Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir as transformações que vêm ocorrendo no bairro de Pinheiros e mais especificamente no Largo da Batata, coração do bairro: verticalização, mudanças no padrão fundiário e substituição das classes sociais ali presentes vêm ocorrendo a partir do projeto de Reconversão Urbana do Largo da Batata e da Operação Urbana Faria Lima, iniciados na década de 1990. Nossa hipótese é a de que ocorre, a partir desses processos, uma redefinição da centralidade do bairro de Pinheiros, conformando-se como parte do eixo empresarial constituído no vetor sudoeste ao longo do fim do século XX e início do XXI. Por isso, propusemos discutir neste trabalho a produção do espaço do bairro ao longo da História, que constituiu o Largo da Batata como um centro de comércio popular e considerado degradado pelo poder público. Em seguida, analisamos a reprodução deste espaço, que se deu através dos processos de intervenção impostos pelo Estado aliado aos empreendedores imobiliários a favor da circulação e reprodução do capital contra aquele espaço dito degradado e improdutivo. Por fim, a partir da produção e reprodução do espaço do Largo da Batata, analisamos os movimentos de resistência e de luta pelo lugar que se gestaram recentemente contra as imposições do poder público e do capital e contra a gentrificação que ali foi verificada. Foi percebido que estes movimentos que se dão hoje na luta pelo uso do espaço do Largo nascem como contestação ao que o poder público esperava que aquele espaço se tornasse: um lugar neutro e vazio para que as pessoas não o utilizassem. Porém, o que vem acontecendo é, através da luta pelo lugar, a luta pelo direito à cidade e um combate à lógica vigente que move o urbano / This dissertation aims to analyze the changes that are taking place at Largo da Batata, in the heart of Pinheiros district in Sao Paulo City. Started in the 1990s, the Reconversão Urbana do Largo da Batata and the Operação Urbana Faria Lima were projects responsible for the verticalization of the buildings, changes in the land pattern and displacement of the lower social strata in the region. Regarding this process, our hypothesis is that a redefinition of Pinheiros centrality is currently happening, intensifying the integration of the district to the southwest vector business hub, established in the end of the 20th Century and beginning of the 21st. To reach our purpose, it was necessary to comprehend the spatial production of this neighborhood along the History, which set up Largo da Batata as a centre of popular commerce, regarded as deteriorated by the government. Afterwards, we analyze the spatial reproduction of this place, according to real estate developers interventions supported by the government, in order to guarantee the financial capital flow and its reproduction. Finally, regarding the contradiction in the Largo da Batata spatial production and reproduction, we analyze the social movements of resistance, that are fighting for this place against the public policies and great capital impositions, who are operating a gentrification. It was noticed that these social movements are creating an opposite force of government expectations: instead of establish an impartial and empty space, we can watch a popular fight for the place, a fight for the right to the city and a fight against the current logic of the urban space have been designed

Orientador: Pedro Ganzeli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T20:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucio_Roque_D.pdf: 2974987 bytes, checksum: 7e80e6697bad7b0951dd0ea29a033c68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Na História da Educação Brasileira a valorização do magistério apresenta-se como tema recorrente nas duas últimas décadas do século XX, assim como, na primeira década do século XXI. A Lei de Diretrizes de Bases da Educação Nacional, Lei 9.394/96, em seu artigo 67 determina que os sistemas de ensino devam prover a valorização dos profissionais da educação, assegurando-lhes, inclusive nos termos dos estatutos e dos planos de carreira do magistério público: I - ingresso exclusivamente por concurso público de provas e títulos; [...] e III - piso salarial profissional, entre outras formas de valorização. Um dos objetivos do Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e de Valorização do Magistério (FUNDEF) foi o de garantir a valorização do magistério, assim