Corporations are finding it challenging to attract and retain the top talented Millennials. Their frequent job-hopping is costing the U.S. economy $30.5 billion annually despite corporations' best efforts to retain them. The central research question concerns the decision-making process that Millennials use to decide whether to job-hop or stay with an organization. The purpose of this qualitative study was to develop a theory that explains the Millennials' process for deciding whether to job-hop or stay with an organization. The conceptual framework for this grounded theory research is generational theory, Herzberg's hygiene and motivational factors, and psychological contract theory. The data collection was by means of a purposive sampling strategy implemented through the semistructured interviews of 13 participants. The grounded theory data analysis method used consisted of an abridged version of Glaser's data analysis method as developed by Charmaz, which entailed a systematic comparative coding process (initial, focused, and theoretical). The study findings included 7 factors that affect Millennial job-hopping: competitive compensation, job enjoyment, opportunities for professional growth, supportive work environment, reasonable free/flex time, finding their niche, and excellent benefits. Based on these factors, the Millennials job-hopping theory explains their decision-making process and why they job-hop. Positive social change may occur when Millennials achieve job satisfaction. Job satisfaction increases loyalty and organizational commitment and reduces stress, thus decreasing turnover and creating economic stability for the Millennials and their organizations.

Background/Discussion: Among investors, annual reports are used as a decision-making document to value a company. Many companies therefore use voluntary disclosure as a complement to statutory information in annual reports. Previous studies have examined what the underlying factors for voluntary disclosure are. These have among other things, resulted in factors such as size, country of origin and owner concentration, which has a significant impact on the amount of voluntary disclosure. Therefore, it is interesting to examine if there is a significant difference between the amount of voluntary disclosure in companies with controlled ownership versus management ownership. The selection is based on companies listed on the Swedish stock market Nasdaq Strockholm, Large Cap and Small Cap. Purpose: This comparative study is aiming to investigate differences in the amount of voluntary disclosure between companies with controlled ownership and management ownership. The purpose is to create a deeper understanding and increase awareness of the ownership structure's impact on voluntary information. Method: A quantitative method has been used for the study and empirical data has been collected through observations of annual reports. The collected data has then been assessed according to a valuation index designed for the study. The index has been adapted to both swedish and international regulations. The study has then used scatterplots and a t-test to measure whether or not there is a significant difference in the amount of voluntary disclosure between the two owner concentrations. Result: Based on the study's sample, there is no significant difference in the amount of voluntary disclosure between control-owned and management-controlled companies. Control-owned companies tend to report more information about accidents than managementcontrolled companies. The management-controlled companies in the study tend to report more information on marketing than control-owned companies

There are two competing theoretical debates about the impact of ownership concentration on organisational outcomes, namely efficient-monitoring hypothesis and conflict-of-interest (strategic-alignment) hypothesis. New Zealand has a distinctively concentrated ownership structure. This raises an important research question: Does concentrated ownership in New Zealand perform an efficient monitoring or opportunistic function? This question remains unanswered due to the very limited research on ownership structure in New Zealand. This research considers three specific where studying the function of ownership concentration is likely to be insightful. Three contexts are: CEO compensation scheme, corporate voluntary disclosures and investor perception of ownership structure in the stock market. This research further contributes to the existing literature by decomposing ownership into four mutually exclusive groups, namely financial institution-, government-, management- and other company-controlled ownership structures. The different impacts of ownership concentration under each type of controlling ownership structure are investigated. The findings of Essay One reveal that concentrated ownership is a significant contributor to the poor CEO compensation pay-for-performance relationship in New Zealand listed companies. However, reduced ownership concentration promotes the alignment between CEO compensation and firm performance. These results imply that large shareholders in New Zealand do not play a monitoring role in curbing managerial power; rather it exacerbates the poor relationship between CEO compensation and firm performance. In Essay Two, regression results show that companies characterised by financial institution-controlled ownership structure tend to make significantly fewer (more) disclosures at high (low) concentration levels. In contrast, firm observations in the high concentration group with government- and management-controlled ownership structures have considerably higher voluntary disclosure scores compared with their low concentration counterparts. With respect to the linearity assumption, the relationship between ownership concentration and voluntary disclosure practices unveil a non-linear pattern, indicating that the efficiency of large shareholders’ monitoring varies with the level of intensity of ownership concentration. The results of Essay Three demonstrate that ownership concentration in general is positively associated with information asymmetry observed around annual report release date. This is supportive of investor-adverse selection towards ownership concentration, and such an adverse selection problem is strongly associated with financial institutional and managerial shareholdings. Also, ownership concentration decreases stock liquidity, so no result is found in line with the ownership concentration liquidity hypothesis. When voluntary disclosure is taken into account, regression results suggest that disclosure significantly attenuates information asymmetry risk related to ownership concentration. This effect is particularly pronounced for firms with management-controlled ownership structure. Findings highlight the importance of corporate disclosures under concentrated ownership structure in eliminating information asymmetry and enhancing market efficiency in New Zealand.

