近年來在運用雙界二分選擇法(double-bounded dichotomous choice elicitation method)來估計受訪者願付價格(willingness to pay)的研究中，不再僅局限於單一非市場財貨的探討。這類型的模型中雖然納入了相關性的考量，但並未考慮財貨的願付價格間可能存在明確的大小關係。再者，針對抗議性樣本，以往的作法多半是丟棄不用，然而這顯然不是理想的作法。本文中，我們將建構一個模型來同時探討這兩項議題。此外我們也利用「竹東及朴子地區心臟血管疾病長期追蹤研究」第五循環中「肥胖之願付價格」的資料來進行實證分析。結果顯示，居住於竹東、有工作、曾以特定活動控制體重的受訪者願意支付較高的金額來參加減肥療程。 / Recent studies on estimating WTP prices in terms of the double-bounded dichotomous choice elicitation method are no longer restricted to the situations that discuss only one non-market good. Although a couple of models have been proposed to take the correlations into consideration when multiple scenarios are presented to the respondents, none of them pay attention to the possibilities that the prices themselves might be inherently ordered. This is one of the issues that need to be addressed. Another is about the protest samples. A common but apparently problematic approach is simply ignoring them completely. In this study, we propose a model that is able to take care of both issues simultaneously. In addition, the model is used to estimate WTP values for data collected in CVDFACTS about two weight loss treatments. The results indicate that respondents residing in Chu-Dong County, employed, and ever tried any weight controlled programs are willing to pay a higher price for the new treatments.

Univ., Diss.--Stockholm, 2006. / Enth. 3 Beitr.

This study uses conjoint analysis to examine the preferences of buyers for Bureau of Land Management (BLM) wild horses based on physical attributes of wild horses and individual characteristics of the buyers. Generalized ordered logit models and multinomial logit models are used to study the impact of the buyers’ demographic characteristics such as age, gender, knowledge about wild horse care, and number of wild horses previously adopted on physical attributes of the horses such as color, age, height, training status, temperament, conformation, and unique markings. Using a choice experiment, taken together, these attributes determine buyer’s preferences for a wild horse. This study reveals that characteristics of buyers have significant effects on their preferences for wild horses. Their gender, age, knowledge about wild horse care, and the number of horses previously adopted influence the importance that buyers place on physical attributes of a wild horse in their decision to purchase a wild horse.

The stockholm county proposed legislation in 2010 on the use of studded tires in the city. The aim of the policy was to reduce the use of studded tires by 50 percent. The research question investigates the authenticity of the policy where it was hypothesized that the net social benefits for the imposition of this charge was less than or equal to zero. Emperical literatures were chosen systematically and with the help of theories on welfare economics, a meta analysis was employed quantifying cost and benefits of all outcomes. The findings shows that the NSB is less than zero meaning that it was a wise decision to reject the proposal.

No description available.

No description available.

Viele Kirchenbauten erweisen sich als beliebte touristische Stätten. Dazu gehören Wallfahrtskirchen ebenso wie Kirchen, die als kulturtouristische Attraktionen bestechen und/oder an gut frequentierten touristischen Wegen liegen. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum kirchentouristischen Angebot fokussieren auf bestimmte touristische bzw. tourismusrelevante Angebotsleistungen (z.B. Kirchenführungen), lassen jedoch umfassende angebotstheoretische Ansätze vermissen. Auf der touristischen Nachfrageseite liegt eine Vielzahl von Publikationen zu Besuchsmotiven und Erlebnissen von Kirchentouristen vor. Hingegen ist nur wenig über Werteinstellungen touristischer Kirchenbesucher gegenüber den von ihnen besuchten Stätten bekannt. Die vorliegende Dissertation kategorisiert aus tourismusökonomischer Perspektive heraus die typischen Leistungsbestandteile einer Kirche in ihrer Funktion als touristische Attraktion, identifiziert die von touristischen Kirchenbesuchern zugeschriebenen Werteattribute und entwickelt ein Modell von Kirchenbauten als touristischen Leistungs- und Wertebündeln (bzw. wertebasierten Tourismusprodukten). Auch beleuchtet die Arbeit individuelle Zahlungsbereitschaften im Kirchentourismus, die sowohl als monetäre Bewertungsinstrumente für Werteattribute von Kirchenbauten fungieren als auch die Akzeptanz besucherbezogener Finanzierungsinstrumente (z.B. Eintrittsgelder, Besucherspenden) zum (Unt)Erhalt von Kirchenbauten widerspiegeln. Im Rahmen einer empirischen Fallstudie zu drei ausgewählten Kirchenbauten in Sachsen erfolgt eine Analyse monetärer wie nicht-monetärer Wertekategorien hinsichtlich ihrer Ausprägungen bei touristischen Besuchern. Im Zuge einer Clusterzentrenanalyse ergeben sich mehrere Besuchertypen mit charakteristischen Wertemustern. Die Fallstudie zeigt auf, dass für die überwiegende Anzahl der Kirchentouristen nicht nur unmittelbare nutzungsbezogene Nutzenwerte von Kirchenbauten von Belang sind, sondern auch Werteattribute, die über die punktuelle touristische Nutzung hinausgehen und auf den Erhalt der betreffenden Kirchenbauten abzielen („Erhaltungswerte“). Die vorliegende Arbeit plädiert für den Einbezug von Nutzungs- als auch Erhaltungswerten in die touristische Angebots- und Kommunikationspolitik. Damit liefert sie einen Ansatz für ein wertebasiertes Attraktionsmanagement von Kirchenbauten und anderen (religiös-)kulturellen Tourismusattraktionen.

