As leishmanioses constituem um complexo de doenças causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, as quais incluem diversas espécies responsáveis por desencadear formas clínicas distintas. A espécie Leishmania infantum, disseminada no Brasil e na América do Sul, está relacionada com comprometimento das vísceras, principalmente baço, fígado e medula óssea, apresentando alto índice de morbidade e mortalidade. É classicamente demonstrado que uma resposta mediada por linfócitos Th1 e Th17 conferem resistência na LV. Nesse sentido, as vias de sinalização ativadas, bem como os mediadores gerados durante a infecção, podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento da resposta imune protetora. Dentre as citocinas produzidas, destaca-se a IL-1 (IL-1? e IL- 1?) que possui papel importante na geração do processo inflamatório conferindo resistência às infecções fúngicas, bacterianas, e também na leishmaniose cutânea. No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi determinar o papel da via de sinalização mediada por IL-1R durante a infecção experimental por Leishmania infantum. Nossos resultados demonstram que tanto IL-1? quanto IL-1? são produzidas durante a infecção in vivo por L. infantum, sugerindo sua participação na LV. De maneira interessante, a via de sinalização mediada por IL-1R parece estar envolvida na susceptibilidade ao protozoário, visto que animais geneticamente deficientes para IL-1R (IL-1R KO) são mais resistentes à infecção, apresentando menor número de parasitos no baço e fígado nas fases crônicas de infecção. Ainda, o fenômeno de susceptibilidade foi associado a uma regulação negativa da resposta inflamatória, principalmente acerca de células Th1 e também de Th17. A inflamação neutrofílica também foi alterada em animais IL-1R KO infectados. Foi observado aumento do número de neutrófilos bem como da produção de CXCL1 (KC), mediador quimioatraente para neutrófilos no baço de animais IL-1R KO, XVIII mas sem alterar o perfil de ativação dessas células. Ao determinar a citocina envolvida na regulação do processo inflamatório e consequentemente na susceptibilidade ao parasito, observamos que preferencialmente a IL-1? possui papel na progressão da doença, visto que a deleção gênica de enzimas essenciais para a liberação de IL-1? como Caspase 1/11 não alterou o número de parasitos no baço e fígado. Porém, na ausência de IL-1? foi observado um perfil de resistência associado ao aumento dos níveis de IFN-? e IL-17 nos órgãos alvos da doença. Confirmando o papel regulador, o tratamento com anticorpo monoclonal anti-IL1? em animais selvagens (do inglês wild type - WT) infectados reverteu o fenótipo de susceptibilidade e aumentou a resposta imune adaptativa na LV. Ao determinar o papel de IL-1?, macrófagos IL-1? KO diferenciados a partir de precursores de médula óssea, quando infectados com L. infantum, apresentaram concentrações elevadas de óxido nítrico no sobrenadante da cultura, quando comparados aos macrófagos IL-1R KO ou WT, confirmando um papel regulador da resposta imune efetora à infecção por L. infantum. Os efeitos reguladores de IL-1? parecem ser mediados por IL-10, visto que animais IL-1R KO possuem redução significativa dessa citocina mensurada no fígado durante a 6ª semana de infecção. Em conjunto, no presente trabalho demonstramos que a sinalização via IL-1R, com prevalência da IL-1?, regula negativamente a resposta imune efetora do perfil Th1 e Th17 . Consequentemente, há o comprometimento da migração de neutrófilos para o sítio de infecção e ativação de macrófagos permitindo o escape do parasito e estabelecimento da infecção. / The leishmaniases are a set of diseases caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania, which will lead to different clinical outcomes depending on the specific specie infecting the patient. The specie Leishmania infantum, already spread throughout Brazil and South America, is associated to visceral damage, mainly to the spleen, kidney and bone marrow, presenting high rates of morbidity and mortality. It is classically demonstrated that a response mediated by Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes promotes resistance to VL. Thus, the activated signaling pathways, as well as mediators generated during the infection, can assist in the development of a protective immune response. Among the expressed cytokines, the IL-1 (IL-1? e IL-1?) stands out for its important role in the inflammatory process and resistance to fungi and bacterial infections, and also in cutaneous leishmaniasis. In the present study, our aim was to determine the signaling role via IL-1R during experimental infection by L. infantum. Our results show IL-1? and IL-1? are produced in vivo infection by L. infantum, suggesting your participation in VL. Interestingly, the signaling pathway mediated by IL-1R appears to be involved in susceptibility to protozoal, since the animals genetically deficient for IL-1R (IL-1R KO) are more resistant to infection, presenting fewer parasites in the