This dissertation is about perceptions of non-drinkers and the social experiences of university students who do not drink alcohol. Chapter One provides a comprehensive literature review. Chapter Two outlines relevant methodological issues. Chapter Three reports findings from a cross-sectional study. Alcohol prototype measures were used to compute a sociability prototype differences variable (i.e., sociability prototypes for regular drinkers minus sociability prototypes for non-drinkers), which was associated with student drinking. Chapter Four reports a moderating effect of sociability prototype differences: beliefs about high levels of peer drinking were associated with less health-adherent drinking intention among students with less favourable evaluations of non-drinkers. Quantitative findings are summarised in Chapter Five. Chapters Six and Seven present findings from an interpretative phenomenological analysis of interviews with non-drinkers. Chapter Six suggests different strategies involved in non-drinking during social occasions, while Chapter Seven describes how authenticity is involved in deciding not to drink and within conversations about non-drinking. Chapters Eight and Nine summarise qualitative study findings and outline an intervention study, respectively. Chapter Ten reports intervention study findings. Students were asked to imagine possible benefits or anticipated strategic requirements engaged in safer drinking behaviour at four week follow-up compared with students who completed a drinks diary. Chapter Eleven summarises findings, discusses applied and theoretical implications, acknowledges programme limitations and proposes research extensions.

Arbetsterapi ämnar möjliggöra utförande av meningsfulla aktiviteter för klienter. Djur ger positiva effekter på människans fysiska, mentala och sociala funktioner som kan öka dennes aktivitetsförmåga, vilket är en förutsättning för aktivitetsutförande. Syftet var att kartlägga forskning kring djur i relation till arbetsterapi samt betydelsen djuren har på individens aktivitetsliv. Metoden var en systematisk litteratursökning som gjordes med 14 valda sökord i sju databaser som slutligen gav 15 artiklar för analys. I resultatet identifierades forskningsområdena djurägarskap och djurterapi. Hund var vanligaste djuret för ägarskap och terapi, följt av katt och häst. Personer som utförde aktiviteter med djur hade olika typer av diagnoser och utförde dessa inom samtliga aktivitetsområden. Den vanligaste funktionsnedsättningen för djurägare var fysisk och för djurterapiklienter psykisk. Aktiviteterna utfördes främst i hem- och samhällsmiljöer. Författarna konkluderade att möjligheter för implementering av arbetsterapi med djur i Sverige finns men att det kan finnas faktorer som försvårar processen. En lösning för implementering skulle vara att arbetsterapeuten arbetar med djur/husdjur i klientens hem- och samhällsmiljö. / Occupational Therapy aims at assisting clients in the performance of occupations. Animals have a positive effect on humans’ physical, mental and social functions that can increase the individuals’ occupational ability, which is a prerequisite for occupational performance. The aim was to describe research regarding the relation between animals and occupational therapy and the impact the animals have on individuals’ occupational lives. The method was a systematic literature search, conducted with 14 selected words in seven databases, and this resulted in 15 articles for analysis. In the result, animal ownership and animal-assisted therapy were identified as areas of research. Dogs were the most common animals for ownership and therapy, followed by cats and horses. Persons who performed occupations with animals had a variety of diagnosis and performed them in all occupational areas. The most common disability for animal owners were physical and for therapy clients psychiatric. Occupations were conducted primarily in home and community environments. The authors concluded that there is a possibility of implementing occupational therapy with animals in Sweden, but there may be factors that can complicate the process. A solution for implementation would be that the occupational therapist works with animals/pets in the clients’ home and community environment.

