Depuis plusieurs années, la complexité des circuits intégrés ne cesse d'augmenter : du SOC (System On Chip) vers le SIP (System In Package), et plus récemment les circuits empilés en 3D : les 3D SIC (Stacked Integrated Circuits) à base de TSVs (Through Silicon Vias) interconnectant verticalement les tiers, ou puces, du système. Les 3D SIC présentent de nombreux avantages en termes de facteur de forme, de performance et de consommation mais demandent aussi de relever de nombreux défis en ce qui concerne leur test, étape nécessaire avant la mise en service de ces systèmes complexes. Dans cette thèse, nous nous attachons à définir les infrastructures de test qui permettront de détecter les éventuels défauts apparaissant lors de la fabrication des TSVs ou des différentes puces du système. Nous proposons une solution de BIST (Built In Self Test) pour le test avant empilement des TSVs. Cette solution est basée sur l'utilisation d'oscillateurs en anneaux dont la fréquence d'oscillation dépend des caractéristiques électriques des TSVs. La solution de test proposée permet non seulement la détection de TSVs fautifs mais aussi de renseigner sur le nombre d'éléments défectueux et leur identification. D'autre part, nous proposons une architecture de test 3D basée sur la nouvelle proposition de norme IEEE P1687. Cette infrastructure permet de donner accès aux composants du système 3D avant et après empilement. Elle permet d'autre part de profiter du recyclage des données de test développées et appliquées avant empilement pour chacun des tiers puis ré-appliqués durant ou après l'empilement. Ces travaux aboutissent finalement à l'ouverture d'une nouvelle problématique liée à l'ordonnancement des tests sous contraintes (puissance consommée, température).Mots-clés : test, circuits 3D, TSV, BIST, oscillateur en anneau, architecture de test 3D, IEEE P1687, test avant empilement, test après empilement. / For several years, the complexity of integrated circuits continues to increase, from SOC (System On Chip) to SIP (System In Package) , and more recently 3D SICs (Stacked Integrated Circuits) based on TSVs (Through Silicon Vias ) that vertically interconnect stacked circuits in a 3D system. 3D SICs have many advantages in terms of small form factor, high performances and low power consumption but have many challenges regarding their test which is a necessary step before the commissioning of these complex systems. In this thesis we focus on defining the test infrastructure that will detect any occurring defects during the manufacturing process of TSVs or the different sacked chips in the system. We propose a BIST (Built In Self Test) solution for TSVs testing before stacking, this solution is based on the use of ring oscillators which their oscillation frequencies depend on the electrical characteristics of the TSVs. The proposed test solution not only allows the detection of faulty TSVs but also gives information about the number of defective TSVs and their location. On the other hand, we propose a 3D DFT (Design For Test) architecture based on the new proposed test standard IEEE P1687. The proposed test architecture provides test access to the components of the 3D system before and after stacking. Also it allows the re-use of recycled test data developed and applied before stacking to each die in the mid-bond and post-bond test levels. This work lead to the opening of a new problem related to the test scheduling under constraints such as: power consumption, temperature.Keywords: test, 3D circuits, TSV, BIST, ring oscillators, 3D DFT architecture, IEEE P1687, pre-bond test, post-bond test.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:58:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita de Cassia Bordoni.pdf: 5300151 bytes, checksum: 4531ab9467e1da9cccbd6862ad92c533 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-25 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The main objective of this research is, by means of a comparative method, to do a critical analysis of O vampiro de Curitiba (The vampire from Curitiba) from Dalton Trevisan. This analysis will try to answer a core question: How can Dalton Trevisan rebuild one of the most ancient myths of the human culture the vampire one? To answer this problematic question, we have thought about three hypotheses: 1) The vampire myth is demystified in a parodical way, revealing his two faces: hero and victim; 2) The demystification is done through a sense of emptiness which can be observed in: the narrative, the hero and the narrator as well as in the discourse categories and all of this on the border between fiction and non-fiction; 3) The vampire myth demystification generates a social criticism effect in a time that