essa pesquisa buscou responder a questão: quais os reflexos provocados pelo FUNDEF na valorização do magistério público municipal? O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os reflexos da utilização dos recursos financeiros do FUNDEF na valorização do magistério público municipal, no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2006, nos municípios de Americana, Campinas, Engenheiro Coelho, Holambra, Hortolândia e Valinhos, todos da Região Metropolitana de Campinas - SP (RMC). Adotamos a abordagem da pesquisa qualitativa, trabalhando com dois procedimentos metodológicos principais: a) revisão bibliográfica; b) análise de conteúdo em documentos legais e programas relacionados com a implementação das políticas de valorização do magistério, nos municípios selecionados da RMC. Verificamos que nos seis municípios pesquisados foi adotado o ingresso na carreira exclusivamente por concurso público, todavia com relação ao piso salarial a maioria dos municípios teve defasagens salariais, em relação a inflação acumulada do período (1998-2006). Na análise dos Planos de Carreira constatamos que: dos seis municípios, três tinham aprovados seus planos de carreira específicos, um tinha apenas o estatuto de magistério e dois tinham estatuto e plano de carreira na mesma lei. Ainda sobre a análise dos Planos de Carreira constatamos que os municípios com redes de ensino de médio ou grande porte foram os que mais apresentaram itens de valorização do magistério e planos com maior delimitação de normativas relacionados ao magistério público municipal. / Abstract: In the History of the Brazilian Education the valorization of teaching was a recurrent thesis in the last two decades of the XXth century and also in the first decade of the XXIst century. The Bases Directions Law of The National Education, Law number 9.394/96, in its article 67 says that the teaching systems must have the right conditions to provide the valorization of all educational professionals, not only based on their system of laws and rules, but on their career project of public teaching: I- be a public teaching professional only through a public contest which includes tests and titles; [¿] and III- professional minimum income, among other ways of valorization. One of the goals of the Maintenance and Developing Fund of the Fundamental Instruction and Valorization of Teaching ( FUNDEF) was to ensure the valorization of teaching and so, this research tried to answer the question: which are the indirect changes created by FUNDEF in the valorization of the public municipal teaching? The purpose of this work was to analyse the reflections of the use of financial resources of FUNDEF in the valorization of the public municipal teaching, from January 1998 to December 2006, in the municipalities of Americana, Campinas, Engenheiro Coelho, Holambra, Hortolândia e Valinhos, all of the Campinas Metropolitan Region -SP (RMC). We used an approach of a degree of excellence research, working with two main methodological procedures: a) bibliographical revise; b) analysis of the content of legal documents and programs related to the applied policies of valorization of teaching in the chosen urban communities of RMC. We noticed that in these six urban communities, the beginning of the career was only through public contests, although the professional minimum income suffered displacements, according to the accumulated inflation from 1998 to 2006. Analysing the Career Projects we verified that: among the six urban communities, three of them had their specific career projects, one of them, just a teaching statute and the other two had the statute and a career project based on the same law. We also noticed that, while analyzing Career Projects, urban communities with bigger and better conditions of teaching, presented good results concerned to the valorization of teaching and rules related to the public municipal education as well. / Doutorado / Politicas, Administração e Sistemas Educacionais / Doutor em Educação