spleen and liver in chronic stages of infection. Additionally, the susceptibility phenomenon was associated with downregulation of the inflammatory response, mainly on Th1 cells and Th17. The neutrophilic inflammation has also been changed in IL-1R KO infected animals. Was observed an increase in neutrophils and production of CXCL1 (KC) in the spleen of IL- 1R KO animals, but without changing the activation profile of these cells. In determining the regulatory cytokine involved in the inflammatory process and therefore the susceptibility to the parasite, observed that IL-1? preferably has role in disease XX progression, since genic deletion of essential enzymes for IL-1? secretion (i.e.: Caspase 1/11) did not alter the number of parasites in the spleen and liver. However, in the absence of IL-1? was observed resistance profile associated with increased IFN-? and IL-17 in the target organ disease. Confirming the regulatory role, treatment with antiIL1? monoclonal antibody in WT mice infected reversed the susceptibility phenotype and increased adaptive immune response in LV. To determine the role of IL-1?, macrophages from IL-1? KO differentiated from bone marrow when infected with L. infantum showed high concentrations of nitric oxide in the culture supernatant when compared to macrophages from IL-1R KO and WT, confirming a regulatory role of the effector immune response to L. infantum infection. IL-1? regulatory effects appear to be mediated by IL-10, since IL-1R knockout animals have significant reduction of this cytokine measured in the liver during the 6th week of infection. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that IL-1R signaling pathway, with prevalence of IL-1?, negatively regulates effector immune response of Th1 and Th17 profile. Consequently, the impairment of neutrophil migration to the site of infection and activation of macrophages allowing the escape of the parasite and the establishment of infection.

Orofacial pain, although it is a problem that affects the quality of life of millions of people, is still poorly understood and, consequently, its treatment are difficult to predict. This treatment usually involves systemic pharmacotherapy, in most cases, it is accompanied by various side effects. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological effect of topical application of a gel containing carvacrol on liposomes induced orofacial nociception in mice. First, we performed the test orofacial nociception induced by administration of 2% formalin into the upper lip of mice and then this tissue was removed for measuring the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO). In the test described above, applying the carbopol gel (control group) or gel with liposomes containing carvacrol (1% and 5%) were performed 1 h before the induction of nociceptive orofacial; reference drug (diclofenac diethylammonium in gel form) was administered 2 hours before the induction of nociception. It was observed that at a concentration of 1%, the gel containing liposomes with carvacrol reduced the nociceptive behavior of scratching the orofacial region (34.4 ± 4.6 s, p <0.05) compared to the control group (74.1 s ± 4.6, p <0.05) is equivalent to the reduction observed in the group that was used reference drug (diclofenac diethylammonium gel - 34.0 ± 7.3 s, p <0.05). The gel 1% carvacrol was also able to reduce the activity of the enzyme MPO (0.7 ± 0.1 UMPO / mg tissue, p <0.05) compared to the control group (2.0 ± 0.3 UMPO / mg tissue, p <0.05) and behaved similarly to diclofenac diethylammonium group gel (0.5 ± 0.2 UMPO / mg tissue, p <0.05). Thus, it is concluded that the carvacrol gel containing liposomes at a concentration of 1% was effective in the control of nociception induced by formalin and had an important effect on cell migration at low concentrations suggesting that the gel containing liposomes has an effect carvacrol topic in the therapy of painful processes associated with orofacial region. However, such phenomena were not observed at 5% concentration. / A dor orofacial, embora seja um problema que prejudica a qualidade de vida de milhões de pessoas, ainda é pouco compreendida e, consequentemente, seu tratamento é de difícil prognóstico. Este tratamento normalmente envolve farmacoterapia sistêmica que, na maioria das vezes, vem acompanhada de diversos efeitos colaterais. Desta forma, o presente estudo visou avaliar farmacologicamente o efeito da aplicação tópica de um gel contendo lipossomas com carvacrol sobre a nocicepção orofacial induzida em camundongos. Primeiramente, foi realizado o teste de nocicepção orofacial induzido pela administração de formalina 2% em lábio superior de camundongos e em seguida este tecido foi removido para a mensuração da atividade da enzima mieloperoxidase (MPO). No teste acima descrito, a aplicação do gel de carbopol (grupo controle), ou gel contendo lipossomas com carvacrol (1% e 5%) foram realizados 1 h antes da indução da nocicepção orofacial; a droga referência (diclofenaco