Die Komplexität des Sicherheitsempfindens bringt es mit sich, dass nicht wenige Theorien vorhanden sind, mit denen versucht wird, das Zustandekommen von Kriminalitätsfurcht bzw. Sicherheitsempfinden zu erklären. Die Theorie der generellen Ängste, der sozialen Desorganisation, der sozialen Problemperspektive bezeichnen einige Pfade dieser Entwicklung. Die erste und scheinbar selbstevidente Theorie war jene der Viktimisierung. Es schien auf der Hand zu liegen, dass Viktimsierungserfahrungen die Kriminalitätsfurcht steigern.

Tidigare forskning visar att brottsoffer påverkas i olika avseenden, de löper bland annat risk att utveckla post-traumatiskt stressyndrom och egentlig depression. Det sociala stödet har visat sig betydelsefullt för brottsoffers återhämtning. Den här studien har studerat hur personer som blivit utsatta för ett av tre specifika typer av brott påverkats av händelsen samt betydelsen av deras sociala stöd. Totalt åtta personer mellan åldrarna 25-75 med varierande sysselsättning deltog i studien. Hälften av deltagarna var kvinnor. Datainsamlingen skedde via intervjuer. Gemensamt för alla brottstyperna var upplevelsen av (1) att vara ekonomiskt drabbad, (2) påverkad psykiskt, (3) otrygghet och (4) bristande stöd från samhället. Speciellt framträdande vid personrån var dessutom ångest och rädsla, vid inbrott utanför hemmet ilska och tanken att det bara handlar om ersättbara föremål och vid inbrott i hemmet oro och tanken att det handlar om oersättliga föremål. Resultatet överensstämmer med tidigare forskning, dock framkom även tidigare oupptäckta komponenter.

This study aimed to examine how swedish tabloid press covered the sex crimes at music festivals that occurred in Sweden during the summer of 2016. The aim was also to examine if and how the press reproduces or opposes stereotypes and myths about sexual crime. The question examined was: How does swedish tabloid press portray victims, perpetrators, the festivals and sex crime?   To approach this we made a critical discourse analysis on 13 articles from the swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen, written during the time of the events. We found that there were many different and contradictory discourses about the sex crimes in our case. The victim was presented as innocent and without blame but there was also a discourse telling that women have a responsibility in making sure not to become a victim of sexual assault, by behaving and dressing right. The perpetrator was described as deviant and evil men, but also as men driven by lust not knowing what they were doing. They were also distant and indistinct in the text, which shifted the blame to the organizers of the festivals and to the police. Sex crime was overall presented as a serious phenomena. It was also presented as a new phenomena, both on the festivals and in the society. The crimes were presented as a problem isolated to festivals but also as a broader social problem. The festivals were described as unsafe places but also as safe places that had been soiled by the sex crimes.

Previous research indicates that survivors of sexual assault often blame themselves for the assault. Research has also shown that people blame the perpetrator in some situations and the survivor in other situations involving sexual assault. The purpose of this study was to discover if survivors of sexual assault who blame themselves tend to blame other survivors (survivor blame) in situations different from their own. Another purpose was to assess whether or not sexual assault survivors who do not blame themselves for their attack tend to blame other survivors. The participants' attributional style was also assessed in order to understand the relations between self-blame and survivor blame in situations involving sexual assault. Findings indicated that certain types of attributional style are related to self-blame in sexual assault survivors and blame toward sexual assault survivors depicted in vignettes. This indicates that attributional style may have important implications in the clinical setting to aid sexual assault survivors who experience self-blame, as well in educating society about sexual assault and the ultimate responsibility of perpetrators.

Comme de nombreuses lois adoptées en matière pénale, la loi n° 2008-174 relative à la rétention de sûreté et à la déclaration d'irresponsabilité pénale pour cause de trouble mental du 25 février 2008 a été adoptée pour répondre au profond émoi de l'opinion publique suscité par la médiatisation de faits divers dramatiques. Cette loi comporte deux volets principaux : le premier porte sur la "rétention de sûreté" qui concerne les auteurs d'infraction présentant des troubles graves de la personnalité à l'origine "d'une particulière dangerosité", le second volet intitulé "déclaration d'irresponsabilité pénale pour cause de trouble mental" intéresse les personnes déclarées pénalement irresponsables en application de l'article 122-1 alinéa 1 du Code pénal. Même si ce second volet de la loi de 2008 a fait couler moins d'encre que le premier, il a tout de même soulevé, et soulève toujours à l'heure actuelle, de houleux débats. Composé de plusieurs dispositions inspirées de divers travaux qui s'étaient intéressés à cette question de l'irresponsabilité pénale pour cause de trouble mental et qui avaient abouti à la formulation de préconisations parfois surprenantes, ce second volet de la loi de 2008 a fait l'objet de vives critiques. Certaines de ces dispositions ont toutefois été unanimement approuvées. Après 5 ans d'application, quel bilan dresser de cette réforme ? Au stade de l'instruction, ce bilan est assez mitigé. Il semble en effet que certaines des modifications qui ont été opérées à l'occasion de la loi de 2008 présentent une utilité incontestable mais d'autres, au contraire, s'avèrent insuffisantes ou inutiles. / Like many other laws passed in criminal matters, law n° 2008-174, dated 25 february 2000, relating to security detention and criminal irresponsibility due to mental disorders, was adopted in response to the deep emotion of the public opinion generated by the media coverage of tragic events.This law has two main components : the first focuses on "security detention" for criminals with severe personality disorders, cause of a "particularly dangerous nature" ; the second part entitled "declaration of irresponsibility due to mental disorders" interested persons found not criminally responsible in application of article 122-1 § 1 of the Penal Code. While the second part of the 2008 law had a lesser media coverage than the first one, he raised and still raises heated debates. Composed of several dispositions inspired by various works related to the question of criminal responsibility due to mental disorders, that led to the formulation of sometimes surprising recommendations, the second part of the 2008 law was strongly criticized. Some of these dispositions, however, were unanimously approved. After five years of application, what conclusions should be drawn ? During the investigation phase, the results are somewhat mixed. It seems that some of the changes that were made on the occasion of the 2008 law have an uncontestable utility, but, others, however, are insufficient or unnecessary.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the concept of victims of crime from the point of view of Criminology. It is presented within the law studies, so its object also consists of the analysis of the international and national legislation relating to the position and rights of the victim, or more precisely, the aggrieved party in criminal procedure. Firstly, the work presents the concept of Victimology - the scientific discipline about the victims of crime, and it focuses on processes and factors of the victimization. The following chapter is focused on the victimology prevention. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the study of the european legislation regarding the assistance, protection and compensation of victims of crime. Moreover the work describes the victimology legislation of Spain and the Czech Republic and compares the role of the aggrieved party in their criminal justice systems.