This thesis investigated the functional significance ofthe personality construct of action-state orientation (Kuhl, 1981), which is suggested to mediate the efficiency of the volitional approach taken to overcome the difficulties associated with goal initiation, maintenance and completion under competitive pressure. The role of volition, defined as 'the act of deciding upon a course of action and initiating it' [Syn. Will] (German Dictionary of psychology, 1934, p.283) in sport has emerged from unequivocal findings taken from coaches and athletes regarding the effectiveness of goal setting as a performance enhancement strategy (Burton, Weinberg, Yukelson & Weigand, 1998; Weinberg, Burton, Yukelson & Weigand, 2000). Further research exploration of goal setting practices concluded that the most realistic explanation for the lack of goal attainment when utilising goal setting is the lack of an adequate 'action plan' (Burton, Naylor & Holliday, 2000). Whilst goal setting is a process of motivation that ends with a decision to act (Beckmann, 2002; Heckhausen, 1991; Kuhl, 1987), the processes of goal initiation and completion are related to action plans and goal striving, which are issues of volition (Kuhl, 1984; Latharn 2000). Volitional competence is determined by the opposing personality dispositions of action- versus state-orientation. Action-orientation is characterised by an efficient present focus on action and making plans under pressure, whereas state-orientation is associated with an increased propensity to ruminate over real or imagined failure and the state the individual is in, rather than focus on the task at hand (Kuhl, 1994a). Study 1 explores the performance strategies and coping skills utilised by action- and state-oriented athletes under competitive pressure. Scores on the Athlete Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28; Smith, Schultz, Smoll & Ptacek, 1995)demonstrated a significantly higher usage of goal setting, relaxation and imagery as well as better emotional control and lower levels of negative thinking in the actionoriented group. Results from the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS; Thomas, Murphy & Hardy, 1999) showed comparable scores between action- and stateoriented athletes in the areas of self-talk and coachability. A similarity which highlights an increased propensity in state-oriented athletes to submit to external control and the beliefs of others in preference to their own personal judgement. Study 2 documents the impact of 5-month intervention with endurance athletes to enhance volitional functioning and self-access to their personal wants, needs and beliefs utilising Personality Systems Interaction theory (PSI; Kuhl, 2000a), which contends volition efficiency is facilitated by positive affect. Eight out of eleven baseline state-oriented athletes scores on the Volitional Components Inventory (VCI; version 6, US-I; Kuhl & Fuhrmann, 1998) showed significantly improved differences in 23 out of a total 35 areas of volitional functioning, including enhanced levels (p<O.05) of emotional control, initiating and self-determination. Significantly decreased scores (p<O.05) in areas including inhibition and fear of failure were also shown. Study 3 presents follow-up interviews with intervention programme athletes to specifically investigate personal experiences and perceptions of behaviour change. Qualitative exploration indicated more pronounced use of avoidance coping strategies related to self-awareness and the adoption of mental skills in three athletes who showed no improved volitional competency. These athletes demonstrated inappropriate and performance impairing methods of enacting their intentions. Overall, results suggest that volitional efficiency is related to the ease of access to personal beliefs, needs and wants as these self-related constructs provide goals with the dynamic properties of being self-determined and intrinsicallymotivated. Goal pursuit can be severely debilitated by intentions that lack energising and protective qualities because limited self-awareness and the use of denial create a situation where intentions are never actually associated with the constructs that govern motivational meaning and action initiation. It is necessary that athletes learn to trust their own judgements and function quickly and correctly when under competitive pressure. If athletes do not develop the ability to appropriately access the mechanisms that enable them to overcome the difficulty of goal enactment, their performance can be compromised. A key implication for professional practice is the need to develop easily adhered-to self-monitoring tools and functionally relevant affect regulation training programmes. Future research directions including the furthering of both the issues of theoretical understanding and the role played by volition in sport are presented.

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Allt fler ungdomar sover mindre än åtta timmar per natt, vilket kan påverka engagemanget i vardagliga aktiviteter. Syfte: Därför var syftet med examensarbetet att beskriva om och i så fall hur ungdomars (över 15 år) sömn påverkar prestationer i skolan. Metod: Kvantitativ design användes med ett icke slumpmässigt bekvämlighetsurval. En enkät genomfördes på en fristående skola i södra Sverige. Den bestod av 19 frågor och delades upp i fem olika kategorier; kön, sömn, motivation, vanor och skola. Totalt besvarade 106 respondenter på enkäten. För bearbetning av det insamlade materialet användes IBM SPSS [Statistical Packagefor the Social Sciences]. Resultat: Det huvudsakliga resultatet visade att flertalet av respondenterna sov mellan fyra till sex timmar eller sju till åtta timmar per natt och var jämnt fördelat mellan könen. Pojkar spelar dator och tittar på TV i högre utsträckning än vad flickor gör och flickor är mer stressade än pojkar. De som sov mindre än åtta timmar, hade i lägre utsträckning regelbundna vanor och var mindre motiverade till att gå till skolan. Slutsats: De ungdomar som inte var nöjda med sin mängd sömn var i lägre utsträckning tillfredsställda med sina skolprestationer. / Many adolescents are sleeping less than eight hours each night, which can affect their engagement in everyday activities. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis was to describe whether and how adolescents (age of 15 years) sleep habits affect their school performance. Method: A quantitative non-randomized selection of convenience sampling approach was used. A survey was conducted at an independent school in the south of Sweden. It consisted of 19 questions and was divided into five different categories; gender, sleep, motivation, habits, and school. In total, 106 respondents answered the questionnaire. The IBM SPSS [Statistical Package for the Social Sciences] was used to analyze the material. Result: The main result showed that most of the respondents, slept between four to six hours or seven to eight hours each night, and were evenly distributed between the genders. Boys play computer/watch TV to a greater extent than girls do, and girls are more stressed than boys. Those who slept less than eight hours had not regular habits and were less motivated to school. Conclusion: The adolescents who were not pleased with their amount of sleep were, to a lesser extent satisfied with their school performance.