During the 19th century, defence was a major issue in Victoria as indeed it was in other British colonies and the United Kingdom. To help defend themselves, self governing colonies throughout the Empire enlisted local citizens to serve as part time soldiers on a voluntary basis. The Victorian government in 1859 - 60 took a calculated risk in adopting a Volunteer Force to underpin the whole colonial defence scheme, particularly as the military effectiveness of the citizen soldiers was questionable due to the lack of any real discipline within the Force and the part time nature of the military service. Whilst the savings which resulted (from using Volunteers rather than expensive Imperial troops) were spent on building forts and purchasing ordnance to protect Port Phillip Bay, there were other advantages to be gained from the government decision. It harnessed the considerable groundswell of public patriotism and pride in the Empire to ensure the development of a colonial society with strong links to Britain. The Government also linked Volunteering, stability and patriotism together as part of a less obvious agenda for the goldfields. In a period of lingering unrest only a few short years after Eureka, the Volunteers provided a clear indication of government power and yet another sign (along with the judicial system, education, language) of the importance and expanse of British society. Should there be any civil unrest on the goldfields, the local Corps were ideally suited to the role of civil control. On a number of occasions, the Volunteer Corps were called out to maintain law and order. The thesis studies a major group of over 5,100 men on the goldfields over two decades, particularly with regard to their motives for joining the Volunteers and their demographics such as ages, occupations, addresses, activities and the networks between members. By addressing the Corps demographics it is possible to understand the role played by the Volunteers in the development of goldfields society.

This study contributes to the 'unwritten chapter' in migration studies, namely transnational return migration, with specific reference to Tongan migrants who have voluntarily returned to live in Tonga. Return migration of transnational Tongans is not 'permanent' as their mobility pre and post-return is characterised by circulation or repeated return rather than staying at 'home'. In examining the circulation of transnational Tongans, two new forms of return migration are identified -- 'return for career advancement' and 'ancestral return'. These additions to a new typology of return migration represent better the contemporary mobility system of transnational Tongans and suggest a means for addressing 'brain drain' through strengthening the 'Tongan-ness' of the diaspora while simultaneously stimulating economic development in the Kingdom. Despite these positive dimensions of return, re-integration is a 'bumpy' process, and there needs to be a holistic migration strategy if greater numbers in the Tongan diaspora are to return and make their potential contribution to sustainable development in the Island Kingdom.

This study investigates the relationship between media and democracy with a particular focus on Australian community broadcasting. I put forward the thesis that the value and purpose of community broadcasting are located in its community development function, rather than in its ability to transmit alternative information. This suggests that an analysis should emphasise community rather than media. Community development promotes the empowerment of ordinary people so that they can confidently participate in management and decision-making - that is, the procedures and norms that underpin democratic practices. In the case of community media, the relationship between democracy and media is located primarily in its volunteers. To understand this relationship, I link together concepts of the public sphere and social capital. The public sphere is understood as multiple and diverse and linked to other publics via the web of relationships forged among people with shared interests and norms. I argue that a community public sphere should be understood as a cultural resource and managed as a common property. The public sphere is thus conceived to have a more or less porous boundary that serves to regulate membership. Understood as a bounded domain, the public sphere can be analysed in terms of its ideological structure, its management practices and its alliances with other publics. This approach also allows for a comparison with other similar public spheres. The study identifies two main ideological constellations that have shaped the development of Australian community broadcasting - professionalism and community development, with the former gaining prominence as the sector expands into rural and regional communities. The ascendancy of professional and quasi-commercial practices is of concern as it can undermine the community development potential of community broadcasting, a function that appears to be little understood and one which has attracted little research. The study presents a case study of three regional and remote rural community radio stations and compares them from a social capital perspective. Social capital is a framework for understanding the relationship between the individual and the community and explores this relationship in terms of participation in networks, reciprocal benefits among groups and individuals and the nature of active participation. Demographic and organisational structures of the three stations are also compared. By taking this approach, each station's capacity for community development and empowerment is addressed. The results of the fieldwork reveal that the success of a community radio station is related to 'community spirit' and demographic structure. They reveal that the community radio station in the smallest community with the lowest per capita income was best able to meet the needs of its community and its volunteers.