The content of this Diploma Thesis is represented by the view and opinions of children on the problems of the bullying behaviour. The thesis includes both theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part, the thesis explains some scientific concepts related to bullying, it presents the forms and views on bullying, it adverts to the direct and indirect signs, that can help the family or the school reveal the fact of existing chicane. The work also deals with the causes of bullying behaviour, and tries to find out how school can prevent and possibly resolve bullying. In this thesis, we can find the particular stages of bullying, the most frequent locations where bullying takes place, the risks and consequences that all come with bullying as well. The practical part is realized through a research. The collection of data was run at Basic School Mazurská in Prague 8. The Diploma Thesis describes the objectives of the research, the essential working hypotheses, the methodology and organization of the research. The text includes a questionnaire, which was given to children who participated in the research. The largest space is dedicated to the interpretation of the research results, because the main aim of the Diploma Thesis was to find out the children's view on maltreatment in general and their...

Key words: secondary victim, personal misfortune, psychiatric injury The aim of the thesis is to analyse secondary victims in Czech and English law. In general, secondary victim is recognised as a person whose harm was caused by harm occurred to an immediate victim. However, Czech law does not provide a detailed framework as well as the interpretation of the law by judicial decisions and literature. Therefore, the purpose is to define secondary victims and scrutinize their legal rights. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first one focuses on Czech law. The purpose is to outline secondary victims in accordance with current legislation and court decisions. It presents a description of the former law serving as a useful tool for understanding the applicable law. The analysis of the section 2959 follows, constituting, in the case of death or severe injury, legal rights for persons with close ties to an immediate victim. The positive approach could be perceived as a response to a criticism towards the former legislation. The Civil Code removed fixed amounts of compensation and unified the process into a single section. Furthermore, an inability of secondary victims with close ties to receive compensation for their psychiatric injury is scrutinised. Multiple questions arise from the section 2971...

Le terme « victime » renvoie à un état de faiblesse consécutif à une infraction. Il envahit le champ pénal, politique, social et banalise la mise en mouvement du procès pénal au point d’en dénaturer son essence même. La société se judiciarise un peu plus chaque jour et le dépôt de plainte devient un réflexe quasi naturel. Au fil des réformes, le rôle accordé à la victime sur la scène pénale donne l’opportunité de s’interroger sur l’avenir du système pénal français et sur la valeur de la sanction pénale. Avec une sur-pénalisation des conflits intersubjectifs les personnes oscillent entre victime réelle, victime instrumentalisée et victime pathologique. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle approche du droit pénal où tous les acteurs de l’infraction seraient restaurés, où les valeurs essentielles du droit pénal seraient préservées est-elle possible ? L’enjeu se résume alors à appréhender différemment la victime d’infraction pénale et l’inscrire dans un nouveau paradigme où l’indemnisation ne représenterait pas toute sa restauration. / The term « victim » throws back to a state of weakness after a felony. It has taken over the criminal, political, social realm and standardized the commencement of the prosecution to a point where it has lost its very nature.Day after day society turns more legalistic and pressing charges against someone has become a natural reflex. The part assigned to the victim on the crime scene by the on-going reforms is the opportunity to reflect on the future of the French criminal system and the value of its criminal penalty. With this over criminalization of subjective conflicts individuals balance between real victim, exploited victim and pathological victim. In this context, is a new approach of the criminal law where all the actors will be restored and its core values preserved still possible ? The stakes boil down to apprehend the victim differently and put it into a brand new paradigm where compensation would not be the sole remedy.

This thesis would like to inform the reader of a new crime in the Czech republic which is dangerous pursuit (stalking) and it aims at analysis of current legislation. It attemps to define dangerous pursuit, the emergence of this phenomenon from a historical point of view as well as its current interpretation. It also covers the penalties that can be imposed on the criminals. Moreover, it also looks at victims of dangerous pursuit and effective ways of helping the victims as well as the criminals.