Orientador: Roberto Romano da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T03:05:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_MaercioAntoniode_M.pdf: 1292800 bytes, checksum: d7a2b04de4cce2217d4e7a48ba0295bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A relação entre o entendimento e a vontade na Ética de Espinosa é um dos pontos de entrada importante para a inteligibilidade do sistema espinosano. Esta relação permite compreender, diretamente, não só a sua doutrina da vontade, como também a aplicação prática das concepções de tal doutrina. Neste sentido, o objetivo dessa dissertação é expor e examinar esta relação, visando principalmente à delimitação do universo ontológico que a sustenta e o estabelecimento de que o entendimento e a vontade são uma e a mesma coisa, como deduz as proposições 48 e 49 da Segunda Parte da Ética / Abstract: The relation between the understanding and the will in Spinoza¿s Ethics is one of the important entrance points for the intelligibility of the Spinozan system. This relation allows people to understand, directly, not only his doctrine of the wil, but also the practical application of the conceptions of such doctrine. In this sense, the objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate and examine this relation, seeking primarily the delimitation of the ontological universe that sustains it and the establishment that the understanding and the will are one and the same thing, as was traced by the propositions 48 and 49 of the Second Part of Ethics / Mestrado / Mestre em Filosofia

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-13T18:14:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandacunhasousa.pdf: 1598443 bytes, checksum: 65e01902ac9f240cb4d888e77ba3758b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-26T20:16:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandacunhasousa.pdf: 1598443 bytes, checksum: 65e01902ac9f240cb4d888e77ba3758b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T20:16:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandacunhasousa.pdf: 1598443 bytes, checksum: 65e01902ac9f240cb4d888e77ba3758b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-22 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Nosso objetivo de estudo é o de verificar as diferentes possibilidades de construções com querer seguidas de complementos formados por V2. Para essa verificação, o trabalho será norteado, a partir da perspectiva funcionalista discursiva, por duas hipóteses que acreditamos que se complementem: 1. O verbo querer, em virtude de sua carga semântica volitiva, envolve sempre noções de projeção, futuridade e, portanto, irrealis; 2. As diferentes construções querer podem ser descritas de acordo com as diferentes relações sintáticosemânticas estabelecidas com V2 (seja como oração, perífrase ou formando uma só unidade semântica com querer); Para a verificação das hipóteses levantadas e aplicação das teorias selecionadas, utilizamos um corpus pancrônico documental constituído de textos completos: 1. do século XII ao XVI, retirados do Corpus diacrônico do CIPM e do site do Instituto Camões; 2. do século XVII ao XX, fotografados e transcritos diretamente do acervo do Arquivo Nacional do Rio de Janeiro; 3. do século XX ao XXI, transcritos diretamente de cópias impressas dos arquivos do setor de Ações Penais da Vara Federal Criminal da Subseção Judiciária do Rio de Janeiro e textos retirados do site oficial do Supremo Tribunal Federal. E, como as ocorrências encontradas no século XXI do corpus pancrônico foram poucas, para validar a análise empreendida em um corpus escrito do português atual, utilizamos ainda textos escritos retirados da Revista Você SA para formar um corpus exclusivamente sincrônico em que o fenômeno estudado aparecesse. Querer revelou, em nossos dados, duas acepções recorrentes: introdutor de vontade e de vontade/polidez; mas, em conjunto com V2, pode ainda apresentar valores semânticos de conclusão ou função discursiva que se aproxima de um marcador discursivo. Após a análise qualitativa, verificaremos a frequência de cada uma das configurações morfossintáticas possíveis para querer para verificar a distribuição dessas construções nos corpora sincrônico e pancrônico por acreditarmos que a frequência de uso pode ser um fator determinante para elucidar processos de gramaticalização. Para abordar os estágios de encaixamento e de dependência entre querer e V2 observados nas diferentes possibilidades de conexões de oração, trabalhamos com a proposta de Lehmann (1988) e Halliday (1994), e com as propostas de Bybee et alii (1994), Hopper (1991), Heine (1993/1994) sobre a Teoria da Gramaticalização. O fenômeno da gramaticalização é compreendido como um processo que envolve o recrutamento de material lexical que tende a um deslizamento funcional na direção de um item mais gramatical, mas a permanência