life in the urban centers is in degeneration. The parody concept that we chose to guide the novel‟s analysis was taken from Bakhtin (1998) and Hutcheon (1985). These authors leaded us to a conclusion that Trevisan takes off the mythical vampire‟s aura. As he does this in the text, he transforms the myth in an unsacred one through resources like: love cannibalism and death, using the sex desire as his via cruces. In his trajectory in Curitiba, he allegorically configures the city as an urban Hades, in an attitude to criticize the values of a society in decomposition, the literary patterns in tension against the urban litter , which is characterized as a non-literary discourse / O objetivo dessa pesquisa é, por meio de um método comparativo, realizar a análise crítica do corpus - O vampiro de Curitiba, de Dalton Trevisan, que buscará responder a uma questão nuclear: como Dalton Trevisan reconstrói literariamente um dos mitos ancestrais da cultura humana o mito do vampiro? Para responder a essa problemática, lançamos três hipóteses: 1) O mito do vampiro é desmistificado parodicamente, revelando a sua face bifronte: a de herói e a de vítima; 2) A desmistificação se faz por meio do esvaziamento tanto de categorias da narrativa, como as do herói e do narrador, quanto do discurso, na fronteira entre o literário e o não-literário; 3) A desmistificação do mito do vampiro gera um efeito de crítica social em termos da degeneração da vida nos centros urbanos. A análise do livro à luz do conceito de paródia de Bakhtin (1998) e Hutcheon (1985), levou-nos à conclusão de que o autor retira a aura do vampiro mítico, dessacralizando-o por meio do canibalismo amoroso e da morte, fazendo do desejo sexual a sua via crucis. Na sua trajetória por Curitiba, acaba por configurá-la alegoricamente como um Hades urbano, numa atitude de crítica seja aos valores de uma sociedade em decomposição, seja aos padrões literários confrontados com o lixo urbano de discursos frontalmente não-literários

Recentes melhorias nos processos de fabricação e nas propriedades dos materiais associadas a excelentes características mecânicas e baixo peso tornaram os materiais compósitos muito atrativos para aplicação em estruturas aeronáuticas. No entanto, mesmo novos projetos ainda são muito conservadores, pois os fenômenos de falha dos compósitos são muito complexos. Então, é estratégico entender melhor, bem como prever esses complexos mecanismos de falha, desenvolvendo modelos de materiais mais precisos que venham a diminuir o número de ensaios experimentais, gerando rapidez e economia aos projetos estruturais. Assim, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo de material baseado na Mecânica do Dano Contínuo para simular a falha progressiva de estruturas laminadas de carbono/epóxi quando submetidas a carregamentos quase estáticos e de impacto. Várias análises numéricas foram realizadas via elementos finitos, a fim de prever a falha dessas estruturas de material compósito sob essas solicitações. O modelo de dano proposto foi implementado como sub-rotinas em linguagem FORTRAN (UMAT-User Material Subroutine e, VUMAT-User Material Subroutine para simulações explícitas), que foram compiladas junto ao programa comercial de Elementos Finitos ABAQUSTM. Além disso, ensaios experimentais foram realizados, a fim de calibrar parâmetros relacionados ao modelo de material, bem como avaliar as potencialidades e as limitações do modelo de material proposto. / Recent improvements in manufacturing processes and material properties associated to excellent mechanical characteristics and low weight have become composite materials very attractive for application on civil aircraft structures. However, even new designs are still very conservative, because the composite structure failure phenomena are very complex. So, it is strategic to known better and to predict these complex failure mechanisms, developing more accuracy material models, which reduce the number of experimental tests, inducing a fast and economic structural design. Thus, this work show the development of a material model based on Continuum Damage Mechanics to simulate the progressive failure of carbon/epoxy laminate structures under quasi-static and impact loadings. Several numerical analyses were performed via Finite Element Method in order to predict the damage on composite structures under these conditions. The proposed damage model was implemented as a UMAT (User Material Subroutine) and VUMAT (User Material Subroutine for explicit simulations), which were linked to ABAQUSTM. Moreover, experiments were carried out in order to calibrate the material model parameters and to evaluate the potentialities and limitation of the proposed material model, as well.

