Using data from the 2013 American Community Survey, the author examines the wage returns to same-sex parenthood and their role in the sexual orientation wage gap. Specifically, he compares individuals by gender, sexual orientation, and household earner status. The importance of accounting for household specialization among heterosexual men and women is illustrated by the significant differences in returns to parenthood between heterosexuals of the same gender, but different earner statuses. The empirical results show that gay men face a fatherhood penalty for the presence of children between the ages of 5 and 18 irrespective of earner status. Lesbians on the other hand, experience motherhood premiums for the presence of children under the age of 5, but modest motherhood penalties for the presence of children between the ages of 5 and 18. Ultimately, differences in the wage returns to parenthood for gays, lesbians, and their respective heterosexual counterparts play a negligible role in sexual orientation wage differentials.

This dissertation examines the effects of career interruptions on workers’ wages. In chapter four I examine whether controlling for the type of interruption differently affects men’s and women’s wages and therefore can be used to explain the remaining gender wage differences. The increased participation of married women in the labor force has increased their wages from just 30% of men’s wages in 1890 to nearly 80% as of 2001. Thus, although the gender wage gap has narrowed over time, it has yet to be eliminated. One argument for the persistence of the gender wage gap is that previously researchers have used poor measures of experience to estimate men’s and women’s wages. Although previous studies have made strides in measuring experience, including controls for the timing of work experience, the gender wage gap persists. I extend the wage-gap literature by including controls for the types of interruptions men and women encounter. Because they typically experience different types of interruptions, I examine whether the varying types affect wages differently. I control for the types of interruptions and find similar effects for men’s and women’s wages. My study shows that types of job interruptions do not explain the remaining wage differentials. The fifth chapter extends from the fourth chapter by including controls for all periods of unpaid leave from work. I examine whether wage differences exist between workers who return to their current employer post-interruption versus those who change employers post-interruption. I find differences in the wage effects from different types of unpaid leave for men and women. Chapter six extends from previous chapters by including controls for all periods of paid leave from work in addition to unpaid leaves from work. I examine whether depreciation effects occur when women spend time out of work but receive compensation through paid maternity leaves. I find no evidence that time out of work because of paid maternity leaves depreciates skills.

nÃo hà / Esse trabalho tem como foco analisar a composiÃÃo salarial entre gÃneros no Estado do CearÃ. Foram utilizados os dados de 2002 e 2012 da PNAD â Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de DomicÃlio, para anÃlise da Ãltima dÃcada. E os dados do Brasil e da regiÃo Nordeste tambÃm foram coletados para fazer uma comparaÃÃo com os dados do CearÃ. Foram levantados e analisados os dados por setores de atividade econÃmica, sendo distribuÃdos da seguinte forma: setor 1: agricultura, setor 2: serviÃos, setor 3: indÃstria, setor 4: administraÃÃo pÃblica e setor 5: de atividades mal definidas. No presente estudo foi identificada a possibilidade de discriminaÃÃo de gÃnero em alguns setores de atividade econÃmica. No CearÃ, foi identificado que em 2002 as mulheres ganham menos e tÃm mais anos de estudos que os homens, sinalizando, assim, a possibilidade de discriminaÃÃo. Em 2012 o cenÃrio se modificou, as mulheres passaram a ganhar mais e continuaram tendo mais anos de estudos que os homens, sinalizando que nÃo existe a possibilidade de discriminaÃÃo entre gÃneros. Desta forma, esse trabalho tem o papel de contribuir na literatura de discriminaÃÃo de gÃnero no sentido de visualizar como està o panorama geral da diferenÃa salarial / This work focuses on analyzing the salary composition between genders in the state of CearÃ. Data from 2002 and 2012 PNAD were used - National Survey by Household Sampling for analysis of the last decade. And Brazil and the Northeast data were also collected for comparison with the data of CearÃ. Were collected and analyzed the data by sector of economic activity, being distributed as follows: Sector 1: agriculture, industry 2: services sector 3: industry, sector 4: public administration and sector 5: ill-defined activities. Our study has identified the possibility of gender discrimination in some economic sectors. In CearÃ, it was identified that in 2002 women earn less and have more years of schooling than men, signaling thus the possibility of discrimination. In 2012 the scenario has changed, women started to gain more and continued to have more years of schooling than men, indicating that there is no possibility of discrimination between genders. Thus, this work has the role to contribute to the gender discrimination of literature in order to view how is the overall picture of the wage gap

