Comparative research on event memory has typically focused on the binding of spatial and temporal information in memory, but much less is known about how animals remember information about the source of their memories (i.e., whether the event is something they performed themselves or whether they observed it). The purpose of the present study was to examine how rhesus monkeys (n = 8) and 3- to 4- year-old children (n = 20) remember this information along with other relevant event features (object identity, spatial location, temporal properties and contextual features) in working memory. In Experiment 1, rhesus monkeys completed five different delayed matching-to-sample tasks to assess independent encoding of these five event components. In Experiment 2, the monkeys either performed or observed an event and then had to respond to a randomly selected pair of memory tests used in the previous experiment. In Experiment 3, children were presented with the same memory task, but were given a brief demonstration to learn how to perform the task. Both children and monkeys responded to these tests using photos and shapes (for the identity and spatial tests) and icons (for the temporal, agency and context tests). The monkeys demonstrated significantly above-chance performance on the identity, spatial, temporal and agency tasks. The children were above chance on the one component the monkeys had difficulty with (context), but conversely demonstrated difficulty on the temporal memory test. There was evidence of feature integration in both monkeys and children. Specifically, the children were significantly more likely to respond correctly to the second memory test if they had also been correct on the first memory test. Two of five rhesus monkeys also showed this effect, indicating that for these individuals, the features were integrated in working memory. Implications of this research are discussed in relation to self-awareness and episodic memory research in children and nonhuman species.

This thesis examines the representation of Italy and Italians in Henry James’ Daisy Miller and E.M. Forster’s Where Angels Fear to Tread. In a close reading of the two novels, with the use of the theory of the Triangle of Representation and the concept of Imperialist nostalgia, recurring themes in connection to the Grand Tour have been found. While both novels have already been studied in connection to the concepts of freedom, family, and homosexuality, not much has been written about the novels in connection to the Grand Tour studies and representation. Divided into three sections, this paper first defines representation and Christopher Prendergast’s Triangle of Representation, both in close connection to the concept of the gaze. Then, it gives a short historical context of the Grand Tour, to give the reader the necessary background for understanding both of the analysed novels. It then continues explaining the idea of nostalgia and, more specifically, Renato Ronaldo’s concept of Imperialist nostalgia. Finally, the paper analyses the two novels in detail in connection to the mentioned theory, connecting the two authors to the Grand Tour and their experiences in Italy.

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Uppsatsen tar sitt avstamp i en våldtäktsdiskurs där förövaren osynliggörs och den utsatta utmålas som ansvarig. Syftet är att undersöka hur manlighet konstrueras i kampanjen ”Where Do You Stand?” i förhållande till hegemonisk maskulinitet. En semiotisk analys av kampanjens bildmaterial kopplas till rådande diskurser om maskulinitet och teoretisk inspiration hämtas från representations- och genusteori. Dessutom presenteras en bakgrund som behandlar mäns syn på våldtäktsmän, hur mäns våld har en direkt koppling till alkohol och manlig samvaro, och en diskussion kring den nya feministiska mannen. Bilderna analyseras utifrån ett semiotiskt och diskursivt perspektiv. De fyra bilderna tar på många sätt avstånd från rådande våldtäktsdiskurs och försöker skapa en mer rättvisande bild av sexuella övergrepp än den som syns i media, och en ny sorts manlighet som inte är beroende av styrka och våld, men misslyckas i sin okritiska representation av män som något annat än goda allierade. Representationerna speglar på många sätt den rådande hegemonin genom sina bestämda kroppsuttryck och blickar.