Les contraintes techniques et économiques induites par la gestion des lixiviats de déchets ménagers et assimilés (LDMA) pourraient être minimisées en considérant le LDMA non plus comme un déchet mais comme un « co-produit » partiellement valorisable. Parmi la diversité des constituants des LDMA, la matière organique dissoute (MOD) présente 2 intérêts majeurs : une forte charge et des processus de transformations comparables à ceux de la matière organique naturelle (MON). Ce travail de thèse s’attache donc à extraire cette MOD des LDMA selon son caractère hydrophobe et à identifier des axes de valorisation. Seules les fractions de type hydrophobe (HPO*) et transphilique (TPH*), de par leurs caractéristiques et leur réactivité, ont été considérées dans cette étude et 2 voies de valorisation ont été testées : une valorisation énergétique et une valorisation matière par amendement sur un sol en déficit de carbone organique (Corg).La caractérisation des fractions de MOD anthropiques et leur comparaison à des fractions de MON a confirmé l’intérêt majeur de leur valorisation. En effet, elles sont (i) physiquement et chimiquement comparables à la MON, (ii) quantifiables à des concentrations jusqu’à plus de 1000 fois supérieures à la MON permettant ainsi un potentiel d’extraction conséquent en comparaison aux matrices environnementales telles que les eaux de surface, et (iii) plus facilement biodégradables que la MON, tout en ne présentant aucun caractère phytotoxique avéré.Un test BMP optimisé et adapté au LDMA a été développé via un plan d’expérience, puis utilisé pour mettre en évidence l’impact du caractère hydrophobe de la MOD du LDMA sur la digestion anaérobie, et notamment la production de méthane. Selon les résultats obtenus, les molécules organiques de type transphilique favorisent la production de biogaz. De plus, la fraction hydrophile, faiblement aromatique, diminue la teneur en méthane du biogaz, contrairement à la fraction hydrophobe.Enfin, l’amendement de fractions organiques extraites de LDMA présente un réel intérêt dans le cas d’un sol initialement pauvre en Corg. La fraction HPO* permet un apport de Corg plus important comparé à la fraction TPH*, tandis que les composés transphiliques favorisent l’activité biologique du sol.Ce travail de thèse a ainsi mis en évidence l’intérêt d’extraire les fractions hydrophobe (HPO*) et transphilique (TPH*) de la MOD de LDMA afin de les engager dans des processus de valorisation énergétique et agronomique. / The management of municipal solid waste leachates (MSWL) is technically and economically restrictive. It thus should be interesting to consider this effluent no more as a waste but rather as a partially valorizable “co-product”. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the major components of MSWL and presents a twofold interest: a high load and comparable processes of transformation to those of natural organic matter (NOM).This study thus aimed at extracting the DOM from MWSL according to its hydrophobic character and identifying ways of valorization. Only hydrophobic (HPO*) and transphilic (TPH*) fractions were considered because of their characteristics and reactivity. Two different ways of valorization were investigated: energetic valorization and enrichment of a soil with low content in organic carbon (Corg).The characterization of HPO* and TPH* fractions and their comparison with fractions of NOM confirmed their high valorizable potential. Indeed, they are physically and chemically comparable to NOM, they can be quantified at concentrations up to 1000 times higher than NOM (high extraction potential when compared to environmental matrices such as surface water), and they are more easily biodegradable than NOM without any phytotoxic character.An optimized BMP test was first developed by using an experimental design to adapt the experimental conditions to the digestion of MSWL. It was then applied in different conditions to highlight the impact of the hydrophobic character of the DOM of MSWL on the anaerobic digestion, and mainly on methane production. According to the results, the transphilic-like organic molecules improve the biogas production. Besides, the hydrophilic-like compounds with low aromatic character decrease the methane content of the produced biogas contrary to the hydrophobic fraction.Finally, organic fractions extracted from MSWL were relevant to enrich soil with low content in organic carbon. The HPO* fraction better improves the Corg content when compared to the TPH* fraction whereas transphilic-like molecules enhances the soil biological activity.With the results of this research study, the HPO* and TPH* fractions extracted from a MSWL can thus be considered both to produce biogas and particularly methane and to be amended on soils. Their extraction can thus be economically viable and their treatment no more highly costly.

