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Presently there are extremely high expectations on the railway in Sweden. As a result of the political will to strengthen the railways position in the transport market, a number of major railway projects have therefore been decided. However, the political ambition has also resulted in a greater need of capacity than before. Which has led to an overload of the Swedish railway network and therefore also wear of tracks, locomotives and wagons.Since the railway in comparison with for instance the car not always has been the most popular mode of transportation, then only a small part of the investment has been devoted to developing its system. This has resulted in matters and tasks within the area being greatly put aside. An example of a issue that has not been prioritized concerns guidelines for the shaping and usage of the walking ways on railway yards. At present, there are no guidelines for how these walking ways should look and be used, which has resulted in a number of injuries and accidents occurring among the workers.The purpose of this work is therefore to present new suggestions for the design and use of these walking ways. The goal has been to develop an overall assessment of the situation based on a visit to the railway yard in Hagalund, interviews with experts and an information gathering within the topic. This is intended to form the basis for the suggestions and in the future also for a safer environment for the workers.During the site visit to the depot in Hagalund, it was discovered that some of the walking ways in the yard were in need of maintenance. It turned out that they were not being filled up, because the stone fractions are considered to contaminate the macadam laying next to it. During the site visit, one saw how some of the streets disappeared among larger fractions and that there was macadam Class I on the yard, although it is not allowed to be there. With the help of the interviews, one could map out the reason why it looks like it does today at the depot in Hagalund. In the discussions with the various characters, there was clearly a need to renew and standardize the guidelines for how these walking ways should be built and maintained. With the help of the site visit and the interviews, our proposals for guidelines were developed. One proposal is at least a width of 0.7 m along streets intended for walking along existing tracks and 0.7-1 m along future ones.

<p>Indigenous populations have experienced vast travesties due to the impacts of colonialism. Colonialism continues to be perpetuated through the services, programs and policies that Indigenous people encounter. This research thesis tackles the question of how non-Indigenous social workers, professionals and interested parties can work with Indigenous people in appropriate and respectful ways. It also reviews how non-Indigenous people can work and think across difference. This research represents my journey towards decolonizing myself to find new ways of being White that are compatible with Indigenous knowledge systems and ways of knowing. Autoethnography, relevant literature and interviews were used to explore ways of working with Indigenous populations. Three participants who had been identified by an Indigenous academic as people who had worked with Indigenous populations in appropriate and respectful ways were interviewed in Canada. An analysis of the three semi in-depth interviews produced several recommendations for non-Indigenous people in working with Indigenous populations. Results acknowledge the complexity of working and thinking across difference. Suggestions for working with Indigenous populations are highlighted and include such themes as acknowledging tensions and privilege, understanding that there is a large diversity within Indigenous populations, recognizing that there are aspects of dominant ways of knowing that are compatible with Indigenous ways of knowing, the importance of not being afraid to take risks and of trying not to make assumptions. Decolonization is an uneasy pursuit that is fraught with tension and this research hopes to encourage other social workers, professionals and interested parties to engage in similar processes.</p> / Master of Social Work (MSW)

This licentiate thesis, When emotions are allowed to rule, a study on reading literature in a multicultural classroom in upper secondary school, attempts from a didactic perspective to understand literature reading in the school subject Swedish in the light of a multicultural and changing society. From a socio-cultural perspective, the study illustrates the teacher's choice of literature, the teacher's and the students' attitudes to literature, and the ways of reading that are being negotiated in the common reading and what opportunities for understanding and meaning making that are made available. The analyses are based on reception theories and have an underlying intercultural perspective. The study has been conducted in a class represented by students with many different mother tongues in the school subject Swedish during the first year at the natural science programme at an upper secondary school. The main methods are recordings of literature discussions, which have been documented by video and digital voice recorder, qualitative interviews with students and teacher, log books, and the students' novel reading logs. The empirical material is presented in two chapters. The first chapter, The conditions of the reading, focuses on the teacher's and the students' attitudes to literature and literature reading while the second chapter, The actual reading, brings forward the ways of reading that are being negotiated in the common reading of two novels in the class. The results show that there are several factors that are of importance to the understanding and the meaning making that are made possible in the teaching of literature. The students speak about experience oriented attitudes focusing on life experiences and cultural meetings. This differs from the teacher's attitude which is focused on providing the students with language skills and literary history education. The study shows how the reading of the novel Herakles (Kallifatides 2006) results in ethic ways of reading and a rejection of the text while the reading of the optional novel leads to a subjective reading and a common interpretation from ways of reading of enjoyment. The study discusses the importance of safeguarding the students' knowledge, experiences, and emotions and of making explicit their different ways of reading as well as the different readings of the teaching. Discussed further is the need for a teaching that catches and challenges the students' general and literary repertoires from various perspectives in order to provide context and contribute to an active meaning making. The study suggests a caring way of reading, which is characterised by interpretive communities focused on openness to the foreign and different view and a reading that strives towards a cognitive, moral, and emotional understanding.

