Cette thèse traite deux questions relatives aux inégalités salariales entre hommes et femmes. Le premier et le deuxième chapitres analysent l'impact du commerce international sur les écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes, tandis que le troisième chapitre se pose la question de l'influence du secteur informel sur ces écarts. Le premier chapitre montre que le commerce international peut avoir des effets opposés sur l'écart de salaire entre hommes et femmes via le canal de la concurrence. Les prédictions du modèle théorique sont testées par une analyse empirique des écarts de salaire en Uruguay sur une période incluant la création du Mercosur. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la façon dont l'intégration commerciale peut modifier les écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes différemment en fonction des qualifications. Le modèle théorique montre que le commerce international creuse les écarts salariaux entre hommes et femmes qualifiés et réduit cet écart entre hommes et femmes non qualifiées. Le troisième chapitre conduit une analyse empirique des écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes dans les emplois formels et informels au Brésil. Alors que l'écart brut de salaire est plus élevé dans le secteur informel que dans le secteur formel, les résultats indiquent que cette différence est un artefact de la composition de l'emploi dans les deux secteurs. Dans le secteur informel, la correction du biais de sélection réduit le différentiel de salaire, ajusté des caractéristiques productives, qui n'est plus significatif. Dans le secteur formel, en revanche, l'écart de salaire, ajusté des caractéristiques productives et corrigé de la sélection, demeure élevé et fortement significatif. / This dissertation consists of three essays on gender wage inequality. The two first chapters explore the impact of international trade on the gender wage gap, while the third chapter deals with the role of the informal sector in shaping the gender wage gap. By integrating the taste-based theory of discrimination and the oligopolistic trade literature, the first chapter shows that international trade can have two opposite effects on the gender wage gap through the channel of competition. The predictions of the models are confirmed by an empirical analysis of gender wage gaps in Uruguay following the Mercosur trade agreement. The second chapter investigates how international trade impacts the gender wage gap at different points of the skill distribution, by incorporating statistical discrimination into a model of trade with heterogeneous firms and workers. The model shows trade integration reduces the gender wage gap among high-skilled workers but reduces the gender wage gap among unskilled workers. The third chapter investigates whether the gender wage gap differs in the formal and the informal segments of the labour market in Brazil. It shows that the higher raw wage gap in the informal sector is an artificial effect of the different sorting of men and women into formal and informal jobs. First, the female advantage in observable productive characteristics is stronger among formal employees. Second, selection into work status differs between men and women. In the informal sector, the selection-corrected gender wage gap is reduced and not significant anymore. In the formal sector, however, the selection-corrected gender wage gap is large and highly significant.

Using the Czech household microdata, I analyze the regional variations of the motherhood wage gap in the Czech Republic. By this spatial analysis, I aim to detect discrepancies between metropolitan areas and rural localities. Such a study has not yet been carried out in the Czech Republic. Accounting for individual characteristics and working history of employed women, I ob- serve both positive and negative wage gaps but only in several regions. Such findings can be explained by cultural differences, individual self-selection into higher paid jobs or by employers' approach to mothers. For the remaining regions, there is not enough evidence of the motherhood wage gap presence. The hypothesis that in socially excluded localities the wage gap is largest is rejected. Additional examination of the formal childcare provision shows that increase of the kindergartens' occupancy rate significantly decreases salaries of both mothers and childless women. This result is consistent with the previous Czech research. Keywords Motherhood wage gap, Spatial analysis, Czech Republic, Kindergarten JEL classifications D63, J13, R23 1

TITLE: THE GENDER WAGE GAP OF CIVIL SERVICE EMPLOYEES AT ILLINOIS PUBLIC FOUR-YEAR UNIVERSITIES

The gender wage gap in the labour market has long been a topic of study, highlighting the disadvantages faced by women in terms of earningscompared to men. This study aims to investigate if the Great Recession had additional impacts on women's earnings differentials. Using census data from 2006 to 2012 in the US, two different quantile regressions were conducted for various income quantiles. One regression excluded variables, while the other included socio-demographic characteristics. The results indicate clear wage differences for women before, during, and after the Great Recession.The first regression shows statistically significant negative correlations between logarithmic income and gender. The quantile regressions also reveal decrease in the gender wage gap during the recession, with education returns favouring women in 2008 and 2009 before returning to pre-recession levels. Additionally, the results suggest that married women and women with children tend to have lower earnings compared to their male counterparts.These findings provide evidence of a glass ceiling in the US labour market, which may have been exacerbated by the exogenous shock of the Great Recession.