dietilamônio na forma farmacêutica de gel) foi aplicada 2 h antes da indução da nocicepção. Foi observado que, na concentração de 1%, o gel contendo lipossomas com carvacrol reduziu o comportamento nociceptivo de coçar a região orofacial (34,4 ± 4,6 s, p < 0,05) em relação ao grupo controle (74,1 ± 4,6 s, p < 0,05) sendo equivalente à redução observada no grupo em que foi utilizada a droga de referência (diclofenaco dietilamônio gel - 34,0 ± 7,3 s, p < 0,05). O gel de carvacrol a 1% também foi capaz de reduzir a atividade da enzima MPO (0,7 ± 0,1 UMPO / mg de tecido, p < 0,05) em relação ao grupo controle (2,0 ± 0,3 UMPO / mg de tecido, p < 0,05) e se comportou de forma semelhante ao grupo do diclofenaco dietilamonio gel (0,5 ± 0,2 UMPO / mg de tecido, p < 0,05). Dessa forma, conclui-se que o gel contendo lipossomas com carvacrol na concentração de 1% foi eficaz no controle da nocicepção induzida por formalina e teve importante efeito sobre a migração celular, sugerindo que em baixas concentrações o gel contendo lipossomas com carvacrol tem um efeito tópico na terapia de processos dolorosos associados à região orofacial. No entanto, não foram observados tais fenômenos na concentração de 5%.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-08T16:54:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arthurbastosrodrigues.pdf: 2287645 bytes, checksum: 1a8095b46f620cb38791867d462cbd76 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Corrigir palavra chave: História do Brasi on 2018-01-23T11:09:54Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-23T12:55:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arthurbastosrodrigues.pdf: 2287645 bytes, checksum: 1a8095b46f620cb38791867d462cbd76 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-24T13:28:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arthurbastosrodrigues.pdf: 2287645 bytes, checksum: 1a8095b46f620cb38791867d462cbd76 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-24T13:28:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arthurbastosrodrigues.pdf: 2287645 bytes, checksum: 1a8095b46f620cb38791867d462cbd76 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T13:28:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arthurbastosrodrigues.pdf: 2287645 bytes, checksum: 1a8095b46f620cb38791867d462cbd76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-16 / Este trabalho apresenta o resultado da pesquisa sobre a aparição do fenômeno jurídico nas principais obras historiográficas de Caio Prado Jr., em vista da formação do capitalismo brasileiro de via colonial. A partir da compreensão do direito como ideologia nas determinações inerentes à moderna sociedade civil-burguesa, trata-se de levantar a função específica do direito na particularidade histórica do capitalismo nacional. Na linha argumentativa apresentada observa-se que o direito no Brasil cumpriu função bem específica, com profundos engendramentos na lenta transição da colônia para a sociabilidade propriamente capitalista. O objetivo central deste trabalho é contribuir para a explicação do reflexo jurídico e de como este aparece no pensamento de Prado Jr. A hipótese central é de que o autor na maior parte de suas obras oscila entre uma visão economicista - deixando o direito secundarizado em relação à economia e à política - e a função ativa do direito. Esta última, inegavelmente presente em suas obras, entretanto, salta os olhos de forma implícita e não expressa. Por outro lado, quando se trata especificamente da questão agrária, Caio Prado Jr. se detêm profundamente nos engendramentos do problema analisado e a obscuridade da função do direito fica mais transparecida, pois sua análise ganha concretude. / This dissertation presents the results of the research on the appearance of the juridical phenomenon in the main historiographical works of Caio Prado Jr., in view of the formation of Brazilian via colonial capitalism. From the understanding of law as ideology in the determinations inherent to modern civil-bourgeois society, it is a question of raising the specific function of law in the historical particularity of national capitalism. In the argumentative line presented it is observed that the law in Brazil fulfilled a very specific function, with deep engenderings in the slow transition from colony to the sociability properly capitalist. The central objective of this work is to contribute to the explanation of the legal reflex and of how it appears in the thought of Prado Jr. The central hypothesis is that the author in most of his works oscillates between an economistic view - leaving the secondary right in relation the economy and politics - and the active function of law. This, undeniably present in his works, however, implicitly and not expressed. On the other hand, when it comes specifically to the agrarian question, Caio Prado Jr. dwells deeply on the engendraments of the problem analyzed and the obscurity of the function of law becomes more transparent, since its analysis gains concreteness.

