερκετίνη. Συνεπώς, το αφέψημα των καλλιεργούμενων μύρτιλλων είναι μία καλή πηγή φαινολικών συστατικών. / Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae) is a tall shrub, which is cultivated in parts of America and Europe for their fruits (blueberries), which possess high nutritional value. In our country, blueberries are mainly cultivated in the area of Drama. Many studies focus on the analysis of the constituents of fruits, while the phytochemical composition of leaves has not been studied in detail. The present study aimed the analysis of the main components of blueberry leaves, using chromatographic techniques. Dried leaves (var ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Patriot’) were obtained from the Cooperative ‘‘Biodrama’’. The decoction of dried leaves was prepared and then extracted sequentially with ethyl acetate and butanol. In order to easily identify the phenolic compounds, all fractions (Crude or decoction, AcOEt, BuOH and Aqueous) were hydrolysed in acid conditions (90 oC, 2 h, 50% MeOH). The components of the fractions were analyzed firstly by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and then with Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC-MS) with Mass Spectrometry. The mass spectrometer features hybrid quadrupole - time of flight (Q-TOF) analyzer. For the HPLC-DAD analysis a reverse phase column (Luna C-18) was used with a gradient elution system with three solvents: ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4-10 mM), acetonitrile (AcCN) and methanol (MeOH) (Margianni, 2011). Moreover, the quantification of the major phenolic components system was done with a gradient elution system of CH3COONH4-10 mM and AcCN (modified from Tsao et al., 2003). UPLC-ESI-MS was performed on a reverse phase column (BEH C18) with a gradient elution system with two solvents: 0.1% formic acid in H2O and AcCN. Firstly, the results showed that none of the fractions contain anthocyanins while AcOEt fraction is more enriched in phenolic compounds, in comparison to the other fractions. Using UPLC-ESI-MS analysis, we identified several components including phenolic acids and various flavonoids. Interestingly, the Aqueous fraction contained only phenolic acids. The choice of the method of acid hydrolysis appears to be satisfactory for identification purposes, since the aglycones of glycosylated flavonols, and the cleavage products of the chlorogenic acid, was determined easily by UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. The phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and quercetin were quantified in blueberry leaf decoction using HPLC-DAD. Therefore, the decoction of cultivated blueberries is a good source of phenolic compounds.