No description available.

在台灣勞動市場中，性別薪資差異一直都存在著。在 2015 年，女性勞工平均薪資大約為男性平均薪資的 85.57%，這個比率在過去 20 年間一直不斷上升，顯示出性別薪資差異逐年地縮小。而在解釋性別薪資差異大小的變數中，產業是其中一個很重要的解釋變數，因此本研究利用台灣主計處的人力運用調查資料，檢驗產業間性別薪資差異與產業特性之間的關連。實證結果顯示出部分產業特性確實會影響產業間性別薪資差異的大小，該產業的平均勞工年齡越大，該產業的性別薪資差異越小；工作地點在北部的比率越高， 會使得該產業的性別薪資差異越小；其他像是平均勞工任期長短 、特定職業的比率等等也會影響該產業內性別薪資差異的大小。 / In Taiwan, gender wage gap has existed for long in the labor market. However, proportion of average female salary to average male salary was about 85.57% in 2015 and this ratio has been growing in recent years. Besides, among all factors that can account for the gender wage gaps, industry plays an important role. Using data from the Manpower Utilization Survey, this study examines the inter-industry gender wage gaps in Taiwan with a focus on the correlation between these inter-industry gender wage gaps and characteristics of different industry sectors. The results confirm that some industrial characteristics do affect the magnitude of sex discrimination. Average age, job tenure, proportion of certain working locations and specific occupations have an impact on inter-industry gender wage gaps.

Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt sich aus drei Aufsätzen zusammen: zwei im Bereich der Arbeitsmarktökonomie und einer im Bereich der politischen Ökonomie. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht die Rolle der zunehmenden Firmenheterogenität für die Stagnation des Gender Wage Gaps auf dem westdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt in den 1990er und 2000er Jahren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die steigende Firmenheterogenität während dieses Zeitraums einen Rückgang des Gender Wage Gaps um 15% bzw. 3,6 Log-Prozentpunkte verhindert hat. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Analysen, dass eine zunehmende Lohnflexibilisierung, bedingt durch einen Rückgang der Tarifbindung und wachsende Dezentralisierungs- und Flexibilisierungstendenzen innerhalb der vorhandenen Tarifbindungsregime, den Anstieg der Lohnungleichheit zwischen Betrieben und folglich die Lohnungleichheit zwischen Männern und Frauen verstärkt hat. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht die Auswirkungen des Anfang der 1990er Jahre von Flüchtlingsmigranten verursachten, plötzlichen Anstiegs des Arbeitskräfteangebots auf Löhne und Beschäftigung der einheimischen Arbeitnehmer. Die empirischen Analysen zeigen, dass ein 1%iger Zuwachs in der Beschäftigung von Migranten mit einer Reduzierung des lokalen Lohn- und Beschäftigungswachstums in den betroffenen Regionen um durchschnittlich etwa 0,68 bzw. 1,13% einhergeht; auf längere Sicht zeigen sich indes keine negativen Auswirkungen. Zwei Drittel des lokalen Beschäftigungsrückgangs werden durch entsprechende Beschäftigungsgewinne in solchen Regionen kompensiert, die von der Flüchtlingszuwanderung nicht betroffen sind. Die Unterschiede zwischen kurz- und langfristigen Konsequenzen sowie die Umverteilung der Beschäftigung zwischen Regionen sind für die politische Evaluation der Vor- und Nachteile von Migration von Bedeutung. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht, ob die Parteienlandschaft im Gemeinderat einen Effekt auf die Struktur von Gemeindezusammenlegungen hat, indem sie die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Wiederwahl und folglich des Machterhalts der im Amt befindlichen politischen Entscheidungsträger beeinflusst. Die empirischen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Parteienstruktur für die Realisierung von Gemeindezusammenlegungen von Bedeutung ist. / This dissertation is composed of three essays: two in the field of labour economics and one in political economics. The first essay studies the role of growing workplace heterogeneity for the stagnation of the gender pay gap on the West German labour market during the 1990s and 2000s. The analysis shows that the expansion of workplace-specific wage premiums over that time period prevented the gender wage gap from narrowing by around 15% or 3.6 log points. This effect is not driven by a relocation of men and women across high and low wage firms, but is entirely attributable to a widening in the distribution of wage premiums. The study further shows that rising wage flexibilisation, facilitated by deunionisation and decentralisation tendencies within unions, has led to higher rent-sharing elasticities, and thereby catalysed the role of workplace heterogeneity for overall inequality and the wage gap between genders. The second essay investigates the impact of a refugee-driven labour supply shock on native wages and employment. By exploiting a large and unexpected refugee wave hitting the West German labour market between 1988 and 1993, the analysis shows that an increase in local immigrant employment by 1% reduces native wages and employment by about 0.68 and 1.13%, respectively; in the longer perspective, however, these negative effects disappear. The study also shows that about two-thirds of the local employment decline is compensated by corresponding employment gains in regions not affected by immigration. Both findings—the difference between short and long run effects and the redistribution of native employment across regions — are important for the political evaluation of immigration. The third essay investigates the political determinants of municipality amalgamations. By exploiting a boundary reform in the state of Brandenburg, which reduced the number of municipalities by about 70%, the study asks whether party representation in the town council influences the structure of municipality mergers by affecting the political decision makers’ probability to remain in power. The empirical estimates suggest that political representation matters for the structure of mergers that materialise.