非營利組織中的女性志工－以勵馨杜會福利事業基金會為例 本研究之研究對象為勵馨基金會台北辦事處志工組織之辦公行政組、個案協同組與活動企畫組三組的常駐志工，在蒐集資料上採用量化與質化研究法。在使用量化研究法蒐集資料上，因考量中途之家的保密注，以及活動企畫組的機動性高，不常出現在勵馨，因此交由勵馨基金會台北辦事處志二組織前總督導曾夢儀小姐代為發放結構式問卷，故本研究為立意抽樣，共計發出四十份問卷，發放時間為2001年7月至9月中，回收三十三份，回收率82.5片。之後為補量化研究法不夠深入之缺點，研究者再依回收問卷之個案豐富性與方便性從三十三名受訪志工中選取七名訪談對象，並訪談志工組織之前任總督導、現任總督導、三組志工督導，以期提供更寬闊的視野。 本研究之研究問題除觀察我國女性參與非營利組織的現況、女性志工在勵馨基金會中擔任什麼樣的工作、扮演什麼樣的角色，並嘗試分析我國女性志工參與非營利組織的社會意義為何。茲將研究發現摘要如下： 一 、我國女性參與非營利組織的現況 根據國內相關的統計調查結果顯示，我國女性參與非營利組織的現況主要有兩個趨勢，一是女性參與志願服務的比率略低於男性，二是女性傾向於從事社會福利型態的志願服務。而國外相關統計的結果也指出志願服務領域中的性別分工仍是存在的現象，男性似乎較常在政治、經濟與科學的領域中從事志願服務，女性則對社會福利服務與健康、教育領域較有興趣。 二、勵馨基金會台北辨事處三組受訪志工之統計分析 總結勵馨基金會台北辦事處三組之受訪志工特色為：女性志工比例高、志工普遍年輕、教育程度高，且未婚、無宗教信仰者居多，而以全職工作者佔大多數，不過學生族群也是主力之一。對勵馨基金會之組織持續度高、對志願服務懷抱熱誠，肯定從事志願服務帶來的收穫，並認為勵馨基金會限定中途之家志工須為女性的作法。 而在性別上呈現之顯著差異包括：男性志工無宗教信仰者較女性多、女性基督徒則較男性多；男性志工比女性較有明顯的年齡斷層；女性集中在個案協同組，男性則多分佈於活動企畫組，在辦公行政組則男女各半；女性資深志工比男性多，對組織的認同感、持續度，以及對志工工作的熱誠度均明顯比男性高；且女性志工比男性志工更肯定勵馨基金會限定個案協同組志工須為女性的作法。 三、女性志工在勵馨基金會所呈現之樣貌 勵馨基金會台北辦事處之個案協同組主要的工作內容是陪伴個案，以及為有需要的個案進行課業輔導，而辦公行政組是整理每月固定的捐款收據、接聽總機，及協助處理行政工作，活動企畫組則是協助義賣、支援活動等。辦公行政組與活動企畫組的工作大致而言是男女志工均可做、沒有性別差異的。而個案協同組則限定為女性，主要扮演一個陪同者的角色，也是一個情感性的角色，提供青少女心理上的支持、慰藉與陪伴，協助她們重新學習待人處世、獨立生活等。而由個案協同組之工作內容可發現，在中途之家服務的女性志工還扮演了一個延伸的「家務勞動者」與「家庭照顧者」的角色。 女性到勵馨基金會台北辦事處當志工所面臨的困境，主要來自於傳統性別角色的束縛，也就「女主內」的傳統規範，女性志工在家庭中除須負擔家中主要的家務、教養小孩、照顧家人等，受訪的女性志工往往也內化了社會期待，要求自己將家庭置於優先地位。此外，家人的態度是否支持、是否較有兩性平等觀念，對其當志工的投入程度有若干程度的影響。丈夫的態度對已婚的女性志工而言，可能是最主要的壓力來源，若丈夫不支持，女性志工在參與志願服務時往往必須首先考量到丈夫的態度，而有所限制，且家務料理與照顧小孩的責任往往也都落到女性一個人的頭上。 女性志工從勵馨基金會中所得到的成長，包括獲得更多知識、擴展人際關係，及精神上的滿足等，也有女性因為當了志工後，更加積極去求取相關的資訊，修習相關課程來充實自己。另外，值得一提的是，女，往志工認為當志工後不但自己本身對兩性平等有更深的體認，有更強的女，性自覺，而且也會將這份知識傳承給女兒，她們也發現當志工後與女兒的互動更好，不但有更多知識可以教導女兒如何保護自己，也告訴女兒應該明白女性自己的權力、為家庭犧牲應有限度等。這點對於破除傳統兩性分工的意識型態，應有相當大的助益。 四、我國女性志工參與非營利組織的社會意義 女性一方面到勵馨基金會台北辦事處當志工貢獻一己之力，另一方面也在潛移默化中受到勵馨基金會本身追求兩性平等的使命感影響，消極面來講，是踏出家庭私領域的小圈子，積極面而言則是從志願服務的過程中擴大生活觸角，開始關心社會中黑暗的角落，對兩性不平等、性侵害等的社會事件會更有主見、更有行動力，同時也對兩性平等有更深的體認，瞭解到身為女性的存在感與價值，更有勇氣為女性不利地位發聲，同時也更有行動力，能身體力行教育下一代學習尊重兩性。女性藉由當志工獲得成長與主體性，或許是非營利組織未來可以繼續施力、加強之處。 / Female Volunteers of Nonprofit Organization - Take "The Garden of Hope Foundation" For Example This is a case study , take "The Garden of Hope Foundation" Taipei office for example, focus on it’s permanent volunteers in three department of volunteer organizations—Office department, department ,and Case Accompany department. Quantity research and Quality research both used, use structure questionnaire to have basic information of volunteers , then interview 7 of 33 volunteers to explore deeper. Conclude some investigation , the research found male volunteers are more than female and female volunteers are tend to join voluntary organizations of social service. Volunteers in three department of volunteer organizations of The Garden of Hope Foundation Taipei office are found : female volunteers are