Avec la prise de conscience de l'impact environnemental et sanitaire des pesticides et l'apparition de phénomènes de résistance face à ces produits, les exigences règlementaires européennes (UE 1107/2009) encadrant leur mise sur le marché sont de plus en plus drastiques. Pour répondre à ces exigences, de nouveaux types de produits de protection des cultures font leur apparition : les bio-pesticides, ou produits de biocontrôle. Il s'agit de produits naturels d'origine végétale, animale ou microbienne, à priori moins rémanent et impactant pour l'environnement que les pesticides conventionnels. C'est dans ce contexte que mes travaux de thèse ont eu pour but le développement de biopesticides d'origine végétale destinés à lutter contre les champignons pathogènes des plantes, pour lesquels il existe encore peu ou pas de moyens de lutte naturels. Au cours de cette thèse, j'ai pu sélectionner à travers différents criblages, écologique, économique et biologique deux extraits végétaux efficaces sur des cibles biologiques d'intérêt et présentant une toxicité sur organismes non cibles bien plus faible que des fongicides conventionnels. Les molécules responsables de l'activité ont été identifiées par fractionnement bio-guidé et analyses spectrales. L'activité des extraits a pu être validée en champs notamment sur mildiou de la vigne (Plasmopara viticola) et moniliose de la nectarine (Monilinia fructigena) après une optimisation de leur formulation. / With the awareness of the environmental and sanitary impact of pesticides and emergence of resistance phenomena, the European regulation requirements (EU 1107/2009) supervising their marketing authorization are more and more drastic. To meet these requirements, new phytoprotection products are emerging: biopesticides also called biocontrol products. They are natural product of plant, animal or microbial origins, likely to be less persistent and more environmentally friendly than conventional pesticides.It is against this background that my thesis work aimed to develop some biopesticides from plant origin, for protection against phytopathogenic fungi for which there are no or few natural product.In this work, I selected, by ecological, economical and biological screening, two plant extracts, effective against biological targets and far less toxic against non-target organism than tested conventional pesticides.Active molecules were identified by bioguided fractionation and spectral analysis. Extracts activities have been evaluated in field test against vine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and Moniliose infection (Monilinia fructigena)

La biodiversité de l'île de La Réunion a récemment été reconnue comme d'intérêt mondial. Depuis 2010 le territoire du Parc National de La Réunion est en effet classé au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Cette riche biodiversité fournit des services à l'homme, notamment par le biais des plantes aromatiques et médicinales, utilisées traditionnellement sur l'île. Aujourd'hui, la responsabilité de La Réunion vis à vis de sa biodiversité est grande et l'enjeu majeur consiste à la gérer et à la valoriser durablement. Le faham est une orchidée emblématique et patrimoniale, endémique des Mascareignes (Réunion, Maurice), bien connue des réunionnais et largement consommée pour ses propriétés aromatiques et médicinales. L'appellation faham regroupe en réalité deux espèces : une espèce de haute altitude, Jumellea rossii, et une espèce de basse altitude, Jumellea fragrans. Actuellement, le faham est récolté en milieu naturel sur les domaines publics ou privés car il n'existe pas de système de production agricole. L'utilisation continue de cette ressource depuis maintenant plusieurs siècles menace fortement sa survie en milieu naturel. C'est dans ce contexte qu'a été créé le projet ORCHIFAH, qui vise à mettre en place une filière de production de faham respectueuse de l'environnement et offrant des garanties quant à sa conservation. Partie intégrante de ce projet, le présent travail a pour objectif d'étudier certains aspects de la biologie et la chimie des deux espèces de faham préalablement à la mise en place d'une filière agricole. Ainsi, le système de reproduction, la germination asymbiotique in vitro, les rythmes de croissance et de production de biomasse foliaire, et la composition métabolomique des deux espèces ont été étudiés. Les résultats concourent à améliorer la connaissance des espèces, et fournissent une base solide pour leur mise en culture, ainsi que pour la conduite d'actions de conservation appropriées. / Reunion Island's biodiversity has recently been recognized as of worldwide interest. Since 2010, the National Park of Reunion area is classified as World Heritage of UNESCO. This rich biodiversity provides services to humans, including through aromatic and medicinal plants, which are traditionally used on the island. Today, the responsibility of Reunion to its biodiversity is important and the major challenge is to manage and promot it in a sustainable way. Faham is an iconic and of local importance orchid, endemic to the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius), well-known and widely consumed in Reunion for its aromatic and medicinal properties. The name faham actually includes two species: the high altitude species, Jumellea rossii, and the low altitude species, Jumellea fragrans. Currently, faham is harvested in the wild on public or private land because there is no agricultural production system for this resource. Continued use of faham for centuries now threatens heavily its survival in the wild. In this context, the ORCHIFAH project has been created, and aims to establish a sustainable faham production chain and to provide guarantees for its preservation. Part of this project, the aim the present work is to study some aspects of the biology and chemistry of the two species of faham, prior to the establishment of an agricultural production. Thus, the reproductive system, the asymbiotic in vitro germination, growth rates and leaf biomass production, and metabolomics composition of both species were studied. The results contribute to improve the knowledge of the species, and provide a solid foundation for their cultivation, and to conduct appropriate conservation actions.