do traço volitivo impede a completude do processo. Com base no aporte teórico discutido e nas análises empreendidas, foram confirmadas as duas hipóteses inicialmente levantadas para este trabalho. / Our objective of study is to verify the different possibilities of construction with “querer” followed by complements formed by V2. To this verification, our study is going to by guided, from functionalist discursive perspective, by two hypotheses we believe that complement each other: 1. The verb “querer”, by virtue of its volitional semantic load, always involves notions of projection, futurity and, therefore irrealis; 2. The different constructions with “querer” could be described according to the different syntactic-semantic relations established with V2 (either as an oration, or periphrasis forming a single semantic unit with “querer”); For the verification of the considered hypotheses and the application of the selected theories, we used a documental panchronic corpus constituted by complete texts: 1. From the XII to the XVI century, taken from the diachronic Corpus of CIMP and from the Camões Institute website; 2. From the XVII to the XX century, photographed and directly transcripted from the collection of the National Archive of Rio de Janeiro; 3. From the XX to the XXI century, directly transcripted of printed copies of the sector of criminal actions of the Federal Court of Criminal Judiciary Subsection of Rio de Janeiro and texts taken from the official website of Federal Supreme Court. And, how the occurrences found on the XXI century panchronic corpus were few, to validate the analysis undertaken in a written corpus of the actual Portuguese, we also used written texts taken from Você SA magazine to form a corpus exclusively synchronic in that the studied phenomenon appeared. “Querer” revealed, in our data, two recurring meanings: introducer of desire and of desire/politeness; but, with V2, can present semantic values of conclusion or discursive function that approaches of a discursive marker. After the qualitative analysis, we are going to verify the frequency of each one of the possible morphosyntactic configurations for the matrices with “querer” to verify the distribution of these constructions on the synchronic and panchronic corpora because we believe that the frequency of the using can be a determinant factor to elucidate grammaticalization processes. To board the stages of embedding and dependency between matrix and V2 observed in the different possibilities of oration conexions, we worked with the Lehmann proposal (1988) and the Halliday one (1994), and with the Bybee et alii proposal (1994), Hopper (1991), Heine (1993/1994) about the Grammaticalization Theory. The grammaticalization phenomenon is understood as a process that involves recruitment of lexical material that tends to a functional sliding in direction to one item more grammatical, but the permanency of the volitional trait prevents the completion of the process. Based on the theoretical approach discussed and the analysis undertaken, the two hypotheses first raised were confirmed for this study.

Three separate fMRI studies were conducted to study the neural dynamics of free decision formation. In Study 1, we first searched across the brain for spatiotemporal patterns that could predict the specific outcome and timing of free motor decisions to make a left or right button press (Soon et al., 2008). In Study 2, we replicated Study 1 using ultra-high field fMRI for improved temporal and spatial resolution to more accurately characterize the evolution of decision-predictive information in prefrontal cortex (Bode et al., 2011). In Study 3, to unequivocally dissociate high-level intentions from motor preparation and execution, we investigated the neural precursors of abstract intentions as participants spontaneously decided to perform either of two mental arithmetic tasks: addition or subtraction (Soon et al., 2013). Across the three studies, we consistently found that upcoming decisions could be predicted with ~60% accuracy from fine-grained spatial activation patterns occurring a few seconds before the decisions reached awareness, with very similar profiles for both motor and abstract intentions. The content and timing of the decisions appeared to be encoded in two functionally dissociable sets of regions: frontopolar and posterior cingulate/ precuneus cortex encoded the content but not the timing of the decisions, while the pre-supplementary motor area encoded the timing but not the content of the decisions. The choice-predictive regions in both motor and abstract decision tasks overlapped partially with the default mode network. High-resolution imaging in Study 2 further revealed that as the time-point of conscious decision approached, activity patterns in frontopolar cortex became increasingly stable with respect to the final choice.