Recentes melhorias nos processos de fabricação e nas propriedades dos materiais associadas a excelentes características mecânicas e baixo peso tornaram os materiais compósitos muito atrativos para aplicação em estruturas aeronáuticas. No entanto, mesmo novos projetos ainda são muito conservadores, pois os fenômenos de falha dos compósitos são muito complexos. Então, é estratégico entender melhor, bem como prever esses complexos mecanismos de falha, desenvolvendo modelos de materiais mais precisos que venham a diminuir o número de ensaios experimentais, gerando rapidez e economia aos projetos estruturais. Assim, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo de material baseado na Mecânica do Dano Contínuo para simular a falha progressiva de estruturas laminadas de carbono/epóxi quando submetidas a carregamentos quase estáticos e de impacto. Várias análises numéricas foram realizadas via elementos finitos, a fim de prever a falha dessas estruturas de material compósito sob essas solicitações. O modelo de dano proposto foi implementado como sub-rotinas em linguagem FORTRAN (UMAT-User Material Subroutine e, VUMAT-User Material Subroutine para simulações explícitas), que foram compiladas junto ao programa comercial de Elementos Finitos ABAQUSTM. Além disso, ensaios experimentais foram realizados, a fim de calibrar parâmetros relacionados ao modelo de material, bem como avaliar as potencialidades e as limitações do modelo de material proposto. / Recent improvements in manufacturing processes and material properties associated to excellent mechanical characteristics and low weight have become composite materials very attractive for application on civil aircraft structures. However, even new designs are still very conservative, because the composite structure failure phenomena are very complex. So, it is strategic to known better and to predict these complex failure mechanisms, developing more accuracy material models, which reduce the number of experimental tests, inducing a fast and economic structural design. Thus, this work show the development of a material model based on Continuum Damage Mechanics to simulate the progressive failure of carbon/epoxy laminate structures under quasi-static and impact loadings. Several numerical analyses were performed via Finite Element Method in order to predict the damage on composite structures under these conditions. The proposed damage model was implemented as a UMAT (User Material Subroutine) and VUMAT (User Material Subroutine for explicit simulations), which were linked to ABAQUSTM. Moreover, experiments were carried out in order to calibrate the material model parameters and to evaluate the potentialities and limitation of the proposed material model, as well.

Abstract The extracellular matrix is not just a scaffold for cells and tissues, but rather a dynamic part of the human body. Characteristics of collagens, the major protein components of the extracellular matrix, are determined already during synthesis and mutations in genes encoding collagens, unbalance of regulators or dysfunction of collagen modifying enzymes, for instance, can lead to severe clinical complications. Certain hydroxylysine residues formed by lysyl hydroxylases (LHs) function in collagens as precursors of collagen cross-links that stabilize collagenous structures and thereby tissues. In humans, a deficiency of LH1, which is known to hydroxylate lysines in the helical regions of collagen polypeptides, causes Ehlers-Danlos syndrome VIA (EDS VIA). It is characterized e.g. by progressive kyphoscoliosis and hypermobile joints. Mutations in LH2, which is known to hydroxylate lysines in the telopeptides of collagen polypeptides, cause Bruck syndrome type 2 (BS2). BS2 patients suffer from fragile bones and congenital joint contractures, for instance, but the syndrome is usually not lethal. In this work we have generated and analyzed genetically modified LH1 and LH2 null mouse lines to study the in vivo functions and roles of these enzymes. Analyses concentrated also on collagen cross-links that were determined from several null or heterozygous mouse tissues. In the present work we also studied the effects of known