La valorisation non alimentaire de la biomasse végétale représente un enjeu actuel majeur dans le contexte du développement de la bioraffinerie végétale. En Champagne-Ardenne, la transformation des co-produits d'origine agricole fait l'objet d'études importantes. Le son et la paille, co-produits abondants de la filière blé, sont riches en hémicelluloses, polysaccharides constitués essentiellement de pentoses, majoritairement de D-xylose. La principale voie de valorisation des pentoses tels que le xylose est leur fonctionnalisation par voie chimique, mais l'utilisation d'enzymes telles que des xylanases et des β-xylosidases représente une voie de synthèse plus respectueuse de l'environnement et permettant, en outre, d'accéder à de nouvelles molécules inaccessibles par la voie chimique classique (DP plus importants). L'étude conduite dans le cadre de la thèse a concerné l'évaluation et l'amélioration de la synthèse enzymatique par transglycosylation d'alkyl xylosides et oligoxylosides catalysée par une β-xylosidase et deux xylanases. Une seconde voie de valorisation enzymatique a été étudiée, à savoir la synthèse de xylosides et oligoxylosides présentant des propriétés biologiques pouvant notamment être exploitées pour des applications cosmétiques. A travers la mutagénèse dirigée au niveau du sous-site aglycone d'une β-xylosidase de Bacillus halodurans, nous avons montré l'importance de résidus aromatiques de ce sous-site sur les capacités d'hydrolyse et de transglycosylation de l'enzyme. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis de dégager quelques pistes d'ingénierie du sous-site aglycone de la xylosidase pour optimiser les rendements de transglycosylation en présence d'alcools à longues chaînes carbonées. L'étude de l'effet des conditions réactionnelles sur la synthèse d'alkyl oligoxylosides catalysée par deux xylanases (l'une de Thermobacillus xylanilyticus, l'autre commerciale) a montré la possibilité de produire les alkyl oligoxylosides par voie enzymatique avec des rendements satisfaisants, notamment en réduisant les problèmes physiques d'accessibilité de l'alcool au site actif de l'enzyme. Nous avons également mis en évidence des profils de synthèse différents d'une enzyme à l'autre mais également en fonction des conditions réactionnelles, notamment en ce qui concerne le DP moyen. Notre étude montre également que la synthèse d'alkyl oligoxylosides est possible directement à partir de son de blé prétraité par voie hydrothermale. En ce qui concerne les propriétés physico-chimiques des produits de transglycosylation, nous avons montré que, tout en étant non purifiés, les pentyl et octyl β-D-oligoxylosides obtenus par synthèse enzymatique présentent des propriétés comparables à celles de produits commerciaux utilisés pour leurs propriétés tensio-actives. L'étude de méthodes de synthèse enzymatiques et chimio-enzymatique de xylosides et d'oligoxylosides ciblés pour certaines propriétés biologiques a montré que les deux xylanases étudiées précédemment pouvaient utiliser en tant qu'accepteur, en plus des alcools linéaires, des alcools aromatiques, des diols ou encore un ester ou un alcyne, ce qui a permis d'accéder à des produits originaux. Des tests biologiques réalisés sur des fibroblastes humains, ont montré que les xylosides et oligoxylosides ainsi produits ne sont pas cytotoxiques. Des tests sur l'initiation de la biosynthèse de glycosaminoglycanes, menés avec certains produits, ont conduit à des résultats positifs pour la biosynthèse d'acide hyaluronique. / Non-food valorization of plant biomass currently represents a major challenge in the context of plant biorefinery. In Champagne-Ardenne, the processing of agricultural by-products is the subject of numerous studies. Wheat bran and straw are abundant agricultural by-products and are rich in hemicelluloses, which are polysaccharides essentially constituted by pentoses, mainly D-xylose. The major route for the valorization of pentoses such as xylose is their functionalization by chemical means. Nevertheless, the use of enzymes, such as xylanases and β-xylosidases, represents a more environmentally friendly way and can also lead to the synthesis of new molecules inaccessible through conventional chemistry. The study conducted during the PhD concerned the evaluation and the improvement of the enzymatic synthesis by transglycosylation of alkyl xylosides and oligoxylosides catalyzed by a β-xylosidase and two xylanases. The second pathway for enzymatic valorization investigated was the synthesis of xylosides and oligoxylosides with biological properties that could be applied for cosmetic use.By site-directed mutagenesis in the aglycone subsite of a β-xylosidase from Bacillus halodurans, we have shown the role of aromatic residues on the hydrolysis and transglycosylation capabilities of the enzyme. The results obtained allowed us to identify some engineering of the aglycone subsite of the β-xylosidase to optimize