The aim of this study is to determine the value of the Big 5 from a visitor’s perspective. This study will focus on determining the stated preference or contingent value (CV) of the Big 5 through a survey of tourists’, visiting the Kruger National Park, willingness to pay (WTP) for the conservation. The CV method is based on the principle of stated preferences, since participants are asked to state how much they are willing to pay for specific goods or services. Literature indicates that there is a relationship between education, income, professional standing, marital status, age, characteristics of visit, number of children and nationality and a tourist’s willingness to pay. By estimating the effect these variables have on a tourist’s willingness to pay will assist parks and private game reserves in future decisions concerning the conservation of wildlife. Additionally this information is also invaluable for marketing as well as pricing purposes since it gives a specific monetary value. The study found that visitors to the Kruger National Park (KNP) assigned a significant amount (34.64%) of total average spending to experience the Big 5. The value per species also differed. The main determinants of visitors’ willingness-to-pay for simply viewing the Big 5 include age, the marital status and the role of the Big 5 during decision to visit the KNP. Noticeable differences between international literature and this research are the determinants like education, income, age and country of residence. / Thesis (MCom (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The aim of this study is to determine the value of the Big 5 from a visitor’s perspective. This study will focus on determining the stated preference or contingent value (CV) of the Big 5 through a survey of tourists’, visiting the Kruger National Park, willingness to pay (WTP) for the conservation. The CV method is based on the principle of stated preferences, since participants are asked to state how much they are willing to pay for specific goods or services. Literature indicates that there is a relationship between education, income, professional standing, marital status, age, characteristics of visit, number of children and nationality and a tourist’s willingness to pay. By estimating the effect these variables have on a tourist’s willingness to pay will assist parks and private game reserves in future decisions concerning the conservation of wildlife. Additionally this information is also invaluable for marketing as well as pricing purposes since it gives a specific monetary value. The study found that visitors to the Kruger National Park (KNP) assigned a significant amount (34.64%) of total average spending to experience the Big 5. The value per species also differed. The main determinants of visitors’ willingness-to-pay for simply viewing the Big 5 include age, the marital status and the role of the Big 5 during decision to visit the KNP. Noticeable differences between international literature and this research are the determinants like education, income, age and country of residence. / Thesis (MCom (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

利用條件評估法 (contingent valuation method) 來評估非市場財貨之市場隱含價值時，雙界二分選擇法 (doubled-bound dichotomous choice method) 為最普遍的詢價方式。近年來，藉由此詢價方式來估計受訪者心目中的願付價值 (willingness to pay) 之研究中，更將此方法推廣至同時估計兩個以上且具有相關性的非市場財貨。只是文獻中的相關探討多半忽略其間的相關性，此外所採用的模型也有可能導致估計的願付價值會有小於零的情形產生。因此，本文引進了衍生版本的Bivariate Generalized Gamma Distribution，來解決這上述兩個問題。我們並採用「竹東及朴子地區心臟血管疾病之危險因子長期追□研究」中，第五循環的「肥胖之願付價格問卷」來作實證分析。在其餘的條件不變的情況下，分析結果顯示，居住在竹東、女性、教育程度愈高、年紀愈小、體重愈重及收入愈高的受訪者會願意支付較高的金額來接受減肥的療程；此外，認為肥胖會影響工作及社交關係的受訪者也會願意支付較高的金額。 / In a contingent valuation survey, it is quite often that subjects were asked to respond to more than one WTP (willingness-to-pay) scenarios. Under such a circumstance, responses provided by a subject are clearly correlated. Although the issue is well recognized in the past, in practice a popular strategy in analyzing this sort of data, however, simply ignore the issue and treat them as if they were totally uncorrelated. Concerning that WTP prices can take only non-negative values along with the issue of possible correlation, we propose an “extend bivariate generalized gamma distribution” that can be used to deal with data collected under a two-scenario situation. Applying it to the CVDFACTS study, where subjects were asked to evaluate a medication-only program as well as a medication-and-exercise program, we found that, other things being equal, female subjects, subjects residing in Chu-Dung County, subjects weigh more, subjects with younger age, higher income, and more years of schooling are willing to pay more. In addition, those who think obesity would affect their social activities would also have higher WTP prices.