more than male, most of volunteers are young, single, non-religionism, and most of them have job, students occupy 1/3. Male non-religionism volunteers are more than female, female Christians are more than male and female volunteers are more active, positive and enthusiastic than male. Female volunteers offer their labor in nonprofit organization, and gain knowledge, friendship and growth from it, they pay more attention to gender issue and have more confidence of themselves, even they pass female consciousness to their daughters. Female volunteers get growth and confidence from nonprofit organization may be a way to lead women walk into the public sphere.

網路社群中的字幕組，是由一群無償勞動的網友們、透過新科技溝通媒介而組織起來的。在本研究中，筆者將字幕組視為一個虛擬團隊，意圖探討無償虛擬團隊的組織文化與互動方式。近年來，國內的虛擬團隊研究觀點，似乎較偏向學校或者企業，所設定的虛擬團隊也清一色是營利組織或者學校體制內的虛擬團隊。然而，字幕組的工作卻是無償無薪，也缺乏外在的企業體制。 無償的虛擬團隊與營利組織裡的虛擬團隊有何差異呢？網路社群中的P2P資源交換特性或者網路社群中的生態，是否也會影響到字幕組這樣的無償虛擬團隊？本研究採取Potter與Balthazard（2002）所整理出之團隊「互動型態」理論、Dani 與Burns等人（2006）的「組織文化類型」理論，試圖找出不同規模與文化情境的字幕組互動型態、組織文化類型。筆者觀察了數個中國與台灣的字幕組，期望找出具集體知識共作、創造特性的虛擬團隊特色。而這些特色，或許能啟發國內其餘具知識分享、文化創造性質的虛擬團隊。 本研究使用參與觀察、親身實作等方法進行，輔以筆者自身的中國字幕組經驗與其他台灣字幕組成員的深度訪談，同步進行書寫。 研究結果顯示，字幕組的組織文化偏向關係親密的「宗族文化」、以及具有創新特質的「鬆散彈性文化」。而針對字幕組的互動型態分析，則集中於「合作型」、「人際型」，同樣都是關係較親近、競爭壓力較少的互動類型。這些特質顯示出，字幕組這樣的無償虛擬團隊，的確在組織文化、互動風格方面，都有著與企業不同的組織屬性。 / The Subtitle Teams in online communities are formed by volunteers who communicate by virtual technology. This study views the Subtitle Teams as virtual teams, in order to explore their organizational culture and interaction style. In recent years, most Virtual Teams studies in Taiwan focus on teams in school and businesses industries, however, the Subtitle Teams are volunteers without business structure. What is the difference between commercial virtual teams and voluntary subtitle teams? Do P2P communities influence voluntary subtitle teams like Subtitle Teams? We use Potter & Balthazard (2002)’s Interaction Style theory and Dani & Burn(2006)’s Organization Culture Types to explore the traits of Subtitle Teams. The Subtitle Teams in this study includes culture difference between Taiwan and Chinese, also the difference between Drama Subtitle Teams and Animation Subtitle Teams. The goal of this study is to find out some trait of creative, knowledge-based, and cooperative virtual teams, hope these result will help other virtual teams in NPO organizations or Cultural Industry in Taiwan. This study use participant observation, in-depth interviewing and case study to view the experience of the members from four Subtitle Teams. We found out that the Subtitle Team’s Organization Culture might tend to be The Clan Culture and The Adhocracy Culture. As to the Interaction Style analysis, many subtitle teams tend to be Passive Style and Constructive Style at the same time at the same time.