the transglycosylation yields in the presence of alcohols with long carbon chains.The study of the effect of the reaction conditions on the synthesis of alkyl oligoxylosides catalyzed by two xylanases (one from Thermobacillus xylanilyticus and other is commercially available) has shown the ability to produce alkyl oligoxylosides by enzymatic synthesis with acceptable yields. We also pointed out that, depending on the reaction conditions, the products obtained were different particularly as regards the average DP. Our study has also shown that the synthesis of alkyl oligoxylosides is possible directly from hydrothermally pretreated wheat bran. Concerning the physico-chemical properties of transglycosylation products, we have demonstrated that non purified pentyl and octyl β-D-oligoxylosides obtained by enzymatic transglycosylation exhibit similar properties than commercial products used for their surface-active properties. The study of enzymatic an chemo-enzymatic methods for the synthesis of xylosides and oligoxylosides targeted for their biological properties showed that both xylanases previously studied could use linear alcohols but also aromatic alcohols, diols, ester or alkyne alcohols as acceptors for the preparation of original compounds. Biological tests performed on human fibroblasts pointed out that the xylosides and oligoxylosides produced are not cytotoxic. Initiation of the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans tested with some of the products has led to positive results for the synthesis of hyaluronic acid by the fibroblasts.

L'évolution de la législation en matière de valorisation des déchets organiques incite au développement de filières de valorisation, parmi lesquelles le compostage présente un intérêt d'amendement pour les sols, lié notamment à la présence de substances humiques. La matière organique (MO) est une composante importante du sol en raison de son rôle dans les équilibres physiques, chimiques et biologiques, ainsi que par son implication dans le comportement des métaux et métaux traces (MMT). Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de développer une approche méthodologique afin de caractériser la MO du sol (MOS) et étudier son évolution spatio-temporelle suite à l’apport d’un compost sur une année et 2 profondeurs, et d'approcher son impact sur le comportement des MMT. Une procédure d’extraction séquentielle en 4 étapes (eau, acide, soude, pyrophosphate) a été réalisée afin de fractionner la MOS. Des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives, ont été effectuées sur les extraits. La procédure de fractionnent chimique a permis de distinguer plusieurs catégories de composés organiques (labiles, fulviques et humiques plus ou moins aromatiques). Les analyses quantitatives et les réponses spectrales sur les extraits ont révélé un effet compost essentiellement les trois premiers mois après l’épandage et en été, avec un impact des paramètres climatiques au cours de l'année, mais pas au-delà de 15 cm. Le compost peut apporter au sol une charge supplémentaire en MMT, notamment potentiellement mobilisables, avec un risque de contamination modéré, mais non négligeable lié aux effets potentiels d’accumulation et de concentration sur le long terme. / The evolution of the legislation regarding the valorization of biowaste (green manure) induces the development of valorization chains, among which amending soils with compost is of particular interest, due to the presence of humic substances. Organic matter (OM) is an important component of the soil due to its physical, chemical and biological participation, and its implication in the behaviour of metals and trace metals (MTM).The aims of this thesis were to develop a methodological approach to characterize OM of soil (SOM) and to study its spatiotemporal evolution over one year at two different depths following the addition of compost, and its impact on the behaviour of MTM. A 4-step sequential extraction procedure (water, acid, sodium hydroxide, pyrophosphate) was used to the SOM fractionation. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were applied on extracts. Solubilization kinetics of MTM was also carried out to refine the study of their mobility.The chemical fractionation procedure allowed distinguishing several classes of organic compounds (labile, fulvic and humic with various aromaticity). Quantitative analyzes and spectral responses of the extracts revealed an effect of the compost (organic carbon, metals, aromaticity and molecular weight compounds) essentially during the first three months after spreading and during the summer period, with a climate parameter effect during the year, but not beyond 15 cm of depth. Compost can bring to the soil an additional load of MTM, including potentially mobilized forms, with a moderate, but not negligible risk of contamination, due to the potential effects of accumulation and concentration over the long term.