BS2 mutations on recombinant human LH2 polypeptides to understand the molecular pathology of the syndrome. As an animal model for human EDS VIA, LH1 null mice had certain characteristics typical for EDS VIA, such as muscular hypotonia, but generally the symptoms were milder. Like EDS VIA patients, the mice have an increased risk of arterial ruptures and ultrastructural changes can be seen in the wall of the aorta, explained by inadequate helical lysine hydroxylation accompanied by a changed cross-linking state of tissues. Similarly, analysis of the LH2 null mouse line demonstrated the importance of the enzyme in cross-link formation. We showed that even a reduced amount of LH2 in adult mice changes the cross-linking pattern in tissues and a total lack of the enzyme leads to embryonic lethality. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LH2 is particularly important in tissue structures supporting blood vessels in the developing mouse embryo or in extraembryonic tissues. Finally, our in vitro studies with recombinant human LH2 polypeptides revealed that the known BS2 mutations severely affect the activity of the enzyme thus explaining the clinical symptoms of the patients, but the mutations do not lead to a total inactivation of the enzyme, which may be critical for the survival of patients. / Tiivistelmä Solunulkoinen matriksi ei ole ainoastaan soluja ja kudoksia tukeva rakenne, vaan se on dynaaminen osa ihmiskehoa. Kollageenien, solunulkoisen matriksin yleisimpien proteiinien ominaisuudet määräytyvät jo kollageenien synteesivaiheessa ja mutaatiot kollageeneja koodittavissa geeneissä, säätelytekijöiden epätasapaino tai esimerkiksi kollageeneja muokkaavien entsyymien toimintahäiriöt voivat johtaa vaikeisiin kliinisiin komplikaatioihin. Tietyt lysyylihydroksylaasien (LH) muodostamat hydroksilysiinitähteet toimivat kollageeneissa kollageeniristisidosten esiasteina. Ristisidokset vakauttavat kollageenirakenteita ja siten myös kudoksia. LH1 hydroksyloi lysiinejä kollageenipolypeptidien kolmoiskierteisellä alueella ja ihmisellä entsyymin puutos aiheuttaa tyypin VIA Ehlers-Danlosin syndrooman (EDS VIA), jossa potilailla on esimerkiksi etenevää kyfoskolioosia ja yliliikkuvat nivelet. Mutaatiot LH2-entsyymissä, joka hydroksyloi lysiinejä kollageenipolypeptidien telopeptidialueilla, aiheuttavat tyypin 2 Bruckin syndrooman (BS2). BS2-potilaat kärsivät mm. luiden hauraudesta ja niveljäykkyydestä, mutta syndrooma ei yleensä ole letaali. Tässä työssä loimme ja analysoimme geneettisesti muunnellut LH1 ja LH2 hiirilinjat, joiden kyseinen LH-geeniaktiivisuus on hiljennetty. Linjojen avulla halusimme tutkia näiden entsyymien toimintaa ja merkitystä in vivo. Analyysit keskittyivät myös kollageeniristisidoksiin, joita tutkittiin useista poistogeenisten tai heterotsygoottisten hiirten kudoksista. Ymmärtääksemme BS2:n molekyylipatologiaa, tutkimme tässä työssä myös tunnettujen BS2-mutaatioiden vaikutuksia ihmisen LH2-rekombinanttiproteiinissa. EDS VIA:n eläinmallina LH1 poistogeenisillä hiirillä on joitakin ominaisuuksia, kuten lihashypotonia, jotka ovat tyypillisiä EDS VIA:lle, mutta yleisesti oireet ovat lievempiä. Kuten EDS VIA-potilailla, hiirillä on kohonnut valtimoiden repeytymisriski ja aortan seinämän ultrarakenteessa voidaankin havaita muutoksia. Oireita voidaan selittää riittämättömällä kollageenien kolmoiskierteisen alueen lysiinien hydroksylaatiolla, joka muuttaa kollageenien ristisidostilaa kudoksissa. Myös LH2-hiirilinjan analysointi osoitti kyseisen entsyymin tärkeyden ristisidosten muodostamisessa. Jo alentunut LH2:n määrä aikuisissa hiirissä muuttaa kudosten kollageeniristisidoksia ja täydellinen entsyymin puuttuminen johtaa sikiön kuolemaan. Lisäksi osoitimme, että LH2 on erityisen tärkeä kudosrakenteissa, jotka tukevat kehittyvän hiiren sikiön tai sikiön ulkopuolisten kudosten verisuonia. In vitro-tutkimukset ihmisen LH2-rekombinanttiproteiinilla paljastivat, että tunnetut BS2-mutaatiot vaikuttavat erittäin haitallisesti entsyymin toimintaan, mikä selittää potilaiden kliiniset oireet, mutta mutaatiot eivät kuitenkaan aiheuta entsyymin täydellistä inaktivaatiota, mikä voi olla kriittistä potilaiden selviytymisen kannalta.