This interdisciplinary study devised a Blues Methodology to investigate how a historically marginalized Black community conceives, practices and theorizes about citizenship in community-based pedagogical spaces (Douglas & Peck, 2013). Guiding questions were 1) How does a historically marginalized Black community conceive and practice citizenship? 2) How does the community’s conception and citizenship praxis compare to the dominant society’s conception? And 3) How can both conceptions inform citizenship education and citizenship research? To conduct this qualitative cultural study, I extended Clyde Woods’ Blues Epistemology and Sylvia Wynter’s theoretical construct of alterity into a methodology capable of illuminating the community’s culturally indigenous knowledge (ways of knowing) using cultural tools meaningful to them. Blues Methodology is a community-based inquiry approach employing a reflective researcher strategy that positions researcher in dialogue with community members to uncover culturally indigenous ways of knowing as well as hegemonic perspectives and community agency. The historically marginalized Black community of focus is located in “The South” where inhumane violence was routinely practiced against Africans and African Americans during and after enslavement. Terrorism was particularly brutal due to the intense labor required by the agrarian economy. Marginalization is a lasting legacy of enslavement, Jim Crow and structurally other forms of embedded racism. Twelve long term multigenerational community residents ranging in age from 17 to 80 years old, participated in this study. Two types of data were collected: oral and written. Oral data were collected from conversations and interviews with participants, written introspective data were collected from journaling. Researcher reflections also consisted of conversations with fictional characters who were constructed to protect my relationship with community participants and present childhood experiences that informed the research. Findings reveal that community conceptions of citizenship foster belonging and identity. Citizens theorized about their social economic historical political selves in the context of the local landscape. In contrast, the dominant society’s citizenship conception is an inclusion/exclusion dialectic that generically defines citizens selectively while excluding swaths of the U.S. population from curricula thus devaluing certain students and communities and relegating their knowledge to the margins at the expense of human freedom.

The prevailing discourses around refugees often serve to position them as ignorant, incapable, and needing to be assimilated into the dominant culture of receiving societies. The limited research devoted to refugees shows that they struggle in schools and on standardized tests of achievement, are underemployed, and live in poverty. Refugee women, in particular, often contend with multiple linguistic, gendered, and racialized forms of discrimination, as they navigate transnational spaces and lives in resettlement. However, this qualitative study sought to counter deficit discourses around refugee women in resettlement by critically investigating and illuminating their everyday lives and literacy practices. The participants were nine refugee women, aged 16 to 31, who engaged in an out-of-school book club over a six-month period. Sociocultural, dialogic, poststructural, feminist, and transnational theories informed this study. Critical ethnographic approaches and New Literacy Studies perspectives influenced the research process and data gathering. Qualitative data were collected from audio and video recordings of book club meetings, meeting transcripts, and researcher field notes. The data were analyzed using qualitative coding and narrative methods. The themes identified from the analysis were that participants (1) shaped and used the book club as a dialogic, border practice and space; (2) navigated and negotiated shifting and changing subjectivities and took up multi/plural identities; (3) used multiple languages and literacies as practices and resources; and (4) were living here-and-there, transnational and dialogic lives. The findings suggest that educators can foster refugee women’s English language learning and multiple literacies in three key ways: by creating learning spaces that are flexible, contingent, dialogic, and collaborative; by recognizing students’ sociocultural contexts and funds of knowledge; and by affording opportunities for students to position themselves as knowers and teachers.