En la industria de la construcción es usual que los contratistas busquen contar con subcontratistas con el fin de asegurar la calidad de los trabajos de mayor especialización como acabados, equipamiento, etc. Sin embargo, esto genera que se incremente la supervisión y control de estos trabajos. A partir del análisis de 04 proyectos de edificaciones multifamiliares, se detectó que existe una deficiencia en el proceso de valorización de los subcontratistas de acabados. La investigación desarrolla una propuesta de optimización de este proceso, basada en la herramienta Dynamo dentro de un entorno de trabajo BIM. Los resultados muestran una comparación en el tiempo del método tradicional de valorización y el método propuesto, obteniendo una reducción de tiempo de 27.5%. Asimismo, se señala los principales beneficios de la propuesta, los cuales se agrupan en control del proyecto, alcance de los subcontratistas, visualización del avance, tiempo y costo. / In the construction industry, it is common for contractors to seek subcontractors in order to ensure the quality of specialized jobs such as finishes, equipment, etc. However, this leads to increased supervision and control of these jobs. From the analysis of 04 multi-family building projects, it was detected that there is a deficiency in the subcontractor’s schedule of values of finishes process. This research develops a proposal to optimize this process, based on the software Dynamo within a Building Information Modelling (BIM) work environment. The results showed a comparison in time between the traditional method and the proposed method, obtaining a time reduction of 27.5%. Furthermore, the main benefits of the proposal are indicated, which are grouped into project control, scope of subcontractors, progress tracking, time and cost. / Trabajo de investigación

This thesis deals with the study of polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis as a microbial product with the potential to replace current conventional plastics made from petroleum. The dissertation thesis is elaborated in the form of a discussed set of already published publications, which are then part of the thesis in the form of appendices. The work builds on relatively extensive knowledge in the field of polyhydroxyalkanoate production and brings new facts and possible strategies. Various possibilities of analysis of polyhydroxyalkanoates using modern methods were tested in this work, which brings especially speed, which can be crucial in real-time evaluation of production biotechnological process. Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a very promising technique for rapid quantification of PHA. Furthermore, the work deals with valorisation of waste of food and agricultural origin. Emphasis is placed on methods of detoxification of lignocellulose hydrolysates. In this context, adsorption of inhibitors to lignin was first used as an alternative to other detoxification techniques. Due to detoxification, selected production strains Burkholederia cepacia and B. sacchari were able to utilize softwood hydrolyzate for PHA production. In the next part of the work was also tested the possibility of using chicken feathers as a complex source of nitrogen. Evolutionary engineering was also used as a possible strategy to eliminate the inhibitory effect of levulic acid as a microbial inhibitor that results from the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Adaptation experiments were used to develop strains exhibiting higher resistance to levulic acid and the ability to accumulate a higher 3HV copolymer from the original wild-type C. necator strain. Another promising approach tested in the work was the use of extremophilic microbial strain, which leads to a reduction in the cost of biotechnological production. Selected Halomonas species have shown high potential as halophilic PHA producers. The final part of the thesis was devoted to the selection of the production strain with regard to the properties of the resulting PHA. The Cupriavidus malaysiensis strain was selected to produce a P(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HB) terpolymer which revealed significant differences in material properties over P3HB.