Thesis title: Urgent and unrepeatable acts Abstract Urgent and unrepeatable acts are procedural acts of criminal proceedings that have two opposite aspects. On the one hand, there is an interest in combating crime, and an urgent or unrepeatable act can help law enforcement authorities to obtain evidence that might not be possible to prove at later stages of the criminal proceedings (whether after the prosecution or the proceedings before court), if the law enforcement authorities did not intervene without undue delay. On the other hand, the urgent and unrepeatable acts could be a significant interference with the rights of the defense, especially in cases where they are carried out before the prosecution begins. This is why there are special provision on the requirements for urgent or unrepeatable acts in the Criminal Procedure Code. The aim of the thesis was to analyze selected questions within the topic of urgent and unrepeatable acts, which are currently discussed mainly due to their insufficient legal regulation, and to propose de lege ferenda solution, if possible. These sub-themes included: (i) the requirements of the urgent and unrepeatable acts, in particular with regards to the misconduct of law enforcement authorities in meeting the requirement of proper justification of the urgency and...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Bal.pdf: 1502665 bytes, checksum: 5df7721487fa5bde58d28dc7baca8e04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This Doctoral Dissertation seeks to find the No-Where , starting and finishing point whence the Neoplatonic philosophers - Plotinus, Iamblichus and Damascius - wrote, when faced with the Ineffable Presence of That One which attracts us with Its Silence and Who, instead of silencing, becomes loquacious indicators of that which hides behind that which is said and that which no language is able to contemplate without betraying itself. We will start by investigating, in Part I, Plotinus Cataphatic and Apophatic languages (Chapters One and Two, respectively) from the exegesis of Plato s Parmenides, especially its first hypotheses. Departing from Plotinus One we will analyze the enigmatic aspect of mystical language until we understand, with Plotinus, that it is just another manner for seeing that which those who contemplate the highest and whose mystical language alludes to, through grammar resources, such as the adverbs of place and superlatives, embodied through the language of Love, whose breach opens cracks through which we communicate something that is possible by means of images, metaphors and analogies, until we are forced to use the so called negative, apophatic or aphairetic language. Plato s Parmenides, as a turning point, united at a distance - the perspectives of our interlocutors weaving thus, in an invisible woof, the same we supposed existed from the very beginning, but whose name we did not know, but which revealed itself to us in a simple and instantaneous manner, because it was there, present, in each one of them, its own way. In Part II of this work, we will work the language of Transcendence. The very specific way each one of them developed a personal philosophical corpus departing from the hypotheses of Plato s Parmenides reveals that very thing that the dialog intends to arouse: the ascetic course both of the disciple (for Plotinus) and of the pilgrim (for Iamblichus). In its limit, the aporia brings about, in Damascius discourse (Chapter Three), an inversion, by means of which language twist and turns itself until it becomes utterly exausted when, leaving everything that had been aggregated to thought, we find ourselves all alone, faced with our nothingness. With nothing left, before the abyss, in this instant , hurled forward because we still had not found the No-Where , we meet Iamblichus (Chapter Four), which presents us with the chance of returning, no more by means of our own efforts, but, inspired by the Caldaic Oracles, through Teurgy as complement to Philosophy and not in opposition to it, having reached the limit to which the latter had led us, in the dialog with Plato s Parmenides, it promotes a shift in Plato s Parmenidean paradigm, revealing that which it was supposed to give birth to, and which was beforehand veiled, and which is up to the instant to reveal / Esta tese de doutorado busca encontrar o Não-lugar , ponto de partida e de chegada a partir do qual escreveram os filósofos neoplatônicos Plotino, Jâmblico e Damáscio, ao se depararem com a Presença Inefável Daquele que nos atrai com o seu Silêncio e que, ao invés de se calarem, tornam-se loquazes indicadores do que se esconde por trás do que é dito e que linguagem alguma consegue contemplar sem trair a si própria. Começaremos por investigar, na primeira parte deste estudo, a linguagem catafática e apofática de Plotino (1º e 2º Capítulos, respectivamente) a partir da exegese do Parmênides de Platão, especialmente a primeira hipótese. A partir do Um de Plotino vislumbraremos o aspecto enigmático da linguagem mística até entendermos, com Plotino, tratar-se de outra maneira de ver aquela de quem contempla o mais alto e que a linguagem mística alude através de recursos gramaticais, tais como os advérbios de lugar e superlativos, e que se concretizam através da linguagem do Amor, cuja brecha abre fendas por meio das quais nos comunicamos, o que é possível por meio de imagens, metáforas e analogias até sermos forçados a utilizar a linguagem negativa, apofática e afairética. O Parmênides de Platão, como um divisor de águas, aproximou - à distância - as perspectivas de nossos interlocutores tecendo uma trama invisível, a mesma que vislumbrávamos existir desde o início, mas que desconhecíamos o nome, que veio a se revelar a nós de modo simples e instantâneo, porque estava ali presente, em cada um deles, à sua maneira. Na segunda parte deste estudo trabalharemos a linguagem da Transcendência. A maneira muito particular como cada um deles desenvolveu um corpo filosófico próprio, a partir das hipóteses do Parmênides, revela aquilo mesmo que o diálogo pretende suscitar: o percurso ascético tanto do discípulo (para Plotino) quanto do peregrino (para Jâmblico). Em seu limite, a aporia realiza, no discurso de Damáscio (3º capítulo), uma inversão, por meio da qual a linguagem se contorce e inverte até a mais completa exaustão quando, abandonando tudo o que havíamos agregado ao pensar, nos encontramos sós e diante de nosso nada. Sem mais nada, diante do abismo, neste instante , arremeçados adiante porque ainda não havíamos encontrado o Não-lugar encontramos Jâmblico (4º capítulo), que nos brinda com a possibilidade de retorno, não mais através de nossos esforços, mas, inspirado pelos Oráculos Caldáicos, na teurgia como complemento da filosofia e não em oposição à mesma, tendo ido até o extremo em que esta pode nos conduzir, no diálogo com o Parmênides de Platão, promove uma mudança do paradigma parmenideano de Platão, revelando aquilo que lhe coube trazer à luz e que estava antes encoberto, o que só o instante pode revelar