As leishmanioses constituem um complexo de doenças causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, as quais incluem diversas espécies responsáveis por desencadear formas clínicas distintas. A espécie Leishmania infantum, disseminada no Brasil e na América do Sul, está relacionada com comprometimento das vísceras, principalmente baço, fígado e medula óssea, apresentando alto índice de morbidade e mortalidade. É classicamente demonstrado que uma resposta mediada por linfócitos Th1 e Th17 conferem resistência na LV. Nesse sentido, as vias de sinalização ativadas, bem como os mediadores gerados durante a infecção, podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento da resposta imune protetora. Dentre as citocinas produzidas, destaca-se a IL-1 (IL-1? e IL- 1?) que possui papel importante na geração do processo inflamatório conferindo resistência às infecções fúngicas, bacterianas, e também na leishmaniose cutânea. No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi determinar o papel da via de sinalização mediada por IL-1R durante a infecção experimental por Leishmania infantum. Nossos resultados demonstram que tanto IL-1? quanto IL-1? são produzidas durante a infecção in vivo por L. infantum, sugerindo sua participação na LV. De maneira interessante, a via de sinalização mediada por IL-1R parece estar envolvida na susceptibilidade ao protozoário, visto que animais geneticamente deficientes para IL-1R (IL-1R KO) são mais resistentes à infecção, apresentando menor número de parasitos no baço e fígado nas fases crônicas de infecção. Ainda, o fenômeno de susceptibilidade foi associado a uma regulação negativa da resposta inflamatória, principalmente acerca de células Th1 e também de Th17. A inflamação neutrofílica também foi alterada em animais IL-1R KO infectados. Foi observado aumento do número de neutrófilos bem como da produção de CXCL1 (KC), mediador quimioatraente para neutrófilos no baço de animais IL-1R KO, XVIII mas sem alterar o perfil de ativação dessas células. Ao determinar a citocina envolvida na regulação do processo inflamatório e consequentemente na susceptibilidade ao parasito, observamos que preferencialmente a IL-1? possui papel na progressão da doença, visto que a deleção gênica de enzimas essenciais para a liberação de IL-1? como Caspase 1/11 não alterou o número de parasitos no baço e fígado. Porém, na ausência de IL-1? foi observado um perfil de resistência associado ao aumento dos níveis de IFN-? e IL-17 nos órgãos alvos da doença. Confirmando o papel regulador, o tratamento com anticorpo monoclonal anti-IL1? em animais selvagens (do inglês wild type - WT) infectados reverteu o fenótipo de susceptibilidade e aumentou a resposta imune adaptativa na LV. Ao determinar o papel de IL-1?, macrófagos IL-1? KO diferenciados a partir de precursores de médula óssea, quando infectados com L. infantum, apresentaram concentrações elevadas de óxido nítrico no sobrenadante da cultura, quando comparados aos macrófagos IL-1R KO ou WT, confirmando um papel regulador da resposta imune efetora à infecção por L. infantum. Os efeitos reguladores de IL-1? parecem ser mediados por IL-10, visto que animais IL-1R KO possuem redução significativa dessa citocina mensurada no fígado durante a 6ª semana de infecção. Em conjunto, no presente trabalho demonstramos que a sinalização via IL-1R, com prevalência da IL-1?, regula negativamente a resposta imune efetora do perfil Th1 e Th17 . Consequentemente, há o comprometimento da migração de neutrófilos para o sítio de infecção e ativação de macrófagos permitindo o escape do parasito e estabelecimento da infecção. / The leishmaniases are a set of diseases caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania, which will lead to different clinical outcomes depending on the specific specie infecting the patient. The specie Leishmania infantum, already spread throughout Brazil and South America, is associated to visceral damage, mainly to the spleen, kidney and bone marrow, presenting high rates of morbidity and mortality. It is classically demonstrated that a response mediated by Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes promotes resistance to VL. Thus, the activated signaling pathways, as well as mediators generated during the infection, can assist in the development of a protective immune response. Among the expressed cytokines, the IL-1 (IL-1? e IL-1?) stands out for its important role in the inflammatory process and resistance to fungi and bacterial infections, and also in cutaneous leishmaniasis. In the present study, our aim was to determine the signaling role via IL-1R during experimental infection by L. infantum. Our results show IL-1? and IL-1? are produced in vivo infection by L. infantum, suggesting your participation in VL. Interestingly, the signaling pathway mediated by IL-1R appears to be involved in susceptibility to protozoal, since the animals genetically deficient for IL-1R (IL-1R KO) are more resistant to infection, presenting fewer parasites in the spleen and liver in chronic