L'objet des travaux réalisés dans cette thèse concerne la mise en oeuvre d'un éco-liant à base de co-produits industriels : une cendre volante papetière et un laitier moulu, pour la fabrication de mortiers secs. Cet éco-liant a été élaboré pour remplacer partiellement le ciment comme constituant de matériaux traditionnels d'une part, et recycler en grande quantité l'un des deux déchets industriels, la cendre volante papetière tout en intégrant les notions d'économie circulaire et d'éco-conception d'autre part. La littérature fait état de nombreux travaux sur les différents types de cendres et de laitiers mettant en avant les caractéristiques, la minéralogie, la réactivité de ces cendres volantes papetières et des laitiers moulus. Ces deux coproduits avec environ 20% de SiO2 et 50% de CaO (% pondéraux), ont une composition chimique très proche de celle d'un ciment et développent des propriétés pouzzolaniques qui peuvent suppléer celles du ciment. Leur valorisation comme matériau liant est alors envisageable. Une complète connaissance des propriétés physico-chimiques, structurelles et minéralogiques de la cendre volante papetière et du laitier moulu a conduit à une étude exploratoire de formulations. Des mélanges à partir de 72% de cendres volantes papetières et de 28% de laitier moulu ont été étudiés en se référantà la formulation de base d'un mortier pour en optimiser la teneur en eau et le niveau d'énergie de compactage. Un matériel spécifique pour compacter les éprouvettes prismatiques de dimensions 4x4x16cm3 de mortier a été utilisé. L'effet de l'ajout de trois types d'activateurs i.e. chlorure de calciumCaCl2, métasilicate de sodium Na2O3Si et carbonate de sodium Na2CO3, et d'une faible quantité deciment i.e. 5% et 10% a été analysé mettant en relation la résistance mécanique et la microstructure desmélanges. Deux formulations optimales ont fait l'objet d'analyses relatives à la minéralogie, auxrésistances mécaniques à 2, 7 et 28 jours de cure, à la microstructure avec des images MEB,distributions des pores et à la durabilité. Compte-tenu des résultats satisfaisants obtenus, une approcheà l'échelle semi-industrielle de fabrication de blocs 15x15x15 cm3 à partir des deux formulationsretenues a été menée et discutée. Les premiers résultats montrent un grand intérêt pour la fabricationde pavés et de produits dérivés pour l'aménagement de zones piétonnes ou à circulation réduite. / The aim of this thesis is the development of an eco-binder based on industrial co-products : a wastepapery ash and a ground granulated blast-furnace slag, for the manufacture of dry mortars. On the one hand,this eco-binder was developed to replace partially cement as a constituent of traditional materials, andon the other hand to recycle in large quantities one of these two industrial wastes ; wastepaper fly ashwith considering all the notions of circular economy and eco-design. From literature, there are numerousand relevant research works on the different types of ash and slag, highlighting the characteristics, themineralogy, the reactivity of the wastepaper fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slags in details.These two co-products with about 20 wt.% SiO2 and 50 wt.% CaO have a chemical composition veryclose to that of a cement and develop pozzolanic properties that can replace those of cement. Theirvalorization as a binder material is then possible. A complete knowledge of the physicochemical, structuraland mineralogical properties of wastepaper fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag led to anexploratory study of formulations for dry mortars. The mixtures containing 72 wt.% of wastepaper fly ashand 28 wt.% of ground granulated blast-furnace slag were investigated with reference to the formulationof a standard mortar to optimize the water content and compaction energy level. A specific equipment forcompacting prismatic specimens with dimensions 4x4x16 cm3 was used. The effect of adding three types ofactivators i.e. calcium chloride CaCl2, sodium metasilicate Na2O3Si and sodium carbonate Na2CO3, anda small amount of cement i.e. 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% was analyzed. The relation between mechanical strengthand the microstructure of the mixtures has been detailed and discussed. Two optimal formulations wereimplemented and, mineralogy, mechanical strength at 2, 7 and 28 days of curing, microstructure withSEM images, pore distributions and durability have been considered and analyzed. Taking into accountthe satisfactory results obtained, a semi-industrial approach to manufacture 15x15x15 cm3 blocks fromthe two selected formulations was conducted and discussed. The first results show a great interest in themanufacture of blocks of pavement and derived products for the construction of pedestrian or reducedtraffic areas.