Hotet mot Sveriges säkerhet ser idag annorlunda ut än för 20 år sedan. Därför har Försvarsmakten infört ett nytt personalförsörjningssystem av soldater byggt på frivillighet. De närmsta åren behöver organisationen rekrytera 3 250 kontinuerligt tjänstgörande och 4 650 tidvis tjänstgörande gruppbefäl, soldater och sjömän. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur gymnasieungdomar boende i en garnisonsort ställde sig till möjligheten att söka anställning som soldat i Försvarsmakten, både inom de lokala förbanden och inom övriga förband i Sverige. Studien skulle utvisa vilka gymnasieungdomar som kunde tänka sig en soldatanställning i hemorten vilket syftade till att ge en fingervisning för ungefär hur många man kunde tänkas rekrytera inom kommunen samt för att underlätta lokal rekrytering till soldatbefattningarna. Undersökningen genomfördes som en kvantitativ studie där en enkätundersökning besvarades av 83 gymnasieungdomar på en gymnasieskola i Boden. Svarsfrekvensen var 55 % och resultatet visade att 17 % av de tillfrågade kunde tänka sig att söka anställning som soldat på orten samt att ungefär lika många även kunde tänka sig att söka soldatanställning på någon annan garnisonsort. Den andel som var intresserad av soldatanställning lokalt värdesätter variation i arbetet. De vill att arbetet ska vara utmanande och intressant och anser att det är viktigare att de har trevliga arbetskamrater, kamratskap och ett arbete i team än att arbetet är bra betalt. De lägger också stor vikt vid att det är bra chefer vid arbetsplatsen. För att lyckas med den lokala rekryteringen av soldater återstår det för Försvarsmakten att få ut budskapet att dessa faktorer inryms i soldatyrket. / The threat against Swedish security is different today than it was 20 years ago. Consequently the Swedish Armed Forces introduced a new system to sign up soldiers, built on voluntary participation. Over the next few years the organization need to recruit 3 250 continuously, and 4 650 occasionally serving squad leaders, soldiers and sailors. The aim of this paper was to examine attitudes towards employment as a soldier in the Swedish Armed Forces among High School students, living in a district where regiments are located. The study adress at both local units and other units in Sweden. The paper also meant to show which High School students that could consider serving as soldiers in the local units to give a hint about how many local soldiers the regiments in the area would be able to recruit and to facilitate recruitment of local personnel. To examine this, a quantitative study was performed in which 83 High School students in Boden answered a questionnaire. The response rate was 55 % and the results showed that 17 % of the students could consider serving as soldiers within the local units and almost as many would also consider serving in other units in Sweden. The students who were interested in local employment appreciated a job with shifting working tasks. They wanted a work which was challenging and interesting and they thought that it was more important to have nice fellow workers, friendship and teamwork than to have a good salary. Also, it was of great importance for them to have good commanders at work. To succeed with the local recruitment of soldiers the Swedish Armed Forces need to stress that the soldier profession contain all these factors.

Often considered to be apolitical playwrights, Samuel Beckett and Tom Stoppard each dedicated dramatic works to dissident Czech playwright (and later President) Václav Havel in the late 1970s and early 1980s—during his imprisonment for his role in writing and distributing the dissident document Charter 77. These dramatic works, with a few others, collectively mark simultaneous, parallel shifts in Beckett’s and Stoppard’s careers toward uncharacteristically explicit political engagement. This report examines these works—Beckett’s Catastrophe and What Where, and Stoppard’s Every Good Boy Deserves Favor and Professional Foul—through the lens of Havel’s political philosophy, especially as expressed in his 1978 essay “The power of the powerless.” This report argues that Havel’s model of apolitical resistance to injustice, a model he calls “living in truth,” expresses humanist values that these playwrights had long affirmed in their art. Their shared moral vision, along with sympathy for Havel’s plight under a totalitarian regime that distorted language as a tool of oppression, was the catalyst for their new, direct involvement in political matters. The report establishes the historical context of the Soviet-dominated Communist regime in Czechoslovakia, along with relevant biographical and professional narratives for each figure. It then examines closely this selection of Beckett’s and Stoppard’s dramatic works and their shared thematic concerns, and demonstrates how they artistically embody and communicate Havel’s model of “living in truth.” / text

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The thesis is focused on the implementation of method of content and language integrated learning in mathematics in the small school where several grades are taught in one class. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part deals with issues related to teaching of vocational subject in the foreign language. I define CLIL and show the opening implementation of teaching of this method in schools in the Czech Republic. Then, I concern the advantages and disadvantages of this method, the suitability of different subjects and to implement different variants of CLIL, which I can use while teaching at different stages of education in the Czech school system. The main aim of the practical part is to create educational materials and individual plans of lessons for teaching a curriculum of mathematics in English at the first stage of the primary school for grades 4 and 5, implementation of this method to teaching in selected small school and confirmation or refutation the statements of the authors of publications that, if implemented CLIL teaching at schools, it brings indisputable advantages for the whole educational process.