stages of infection. Additionally, the susceptibility phenomenon was associated with downregulation of the inflammatory response, mainly on Th1 cells and Th17. The neutrophilic inflammation has also been changed in IL-1R KO infected animals. Was observed an increase in neutrophils and production of CXCL1 (KC) in the spleen of IL- 1R KO animals, but without changing the activation profile of these cells. In determining the regulatory cytokine involved in the inflammatory process and therefore the susceptibility to the parasite, observed that IL-1? preferably has role in disease XX progression, since genic deletion of essential enzymes for IL-1? secretion (i.e.: Caspase 1/11) did not alter the number of parasites in the spleen and liver. However, in the absence of IL-1? was observed resistance profile associated with increased IFN-? and IL-17 in the target organ disease. Confirming the regulatory role, treatment with antiIL1? monoclonal antibody in WT mice infected reversed the susceptibility phenotype and increased adaptive immune response in LV. To determine the role of IL-1?, macrophages from IL-1? KO differentiated from bone marrow when infected with L. infantum showed high concentrations of nitric oxide in the culture supernatant when compared to macrophages from IL-1R KO and WT, confirming a regulatory role of the effector immune response to L. infantum infection. IL-1? regulatory effects appear to be mediated by IL-10, since IL-1R knockout animals have significant reduction of this cytokine measured in the liver during the 6th week of infection. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that IL-1R signaling pathway, with prevalence of IL-1?, negatively regulates effector immune response of Th1 and Th17 profile. Consequently, the impairment of neutrophil migration to the site of infection and activation of macrophages allowing the escape of the parasite and the establishment of infection.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad destinationsmarknadsföringsorganisationerna (DMC) Stockholm Visitor Board och Destination har för syn gällande sociala medier. Samt att titta på hur dessa två arbetar med sociala medier i sin marknadsföring och även vilka fördelar och nackdelar en sådan marknadsföring kan ha. Studien har haft en kvalitativ utgångspunkt när det gäller metodval. Men ett inslag av kvantitativa aspekter har förekommit då en enkätstudie har utförts. Flertalet kvalitativa intervjuer har ägt rumt med relevanta personer för denna studie. En vardera representant från Stockholm Visitor Board och Destination Sigtuna har intervjuats. Även personer från den akademiska världen har kommit tills tals för att ge sin syn på sociala medier både generellt men även som ett marknadsföringsverktyg. Utifrån intervjuerna så har författarna kommit fram till att både Stockholm Visitor Board och Destination Sigtuna vill och strävar efter att ha en personlig kontakt via sociala medier med sina besökare. Detta är dock något som de inte lyckats med anser författarna. Närmast att lyckas kommer Destination Sigtuna. Då båda är mitt uppe i en ny satsning kring sociala medier så kommer det troligtvis ske stora förändringar när det gäller sociala medier för båda dessa företag. Det författarna menar är att dessa två använder sociala medier likt ett traditionellt sätt att marknadsföra sig, något som det inte är skapat för. Sociala medier ska inbringa till kommunikation mellan människor, både som företag till kund men även från människa till människa. Fördelarna med att marknadsföra sig via sociala medier är att det är ett billigt och enkelt att göra det. Det tar inte mycket av din tid och det kostar inte speciellt mycket. Men det krävs att man marknadsför sig på rätt sätt, annars kan det stjälpa mer än hjälpa. Nackdelarna är då att, som sagt, man gör det på rätt sätt. Att vara närvarande via sociala medier är viktigt, annars kan man inte svara på det som sägs om ens företag. / This study has as purpose to analyze how two destination management companies reflect on social media. The two companies are Stockholm Visitor Board and Destination Sigtuna. The authors also want to analyze how they market themselves via social media and what the advantages and downsides of such marketing strategy may be. By using a qualitative research point with several interviews, the authors wanted to come with an answer to the purpose of this study. The authors came to the conclusion that neither Stockholm Visitor Board nor Destination Sigtuna uses social media as the media is attended to do. They talk about having a personal level of communication, but they do not pursue it. This is something that probably will change do to that both are in a reorganization within the social media aspect. The advantages of marketing via social media are many. It’s a cheap and easy way to market your company. And if you do it right, it will save you a lot of money. The downside is the absent from social media. If your company isn’t on social media and talk to the costumers, it can be quite expensive in the long run.