Facilitated by the development of various direct-write techniques and functional polymeric materials including polymer based conductors and semiconductors, printed electronics are flourishing both commercially and as a research topic. This is not only because of their simpler manufacturing routes and lower cost, but also as a result of lower processing temperatures and better compatibility with flexible substrates, compared with conventional electronics. The development of conventional electronics has been guided by Moore s Law, the driver for which lies in the demand for electronic devices with better performance and portability at lower prices. Therefore, one can expect a similar trend for printed electronics to guide its development. Multi-layered printing can be adopted in printed electronics to achieve higher density integration, so that this development trend can be maintained. In such circumstances, creation of electrical connections between multiple layers emerges as an important issue for printed electronics. Inkjet-etched via holes are one potential solution to providing such electrical interconnections, and which can provide good integration with other inkjet-printed features simply by switching nozzles. This thesis aims to elicit a better understanding of the physics involved in inkjet etching and investigate the capability of the inkjet etching technique. In the thesis, the factors that can affect the size of via holes produced by inkjet etching are evaluated, which is significant for evaluating the capability of this technique to deliver industrially relevant features. Identified factors include droplet ejection frequency, droplet diameter, solvent properties and substrate temperature. Droplet ejection frequency, i.e. the reciprocal of the time interval between drops, determines the extent of evaporation of the solvent between two consecutive drop impacts. Droplet diameter determines the radius of the wetted area after the droplet I impacts on the surface and spreads into a sessile drop. Solvents with different evaporation properties result in different size evolution with the number of drops dispensed, as does droplet ejection frequency. Higher substrate temperatures can reduce the drop diameter during flight and decrease the evaporation time on polymer surfaces, which can shrink the size of via holes. Another important issue is achieving complete polymer penetration as residual polymer creates an electrical conduction barrier after such holes are subsequently filled with conductive materials or act as a barrier to filling by electroplating. Experiments have been carried out to test the effect of outer diameter and polymer thickness on polymer penetration. Electroplating is utilised to test the completeness of via hole penetration. A mechanism using the Marangoni effect to explain the protrusion drying pattern other than a hole in the polymer layer is proposed.

The development of modern digital communication systems has been entered a new era with faster signal transmission and processing capability, called high-speed circuit systems. As their clock frequencies have increased and rise times of signals have decreased, the signal integrity of interconnects in the packaging and printed circuit boards plays a more and more important role. In high-speed circuit systems, the well-designed logic functions most likely will not work well if their interconnects are not taken into account.This dissertation addresses to profoundly understand the signal integrity knowledge, be proficient in calculation, simulation and measurements, and be capable of solving related signal integrity problems. The research mainly emphasizes on three aspects. First of all, the impact of on-wafer calibration methods on the measured results of coplanar waveguide circuits is comprehensively investigated, with their measurement repeatability and accuracy. Furthermore, a method is presented to characterize the physically-consistent broadband material properties for both rigid and flexible dielectric materials. Last but not least, a hybrid method for efficient modeling of three dimensional via structures is developed, in order to simplify the traditional 3D full-length via simulations and dramatically reduce the via build and simulation time and complexity.