Orientador: Rodolfo Hoffmann / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T01:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vaz_DanielaVerzola_D.pdf: 2511369 bytes, checksum: 9e50b5e43cb5bc75428c955dc082e581 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo : O objetivo principal deste trabalho é estudar o hiato de rendimento observado entre os sexos no setor público brasileiro, investigando em que medida ele pode ser atribuído a diferenças nas dotações produtivas dos servidores, ao padrão diferenciado de inserção setorial e ocupacional das mulheres no mercado de trabalho e à discriminação sexual - seja ela ocupacional, hierárquica ou salarial propriamente dita. As hipóteses que se pretende verificar são as de que i) não obstante a adoção de práticas de recrutamento mais transparentes e a igualdade de tratamento graças ao sistema de carreira, também no setor público observa-se a segregação feminina nas ocupações e nos setores menos bem remunerados; ii) a crescente feminização do emprego público no período recente não impediu a persistência da segmentação por sexo no desempenho das ocupações. Para cumprir tal objetivo, o trabalho foi estruturado em cinco capítulos: i) o primeiro tem como finalidade identificar as características pessoais e os atributos produtivos que influenciam a probabilidade de um indivíduo ocupado no setor de serviços, na condição de empregado, ser servidor público no Brasil, destacando as diferenças observadas entre os sexos; ii) o segundo capítulo analisa a evolução da representação feminina nos diversos segmentos do setor público entre os anos de 1992 e 2008, à luz das modificações observadas na composição do Estado brasileiro e da crescente participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho no mesmo período; iii) no terceiro capítulo analisa-se o comportamento do diferencial salarial por sexo, em favor dos homens, entre 1992 e 2008, investigando-se suas causas; iv) no quarto capítulo aprofunda-se a análise da segregação por sexo no desempenho das ocupações, acompanhando sua evolução no período 1995-2008 por meio do cálculo de medidas-síntese; v) por fim, no último capítulo aborda-se a questão da segregação vertical, por meio da revisão de trabalhos recentes e do estudo dos casos dos servidores da administração pública federal que ocupam os cargos em comissão do grupo DAS e dos docentes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. / Abstract : The main objective of this work is to study the wage gap between genders observed in the Brazilian public sector, analyzing in which extent it can be attributed to the differences in productive endowments between workers or to the particular occupational and sectoral profile according to which women are incorporated in the work force or, finally, to gender discrimination - whether occupational, vertical or wage. The central hypothesis we intend to verify are i) despite the concerns of the public sector with the adoption of more transparent recruitment practices and with an egalitarian treatment to members of the same career, the female segregation into the occupations and the sectors of a lower pay grade is also observed in public organizations; ii) the increasing share of female participation in public service did not prevent the persistence of occupational gender segregation in the recent years. To reach such purpose, this work is structured in five chapters: i) the first one aims to identify the productive endowments and the personal characteristics that influence the probability of an employee of the tertiary sector in Brazil becoming a civil servant, highlighting the differences between genders; ii) the second chapter analyzes women's representativeness in the various sectors of public employment between 1992 and 2008, considering the changes observed in public sector, regarding the contributions in the branches of economic activities, and also the increasing female participation in the work force; iii) in the third chapter it is analyzed how the male-female earning differentials - favorable to the first ones - evolved between 1992 and 2008; their causes are also investigated; iv) the fourth chapter is a more detailed study of occupational segmentation between males and females, showing its evolution between 1995 and 2008 with the help of the computation of segregation indexes; v) finally, the last chapter treats the glass ceiling phenomenon, through the revision of recent papers and the analysis of two particular cases: the civil servants at central administration that occupy nomination-only positions and the professors at the University of Campinas. / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