Chaträume werden häufig zur Kommunikation wie zum Austausch von Informationen oder zur Diskussion genutzt. Da liegt es nahe, den beliebten Kommunikationsraum zudem für den Unterricht und für Beratungssitzungen zur Prüfungsvorbereitung heranzuziehen. Im Rahmen der Studiengänge Bachelor Technikkommunikation und Magister im Kombinationsprofil Technikkommunikation sowie Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft im Nebenfach an der Technischen Universität Chemnitz fanden vom Wintersemester 2009/2010 bis zum Sommersemester 2012 via Chat 13 Lehrveranstaltungs- und 5 Beratungssitzungen zur mündlichen und schriftlichen Magisterprüfungsvorbereitung statt. Die positiven wie negativen Eindrücke und Bewertungen aus der Perspektive der Studierenden wurden über einen Fragebogen ermittelt. Dieser enthält offene Fragen, die die Studierenden mit eigenständig verfassten Texten beantworteten. Außerdem wird die Sicht der Lehrenden dargelegt. Die Beschreibungen der Ergebnisse erfolgen als Framestrukturen. / Chat rooms are frequently used for communication, exchange of information or discussions. Thus it is obvious to employ this popular communication room in tuition and consultation meetings for examination preparation as well. Between the winter term 2009/2010 and the summer term 2012, 13 chat teaching sessions were conducted as part of the Bachelor’s and Magister’s course in Communication on Technology and the Magister degree program in Applied Linguistics at Chemnitz University of Technology. 5 consultation meetings via chat were conducted to prepare written and oral Magister’s examinations. Positive and negative impressions and evaluations from the students’ perspective were gathered by means of a questionnaire. This includes open questions which were answered in the form of texts written by the students themselves. Moreover the tutor’s view is presented. The results are described as frame structures.

[pt] A análise de demanda condicional (conditional demand analysis - CDA) é um método econométrico que, aplicado ao estudo do consumo residencial de energia elétrica, permite estimar a quantidade de energia consumida por diferentes aparelhos eletrodomésticos. Nessa tese, métodos bayesianos são utilizados na estimação dos modelos CDA. A restrição de não negatividade dos coeficientes de consumo de energia é incorporada ao modelo através do uso da densidade normal truncada como priori dos parâmetros. Como as densidades a posteriori resultantes também são truncadas, métodos de simulação estocástica cria cadeias de Markov são usados na estimação de tais densidades. O método desenvolvido é aplicado a um conjunto de dados fornecido pela LIGHT, uma das concessionárias de energia do estado do Rio de Janeiro, gerando as curvas de carga para diversos aparelhos. / [en] Conditional demand analysis (CDA) is an econometric method that, applied to studies of consumption of energy in the household sector, allows us to estimate the demand of energy for different appliances. In this thesis, the estimation of the CDA models is made in a Bayesian framework. The truncated normal distribution is used as a prior of the parameters, assuring their nonnegativity restrictions. Since the resulting posteriors are truncated distributions too, the Gibbs sampler is applied in the estimation of those densities. The results obtained are applied to a dataset obtained from LIGHT, one of the electricity utilities of Rio de Janeiro, in order to obtain some appliances load curves.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la fabrication de via traversants conducteurs, brique technologique indispensable pour l’intégration des composants microélectroniques en 3 dimensions. Pour ce faire, une voie « tout-électrochimique » a été explorée en raison de son faible coût de fabrication par rapport aux techniques par voie chimique sèche. Ainsi, la gravure de macropores ordonnés traversants a été réalisée par anodisation du silicium en présence d’acide fluorhydrique puis leur remplissage de cuivre par dépôt électrochimique. L’objectif est de faire du silicium macroporeux une alternative crédible à la gravure sèche (DRIE) pour la structuration du silicium.Les conditions de gravure de matrices de macropores ordonnés traversants ont été étudiées à la fois dans des substrats silicium de type n et p faiblement dopés. La composition de l’électrolyte ainsi que le motif des matrices ont été optimisés afin de garantir la gravure de via traversants de forte densité et à facteur de forme élevé. Une fois gravés, les via traversant ont été remplis de cuivre. En optimisant ces paramètres une résistance minimale égale à 32 mΩ/via (soit 1,06 fois la résistivité