The earnings gap between men and women, an apt indicator of women's status relative to men's, was roughly constant for the thirty-five years between 1950 and 1985. During this period women earned about 60 to 65 cents for every dollar earned by men. The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of this wage gap. Because much existing research suggests that a large portion of the gender gap in pay results from the segregation of women into low-paying jobs, the present study focuses on the role of gender segregation in the workplace. Other potential contributors to the earnings gap are also examined (women's domestic obligations, educational attainment, women's labor force participation rates, and the industrial mix in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas). The position of women as a group in the labor market is of primary interest in this research. Accordingly, the analysis was conducted on an aggregate level across labor markets. The data were drawn from the Bureau of the Census Census of the Population: 1980—Detailed Population Characteristics. The project uses a cross-sectional research design, the primary statistical technique used being multiple regression analysis. Findings reveal that workplace segregation and the industrial characteristics of SMSA labor markets have the strongest effect on the size of the gender-based earnings gap. Specifically, workplace segregation is positively related to the size of the earnings gap between men and women. The presence of above average levels of manufacturing activity in an SMSA is associated with a larger earnings gap while the presence of above average levels of service sector and government employment opportunities in an SMSA is associated with smaller earnings differentials between men and women. This study enhances the understanding of the effects of structural variables on the earnings determination process for men and women and provides insight into the collective situation of women in the labor market.

Submitted by Murilo Esteves de Santi (murilo_es@hotmail.com) on 2016-07-12T17:47:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 biblioteca.pdf: 575242 bytes, checksum: a061c3686ed763a0e9468ec7a8c130a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-11-29T11:40:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 biblioteca.pdf: 575242 bytes, checksum: a061c3686ed763a0e9468ec7a8c130a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-12-06T13:22:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 biblioteca.pdf: 575242 bytes, checksum: a061c3686ed763a0e9468ec7a8c130a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T13:23:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 biblioteca.pdf: 575242 bytes, checksum: a061c3686ed763a0e9468ec7a8c130a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / I study the impact of the changes in the U.S. labor market that took place in the last few decades - such as the increase in the college wage premium and the reduction in the gender wage gap - on the intergenerational persistence of income, with a particular emphasis on the marriage market channel. To motivate my analysis, I document a positive cross-country correlation between intergenerational persistence of income (and education) and educational assortative mating. I then develop an overlapping generations model in which parents invest in their children's education and individuals choose whom they are going to marry, and estimate the model to fit the postwar U.S. data. My results suggest that both of these changes have affected the intergenerational earnings persistence, but that the marriage decision plays only a very small role in these results.

Economic theory provides numerous reasons why globalization might increase or decrease female wages and gender wage gap. Main objective of this study was to study the impact of globalization on gender wage gap in Czech Republic and to understand how different explanatory variables affecting female wages have changed over time. To undertake the research, I considered two different years. First year, 1996, manifested the beginning of globalization in Czech Republic. Second year, 2017, manifested the current peak of globalization. Study utilized two micro datasets, Microcensus 1996, EU-SILC 2017 and sector level macro data. Decomposition of raw gender wage gap was undertaken with Oaxaca Blinder decomposition technique. Results reported that in both the years, female workers had better human capital characteristics and better returns to these characteristics. Therefore, contribution of endowment effect to gender wage gap was negative. Further, foreign direct investment inflows had a positive impact on female wages, but overall, male workers gained more from globalization in both the years. Lastly, female workers were concentrated in those sectors, which received lowest FDI inflows in both the years. This hints towards presence of occupation segregation in Czech economy, which has kept gender wage gap...