Omvårdnad på distans är ett växande område i västvärlden. Sjukvårdsrådgivning via telefon sysselsätter allt fler sjuksköterskor. Arbetet innebär att bedöma, hänvisa och ge råd i till inringare i hälso- och sjukvårdsfrågor. Syftet med studien var att undersöka sjuksköterskans erfarenhet av att arbeta med sjukvårdsrådgivning via telefon. Metoden var en litteraturstudie. Med inspiration av innehållsanalys bearbetades två kvantitativa och nio kvalitativa studier. Resultatet utmynnade i tre kategorier: Samtal och inringare, Omvårdnad och yrkesroll, Organisation och teknik. Kategorierna representerar olika delar av arbetsmiljön och arbetsvillkoren som en telefonsjuksköterska verkar inom. Telefonsjuksköterskorna upplevde att de trots distansen till inringaren arbetade med omvårdnad, detta genom sin röst och kommunikation. Avsaknad av synintryck försvårade samtalen, både i bedömningen och etiskt då telefonsjuksköterskan aldrig kunde vara säker på inringarens identitet. Resultatet visar på behov av ytterligare utbildning inför arbetet som telefonsjuksköterska. Forskning behövs kring användandet av det datoriserade beslutstödet samt innehållet, för att telefonsjuksköterskan ska kunna göra adekvata bedömningar och rätt hänvisningar. Kommunikation är det främsta verktyget i arbetet med sjukvårdsrådgivning via telefon, fortlöpande utbildning som fokuserar på detta bör erbjudas till telefonsjuksköterskor. / Telenursing is a growing concept within the western society. More nurses are employed by medical care hotlines. It involves estimating medical situations, referring, and giving counseling advice. The purpose of this study was to investigate nurses experiences with executing their profession over the phone. The method was a literature study, with inspiration drawn from content analysis. Two quantitative and nine qualitative studies were discussed and resulted in three categories: Calls and callers, Nursing and profession, Organizational structure and technique. These categories represent the various parts of the working environment and conditions that a telenurse operates within. Despite the physical distance to the caller, the telenurses still felt they were nursing, using their voices and communication. Lack of visual impressions can be a cause of obstruction for telenurses in judging the callers condition, but also in an ethical sense since the nurse could never be confident in the callers identity. The result of this study identifies a need for further education as a preparation to becoming a telenurse.Research is needed regarding the usage of computerized decision aid, to make adequatejudgements and thus giving the correct referrals. Communications is the key tool fortelenursing, and further education that focuses on improving this should be given to employees within the field.

A novel wavelet-based scheme to increase coefficient independence in hyperspectral images is introduced for lossless coding. The proposed regression wavelet analysis (RWA) uses multivariate regression to exploit the relationships among wavelettransformed components. It builds on our previous nonlinear schemes that estimate each coefficient from neighbor coefficients. Specifically, RWA performs a pyramidal estimation in the wavelet domain, thus reducing the statistical relations in the residuals and the energy of the representation compared to existing wavelet-based schemes. We propose three regression models to address the issues concerning estimation accuracy, component scalability, and computational complexity. Other suitable regression models could be devised for other goals. RWA is invertible, it allows a reversible integer implementation, and it does not expand the dynamic range. Experimental results over a wide range of sensors, such as AVIRIS, Hyperion, and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, suggest that RWA outperforms not only principal component analysis and wavelets but also the best and most recent coding standard in remote sensing, CCSDS-123.

As células dendriticas (DC) da lamina própria constituem um grupo heterogêneo de células essenciais na homeostase do intestino. Nos últimos anos, estudos vem mostrando participação do complexo mTORC2 na regulação de células da imunidade inata. Desta forma, usando animais deficientes em mTORC2 nas DCs nos investigamos o papel deste complexo sob a funcoes das DCs num modelo de colite ulcerativa. Observamos que a ausência de mTORC2 nas DCs diminui a inflamação intestinal e prejudica a migração dessas células para os linfonodos. Consequentemente, estes animais também apresentam redução no numero de linfócitos Th17, Treg e T CD8&#43IFNg&#43. Estes resultados parecem ser independentes da composição da microbiota intestinal. In vitro, células dendriticas derivadas da medula ossea (BMDCs) deficientes em mTORC2 não mostraram deficiência na regulação positiva de CD80 e MHC-II quando estimuladas, mas mostraram menor produção de TNF-a e IL-6. Estas células também apresentaram menor capacidade na diferenciação de Th17. Nossos resultados indicam que mTORC2 participa na regulação das funções das DCs, especialmente na migração e produção de citocinas pos estímulos lnflamatorios. / Dendritic cells from lamina propria encompass a heterogeneous group of cells which play a key role in intestinal homeostasis. In the past few years, it has been shown the participation of mTORC2 in regulating innate immune cells. In our study, we used mTORC- deficient DCs to investigate the role of this complex in DCs functions in ulcerative colitis model. Absence of mTORC2 in DCs reduces the intestinal inflammation, impairs DCs migration which in turn decreases the number of Th17, Tregs and CD8&#43IFNg&#43 T cells. These results seem to be independent of gut microbiota composition. Our in vitro results showed that bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) deficient in mTORC2 can upregulate CD80 and MHC-II after stimulus but present decreased production of TNF-a and IL-6. Those cells also showed deficiency in Th17 differentiation. Our results suggest that mTORC2 play pivotal role in DCs functions highlighting migration and cytokine production.