théorique du cuivre à 20°C) a été mesurée. / These thesis works deal with the achievement of Through Silicon Via (TSV) essential technological issue for microelectronic device 3D integration. For this purpose, we opted for a “full-electrochemical” way of TSV production because of lower fabrication costs as compared to dry etching and deposition techniques. Indeed, ordered through silicon macropores were carried out by silicon anodization in hydrofluoric acid-containing solution and then filled by copper electrochemical deposition. The main objective is to determine if the macroporous silicon arrays can be a viable alternative as Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE).The etching parameters of through silicon macropore arrays were studied both in low-doped n- and p-type silicon. The electrolyte composition as well as the density of the initiation sites was optimized to enable the growth of high aspect ratio, high density through silicon ordered macropores. After silicon anodization, through via were filled with copper. By optimizing the copper deposition parameters (bath composition and applied potential), the resistance per via was measured equal to 32 mΩ (i.e. 1.06 times higher than the theoretical copper bulk resistivity).

Malgré les avantages de l'intégration 3D, le test, le rendement et la fiabilité des Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) restent parmi les plus grands défis pour les systèmes 3D à base de Réseaux-sur-Puce (Network-on-Chip - NoC). Dans cette thèse, une stratégie de test hors-ligne a été proposé pour les interconnections TSV des liens inter-die des NoCs 3D. Pour le TSV Interconnect Built-In Self-Test (TSV-IBIST) on propose une nouvelle stratégie pour générer des vecteurs de test qui permet la détection des fautes structuraux (open et short) et paramétriques (fautes de délaye). Des stratégies de correction des fautes transitoires et permanents sur les TSV sont aussi proposées aux plusieurs niveaux d'abstraction: data link et network. Au niveau data link, des techniques qui utilisent des codes de correction (ECC) et retransmission sont utilisées pour protégé les liens verticales. Des codes de correction sont aussi utilisés pour la protection au niveau network. Les défauts de fabrication ou vieillissement des TSVs sont réparé au niveau data link avec des stratégies à base de redondance et sérialisation. Dans le réseau, les liens inter-die défaillante ne sont pas utilisables et un algorithme de routage tolérant aux fautes est proposé. On peut implémenter des techniques de tolérance aux fautes sur plusieurs niveaux. Les résultats ont montré qu'une stratégie multi-level atteint des très hauts niveaux de fiabilité avec un cout plus bas. Malheureusement, il n'y as pas une solution unique et chaque stratégie a ses avantages et limitations. C'est très difficile d'évaluer tôt dans le design flow les couts et l'impact sur la performance. Donc, une méthodologie d'exploration de la résilience aux fautes est proposée pour les NoC 3D mesh. / 3D technology promises energy-efficient heterogeneous integrated systems, which may open the way to thousands cores chips. Silicon dies containing processing elements are stacked and connected by vertical wires called Through-Silicon-Vias. In 3D chips, interconnecting an increasing number of processing elements requires a scalable high-performance interconnect solution: the 3D Network-on-Chip. Despite the advantages of 3D integration, testing, reliability and yield remain the major challenges for 3D NoC-based systems. In this thesis, the TSV interconnect test issue is addressed by an off-line Interconnect Built-In Self-Test (IBIST) strategy that detects both structural (i.e. opens, shorts) and parametric faults (i.e. delays and delay due to crosstalk). The IBIST circuitry implements a novel algorithm based on the aggressor-victim scenario and alleviates limitations of existing strategies. The proposed Kth-aggressor fault (KAF) model assumes that the aggressors of a victim TSV are neighboring wires within a distance given by the aggressor order K. Using this model, TSV interconnect tests of inter-die 3D NoC links may be performed for different aggressor order, reducing test times and circuitry complexity. In 3D NoCs, TSV permanent and transient faults can be mitigated at different abstraction levels. In this thesis, several error resilience schemes are proposed at data link and network levels. For transient faults, 3D NoC links can be protected using error correction codes (ECC) and retransmission schemes using error detection (Automatic Retransmission Query) and correction codes (i.e. Hybrid error correction and retransmission).For