The title of the thesis is forbidden means and ways of conducting armed conflicts. Obviously, this topic is too broad, so thesis is focused on the issue of chemical and biological weapons. These devices are among the weapons of mass destruction and undoubtedly pose one of the major dangers of the contemporary world. The overall goal of this work is to provide perspective on the issue of chemical and biological weapons from a historical perspective and particularly from a perspective of the international law. International legal documents are viewed in historical and political context. Through this analysis of international treaties, we can "effectively" consider their impacts and responses in a "real world". The first part of the thesis serves as a historical introduction with some interesting chapters from early history of chemical and biological weapons. The second part deals with the birth of these weapons in a new and modern form in the 19th century. Great attention is paid to the period of the World War I. It was in this global conflict in which chemical weapons were used in their modern form and in the most massive form at the same time. In next chapters, this thesis examines how chemical and biological weapons and their international legal regulation evolved during the 20th century,...

As pequenas aglomerações urbanas, nos estudos sobre cidades, na Geografia, durante longo tempo, estiveram relegadas a um plano inferior de relevância em relação à pesquisa da metrópole e do entorno metropolitano. Algumas análises encontram a essência da pequena a partir de estudos da economia regional, sendo que, apenas nas últimas décadas, alguns grupos de pesquisas, relacionados à Geografia Urbana ou aos estudos regionais, incorporaram a análise da pequena para a compreensão da rede urbana. Nossa discussão, a partir do caso de Caarapó (pequena cidade localizada a Sul do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul) buscou analisar os sentidos históricos da formação do aglomerado, seus modos de vida, em se ressaltou a recente expansão da industrialização da agricultura e as alterações nos modos de vida tradicionais. Para a efetivação dessa pesquisa, coletamos muitas informações a campo para a compreensão da história da cidade e da importância do campo para a cidade e vice-versa. Na investigação a campo, alcançamos o entendimento de que a cidade desempenha importante significado para o campo, especialmente para a agricultura camponesa, na comercialização de insumos, serviços ou mesmo no comércio varejista. Também o campo congrega a possibilidade de reprodução de muitas atividades urbanas, especialmente no setor terciário, sendo perceptíveis seus reflexos, tanto em termos de desenvolvimento econômico quanto pelas crises impactando as atividades urbanas. No caso da cidade de Caarapó, ficara marcada a presença do campo na cidade. Muitas áreas urbanas, ainda, se colocam para atividades agrárias, onde existem pequenas chácaras dentro da cidade inclusive. Os modos de vida dos moradores que, no início, se mantinham mais fechados e vinculados ao campo vêm passando por transformações, como na ideologia da industrialização do campo com significado na cidade, impactando, por exemplo, a expansão imobiliária acompanhada pela especulação, em alterações das paisagens urbanas e no uso dos equipamentos coletivos. / Small urban agglomerations in studies on cities in the Geography area have long been relegated to a lower level plan of relevance in relation to the research of the metropolis and to metropolitan environment. Some analyses find the essence of the small agglomeration based in studies of the regional economy. However, it was only in recent decades that some research groups related to Urban Geography or related to regional studies incorporated an analysis of small agglomeration to the understanding of the urban network. As far as the case of Caarapó (a small town in the South of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul) is concerned, our discussion aimed at analyzing the historical meanings of the cluster formation, their ways of life; hence, being possible to highlight the recent expansion of the industrialization of agriculture and amendments to the traditional ways of life. For the fulfillment of this research, we collected a great amount of field information so as to understand the history of the town, and the importance of the countryside for the town and vice versa. In the field research, we reached the understanding that the city has an important role in the countryside, particularly in the peasant agriculture inputs, in the trading of inputs, services, or even in retail trade. The field embraces the possibility of reproducing many urban activities, especially in the tertiary sector in which their reflexes are noticeable, both in terms of economic development and the urban crisis that impact on the activities. In the case of the town of Caarapó, there will always be the marked presence of the countryside in the town. Many urban areas still arise for agrarian activities, where there are small farms within the city. The ways of life of the dwellers, which in the beginning remained more closed and bound to the field, have been undergoing transformations, like in the ideology of industrialization of the field with a meaning in the city, and impacting, for example, on the real state expansion followed by speculation on changes of urban landscapes and on the use of collective equipment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Maria Martinelli