In Australia, as in other industrialised countries, rates of childlessness amongst women are rising. This has been attributed, in part, to a rise in the number of women choosing never to give birth; however, women’s perception of what constitutes choice in remaining childless is under-investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate Australian women’s experience of childlessness at mid age and explore the role of choice in this reproductive outcome. It investigated the determinants of childlessness, considered the consequences of never giving birth, and explored how choice affects childless women’s evaluation of non-motherhood. / A cross-sectional study of the experience of never giving birth was conducted, which comprised two components. The minor component was a secondary analysis of survey data (collected in 1996) from the Women’s Health Australia (WHA) project. WHA is a longitudinal study which recruited a nationally representative sample of 14,099 women born between 1945 and 1952. These women are amongst the first to have lived all their reproductive lives since the introduction of the oral contraceptive. This study compared demographic characteristics, self-rated health, and life satisfaction between 1,069 mid-aged childless women (exclusive of known adoptive and step-mothers) and 12,643 of their peers who are mothers. It was found that at mid-age, childless women have higher levels of education and are more extensively engaged in the paid workforce than mothers, however, there were no differences in health status between mothers and childless women. Life satisfaction differences between the two groups are complex and mediated by marital status. / The major component of the investigation was a study-specific survey (October 2002) completed by 426 nulliparous women who were all participants in the mid-aged cohort of Women’s Health Australia. This component investigated the determinants of childlessness, the role of choice, and the experience of non-motherhood. / In contrast to existing studies into childlessness, this large quantitative investigation has a sample which comprises a broad selection of nulliparous women irrespective of their marital status, medical history, or level of choice in never giving birth. Using an original classification system, women were categorised into three childless groups which describe three levels of choice in never giving birth: 37.1% of respondents chose childlessness actively (Active Choice), 15.4% chose childlessness given their personal circumstances (Constrained Choice), and 47.5% felt denied the opportunity to give birth (Denied Choice). The predominant reason for childlessness amongst the Active Choice women was not experiencing a strong ‘maternal instinct’, the Denied Choice group mainly cited infertility or the lack of a husband/partner, whilst the Constrained Choice group gave a mixture of voluntary and involuntary explanations. / This study developed a balance sheet approach to assessing both the positive and negative aspects of non-motherhood – the Consequence of Childlessness Balance Sheet (CCBS). It also introduced a technique for measuring ambivalence that was developed within social psychology. In contrast to the public discourse that depicts childlessness as a negative life outcome, participants in this study gave a favourable evaluation of their lives. Even so, more than half (55.6%) of the participants experienced moderate levels of ambivalence. Comparisons between the three childless groups revealed that as choice increased participants were more likely to give a higher rating to the positive aspects of their lives, a lower rating to the negative ones, and experience lower levels of ambivalence. However, Denied Choice women generally did not find childlessness a devastating experience. / Therefore, amongst the mid-aged participants in this study the experience of childlessness was complex and diverse, varying with the level of choice women had in never giving birth. Childlessness was not, however, a burdensome or detrimental life outcome for these women.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The purpose for writing this essay is to study the culture of kindness in the Church of Sweden, as the church constitutes as an idealistic organization (non-profit or voluntary organization).</p><p>The focal point is on how such a culture affects the employees, and if any new components</p><p>that can amplify the concept can be distinguished.</p><p>To do this a case study-design has been employed. The primary sources are qualitative</p><p>interviews with six employees in a congregation in the Church of Sweden, and participant</p><p>observations on two different occasions at the same congregation.</p><p>Theories of organizational sociology has been applied to the material, more specific Edgar H</p><p>Schein’s definition of organizational culture and the concept of a culture of kindness (deriving</p><p>from a report by the Swedish Work Environment Authority) as a specific part of the church’s</p><p>organizational culture.</p><p>The conclusions we can make from our study is that a culture of kindness affect employees in</p><p>both a positive and a negative way. There are many expectations that come with working in</p><p>the Church of Sweden, and these do have an effect on the work performed. There is also</p><p>evidence pointing to the fact that leadership can counteract the fear of conflicts that otherwise</p><p>is associated with the culture of kindness. Finally one can conclude that the concept of</p><p>kindness culture could be elaborated, for instance with a notion of leadership.</p>