transients along a source-destination path, ECC codes can be implemented at network level (i.e. Network-level Forward Error Correction). Data link solutions also include TSV repair schemes for faults due to fabrication processes (i.e. TSV-Spare-and-Replace and Configurable Serial Links) and aging (i.e. Interconnect Built-In Self-Repair and Adaptive Serialization) defects. At network-level, the faulty inter-die links of 3D mesh NoCs are repaired by implementing a TSV fault-tolerant routing algorithm. Although single-level solutions can achieve the desired yield / reliability targets, error mitigation can be realized by a combination of approaches at several abstraction levels. To this end, multi-level error resilience strategies have been proposed. Experimental results show that there are cases where this multi-layer strategy pays-off both in terms of cost and performance. Unfortunately, one-fits-all solution does not exist, as each strategy has its advantages and limitations. For system designers, it is very difficult to assess early in the design stages the costs and the impact on performance of error resilience. Therefore, an error resilience exploration (ERX) methodology is proposed for 3D NoCs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4388.pdf: 1226815 bytes, checksum: 90cf9ba0ac00628538f6b744e2c5bac1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Estrogen is a steroid hormone known to play a role in cellular events important for development, maintenance of body physiology and modulatory actions on central nervous system during life. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ovariectomy (OVX) and the intervention of strength training on the tissue concentrations of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways in female rats. Also, check behavioral parameters of exploratory activity in novel environment, in testing of the plus maze (EPM) and open field (CA). Female rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary (Sed- Intact), ovariectomized Sedentary (Sed-OVX) Trained intact (Intact-ExCrônico) Trained ovariectomized (OVX-ExCrônico) (n = 10 per group). We conducted a period of 12 weeks of strength training which consisted of increases in a vertical ladder of 1.1 meters, weight tied to its tail. The sessions were held once every three days with 4-9 and 8-12 uphill climb for motion. The OVX caused changes in tissue concentrations of DA and 5-HT in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways. However strength training has not been able to revet these changes. In behavioral tests of anxiety were observed behavior and decrease the exploratory activity of rats in the independent training (OVX). The results of this study showed that OVX alters the state of the tissue concentrations of DA and 5-HT but these changes seem to depend on the type of receptor and its topographic distribution. Strength training has not been able to reverse these changes. / O estrogênio é um hormônio esteróide conhecido por representar um papel relevante nos eventos celulares do desenvolvimento, manutenção da fisiologia do corpo e ações moduladoras no sistema nervoso central (SNC) durante a vida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da ovariectomia (OVX) e da intervenção do treinamento de força sobre as concentrações teciduais de dopamina (DA) e serotonina (5- HT) nas Vias Nigroestriatal e Mesolímbicas em ratas. Além disso, verificar parâmetros comportamentais de atividade exploratória em ambiente novo, nos testes do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) e campo aberto (CA). Ratas fêmeas foram divididas em quarto grupos: Sedentário (Sed-Intacto); Sedentário ovariectomizado (Sed-OVX); Treinado intacto (ExCrônico-Intacto); Treinado ovariectomizado (ExCrônico-OVX) (n = 10 por grupo). Foi realizado um período de 12 semanas de treinamento de força que consistia em subidas em uma escada vertical de 1,1 metros, com peso atado a cauda. As sessões foram realizadas uma vez a cada três dias com 4-9 subidas e 8-12 movimentos por escalada. A OVX causou alterações na concentração tecidual de DA e 5-HT nas Vias Mesolímbica e Nigroestriatal . No entanto o treinamento de força não foi capaz de reverter essas alterações. Nos testes comportamentais foi observado comportamento de ansiedade e decréscimo da atividade exploratória dos animais submetidos ao treinamento, independente da OVX. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o estado de OVX altera as concentrações teciduais de DA e 5- HT, no entanto essas alterações parecem depender do tipo de receptor e da sua distribuição topográfica. O treinamento de força não foi capaz de reverter essas alterações.