Elias.pdf: 754135 bytes, checksum: 5e882d535271d981010a52e346eaf0c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This Thesis has as subject an historical study of the Portuguese language based on the use of the principles of the Linguistic Historiography and propose to examine , in request letters, how the grammatical thoughts in regard to ways of treatment establish itself in the building of the brazilian social memory. The object of it is also identify how the ways of treatment, in a written document, becomes a way to reveal the social status played by the ones who are involved in the interlocution, leaving marked the functions that exert issuing and receiver in the social hierarchy. It investigates, still, the relation of the lexical choice and the use of the modulators done by the issuing as a way to set up the social paper of the involved in the communication. Having as theme the ways of treatments, present at letters made in the second half of the XIX century, the issuing permeate, in his text, linguistics features that fix the character of a loot language and, at the same time, conservative, according to the level of formalities between issuing and receiver. It starts from the presuppose that latter is a linguistic-historical document. Because of it, due to its extent and its assorted possibilities of use, it sends us to different areas of activities, and the personal correspondence is one of them. The social papers fixed in this letters are building through the ways of treatment. The choice of a determined way of treatment, done by the issuing, is associated with assorted factors, such as, intimacy, education, affection, power of hierarchy, reverence and solidarity. The hypothesis that motivate this present study is proved as long as it was confirmed that the use of the ways of treatment in those letters are factor which are constituted in the Brazilian social memory and that the way of interdiction between people was stamping, in a relationship, the level of approximation between them. By the choice of the ways of treatment it became possible to notice hat the election of a determined way of treatment is done because of social features of the speakers. The treatment expressions have the power to go beyond the limits of grammatical standards, breaking off, sometimes, the conventional rules that impose the use of a specific treatment in such a formal situation. The portuguese language in use in Brazil shows its identity through the social and cultural features, whose display way is the ways of treatment / Esta tese tem por tema um estudo histórico da língua portuguesa, fundamentado pelo emprego dos princípios da Historiografia Lingüística e propõe examinar, em cartas de pedido, como o pensamento gramatical referente às formas de tratamento se constitui na construção da memória social brasileira. Objetivou-se, também, identificar como as formas de tratamento, em um documento escrito, tornam-se reveladoras do status social desempenhado pelos envolvidos na interlocução, deixando marcadas as funções que exercem emissor e receptor na hierarquia social. Investiga-se, ainda, nesta tese, a relação da escolha lexical e do uso dos modalizadores feitas pelo emissor como forma de estabelecer o papel social dos envolvidos na comunicação. Tematizada pelas formas de tratamento, presentes em cartas produzidas na segunda metade do século XIX, o emissor permeia, em seu texto, traços lingüísticos que fixam o caráter de uma língua despojada e, ao mesmo tempo, conservadora, de acordo com o nível de formalidade entre emissor e receptor. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a carta é um documento histórico-lingüístico. Por isso, devido à sua amplitude e às suas várias possibilidades de uso, remete-nos a diferentes campos de atividades, sendo a correspondência pessoal uma dessas possibilidades. Os papéis sociais fixados nas cartas são construídos por meio das formas de tratamento. A escolha de uma determinada forma de tratamento, feita pelo emissor, associa-se a fatores diversos, como, intimidade, polidez, afetividade, poder hierarquia, reverência e solidariedade. A hipótese que motivou este estudo é comprovada, na medida em que se confirmou que o uso das formas de tratamento presente nas cartas são fatores constitutivos da memória social brasileira e que a forma de interlocução entre as pessoas marcavam, em um relacionamento, o nível de aproximação entre elas. Pela escolha das formas de tratamento tornou-se possível observar-se que a eleição de uma determinada forma de tratamento se realiza em função de aspectos de ordem social dos interlocutores. As expressões de tratamento têm a força de ultrapassar os limites da normatividade gramatical, rompendo, por vezes, com as regras convencionais que ditam o emprego de um certo tratamento em uma situação de formalidade. A língua portuguesa em uso no Brasil manifesta a sua identidade, por meio de aspectos socioculturais, cuja forma de manifestação se dá, pelas formas de tratamento