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Prolonged and new regional violent conflicts have resulted in the displacement of residents in several countries. The thesis focuses on the people who arrived and applied for asylum in Germany between 2013 and 2016. Aimed to analyse their labour market integration in Germany, the thesis uses micro-data from Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to decompose the wage gap between refugee workers and native workers in 2018. Coarsened exact matching (CEM) is used to match the characteristics of native workers with refugee workers. Five sets are generated at four different matching levels of covariates. It is found that total wage gap reaches the greatest value in the unmatched set. As the two groups' characteristics getting more and more similar, explained wage gap gradually shrinks until it becomes statistically insignificant. However, discriminatory wage gap exists in all sets and cannot be wiped out even if the characteristics get similar. CEM helps to reduce the heterogeneity between the two groups and provides a more balanced dataset and a non-overestimated labour market discrimination value.

Everywhere around the world, whether in developing or developed countries, women earn less than men. This phenomenon is in no way new and it has been investigated for many years. Still, in today’s modern society, the wage gap does not appear to be closing. In times of economic instability, such as the economic crisis, the progress towards equality may be pushed back, since specific groups, sectors, and occupations may be affected differently. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the Italian gender wage gap with a closer look at the fluctuations during the period of the financial crisis. In order to analyse and understand the fluctuations of the pay gap, the three main theories used in the research are the human capital theory, occupational segregation, and theories regarding the labour market structure. By applying the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method, this study analyses to what extent the gap could be explained by differences in observable characteristics, such as level of education or age, and how much remains unexplained. The empirical model is applied to the Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) microdata between the period of 2002 and 2016. The main findings show that the Italian gender wage gap, for the most part, remains unexplained. This indicates that the differentials in pay cannot be accounted for by differences in observable characteristics, such as education, age, contract type. The results of this research show that the Italian wage gap was, to some extent, negatively affected by the financial crisis. Furthermore, implemented austerity measures were found not to have significant negative impacts on the gap, which only increased in the initial phase of the crisis.

This paper explores the income effect which motherhood has on women, using (American) Census data. The hypothesis states that the income effect is negative. Previous studies have shown that indeed children lower the income of women and that it is decreased with every additional child. We test our hypothesis using data from the Census Bureau from the year 2018, consisting of over 800 000 answers, and running multiple regressions to measure the effect which the number of children have on a woman’s income. As predicted, the results indicate that our hypothesis is true with a 26% decline in income when a woman has one or more children. Marriage has a negative effect on income while completing higher levels of education raises it.

This dissertation consists of three essays studying employer learning and statistical discrimination of young workers in the U.S. labor market. The first chapter outlines the dissertation by discussing the motivations, methods, and research findings.<br /><br />Chapter two develops a framework that nests both symmetric and asymmetric employer learning, and derives testable hypotheses on racial statistical discrimination under different processes of employer learning. Testing the model with data from the NLSY79, we find that employers statistically discriminate against black workers on the basis of both education and race in the high school market where learning appears to be mostly asymmetric. In the college market, employers directly observe most parts of the productivity of potential employees and learn very little over time.<br /><br />In chapter three, we investigate how the process of employer learning and statistical discrimination varies over time and across employers. The comparison between the NLSY79 and the NLSY97 cohorts reveals that employer learning and statistical discrimination has became stronger over the past decades. Using the NLSY97 data, we identify three employer- specific characteristics that influencing employer learning and statistical discrimination, the supervisor-worker race match, supervisor\'s age, and firm size. Black high school graduates face weaker employer learning and statistical discrimination if they choose to work for a black supervisor, work for an old supervisor, or work in a firm of small size.<br /><br />In the last chapter, we are interested in the associations between verbal and quantitative skills and individual earnings as well as the employer learning process of these two specific types of skills. There exist significant differences in both the labor market rewards and employer learning process of verbal and quantitative skills between high school and college graduates. Verbal skills are more important than quantitative skills for high school graduates, whereas college-educated workers benefit greatly from having high quantitative skills but little from having high verbal skills. In addition, employers directly learn verbal skills and continuously learn quantitative skills in the high school market, but almost perfectly observe quantitative skills in the college market. / Ph. D.