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-02-02T00:33:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o capa dura_vers?oFinal_2016.pdf: 1927041 bytes, checksum: 0a489d600ca01f2f20c65df9b4ec777b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-02T00:33:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o capa dura_vers?oFinal_2016.pdf: 1927041 bytes, checksum: 0a489d600ca01f2f20c65df9b4ec777b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28 / This research investigated how the ways of being young to configure and reconfigure the school-context. In this sense, from the qualitative approach, in dialogue with the methodolog-ical perspective of meanings Network and Cartographic Research, sought to capture speeches, expressions and youth practices that are established in the young-school interaction, consider-ing contextual, subjective and specific aspects the reality investigated. The Production of the data was outlining in a fabric characterized procedurally in a mesh composed of nature, of semiotic elements - contexts, interactions and discursive practices through unsystematic ob-servations in a public school, with records in field diary and discussion groups, which told with the participation of eight young people from the institution. Also, I used the photographs production to subsidize the construction of narratives about what was experienced. This me-thodological approach was used at times as a strategy to promote the conversation with young people, and at the end, as a perspective to present data, from three scenes: sociability among young people; expressions of youth protagonism and be young, being a student. Young people have shown that sociability, that is, the relationship with peers, take on different dimensions: affective, reflective and formative. The encounter with the other and the conversations in the school environment, respond to different demands: help in coping of the dilemmas and chal-lenges; possible moves beyond itself; promote the place of dialogue / understanding and lead to the recognition of self and other. Survey participants revealed the potential of the expres-sions of youth protagonism at school through participation in collective bodies, dialogue and discursive participation as a form of resistance to silencing political and verticalized power relations that are established at school. Thus, these young people take discursive, political, aesthetic and educational places, reconfiguring the school logic and constituting sometimes positions and practices not provided institutionally. The conditions of being a student and be-ing young, to being configured in ambivalent contexts, demarcate the relationship between young people and the school context as a space marked by tensions, limits, strengths and pos-sibilities. Young people transiting the striated and smooth space, and thus, now undergoing, sometimes negotiating, sometimes escape, giving new meaning and reconfiguring the context of which they are part. So is the resistance, the (non) participation, the desire and the need to build other spaces of sociability/training beyond the classroom and the student condition, young people insist and print at school, although the edges and escapes, brands and youthful expressions. / Esta disserta??o investigou como os modos de ser jovem se configuram e reconfiguram o con-texto-escola. Neste sentido, a partir da abordagem de natureza qualitativa, em di?logo com a perspectiva metodol?gica da Rede de Significa??es e da Pesquisa Cartogr?fica, busquei cap-turar discursos, express?es e pr?ticas juvenis que se estabelecem na intera??o jovem-escola, considerando aspectos contextuais, subjetivos e espec?ficos ? realidade investigada. A produ-??o dos dados foi se delineando processualmente, em uma malha composta por elementos de natureza semi?tica - contextos, intera??es e pr?ticas discursivas, atrav?s de observa??es assis-tem?ticas realizadas em uma escola p?blica, com registros no di?rio de campo e os grupos de discuss?o, que contaram com a participa??o de oito jovens da referida institui??o. Al?m disso, utilizei a produ??o de fotografias para subsidiar a constru??o de narrativas sobre o que foi vi-venciado. Esse recurso metodol?gico foi usado, em alguns momentos, como estrat?gia para promover a conversa com os jovens, e ao final, como uma perspectiva para apresentar os da-dos, a partir de tr?s cenas: sociabilidades entre os jovens; express?es do protagonismo juvenil e ser jovem, ser aluno. Os jovens mostraram que as sociabilidades, ou seja, a rela??o com os pares, assumem diferentes dimens?es: afetiva, reflexiva e formativa. O encontro com o outro e as conversas no ambiente escolar, respondem ? diferentes demandas: ajudam no enfretamento dos dilemas e desafios; possibilitam movimentos para al?m de si; promovem o lugar do di?logo/compreens?o e provocam o reconhecimento de si e do outro. Os participantes da pes-quisa revelaram o potencial das express?es do protagonismo juvenil no espa?o escolar, atrav?s da participa??o em inst?ncias coletivas, do di?logo e da participa??o discursiva como forma de resist?ncia ?s pol?ticas de silenciamento e ?s rela??es de poder verticalizadas que se instauram na escola. Assim, esses jovens assumem lugares discursivos, pol?ticos, est?ticos e pedag?gicos, reconfigurando a l?gica escolar e constituindo, por vezes, posi??es e pr?ticas n?o previstas institucionalmente. As condi??es de ser aluno e ser jovem, ao se configurarem em contextos ambivalentes, demarcam a rela??o entre os jovens e o contexto-escola como um espa?o marcado por tens?es, limites, resist?ncias e possibilidades. Os jovens transitam pelo espa?o estriado e liso, e, desse modo, ora se submetem, ora negociam, ora escapam, ressignificando e reconfigurando o contexto do qual fazem parte. Assim, seja pela resist?ncia, pela (n?o) participa??o, pelo desejo e a necessidade de constru?rem outros espa?os de sociabilida-des/formativos, para al?m da sala de aula e da condi??o de aluno, os jovens insistem e impri-mem na escola, ainda que pelas bordas e escapes, marcas e express?es juvenis.