Since the economic reform and opening up in 1978, the social environment on the Mainland of China has been changed. A golden opportunity was created for the development of the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) which have been growing rapidly in recent years. Before the reform carried out throughout China, the Government had an overall and exclusive control of and thus took full responsibilities for all affairs. Under such a circumstance, community organizations and market factor were subject to the country, and short of independence and autonomy. After the reform, market-oriented economy has been creating an advantageous social environment for NGOs; in the meanwhile, a great number of NGOs have risen and developed bringing more vitality to the market economy. It is in this way that the shape of the civil society and the stability of market economy have become a whole, inseparable life community. Following Corporatism, this dissertation highlights the idea that the relationship between a country and a society is not only a vertical one, but also one of mutual benefit, cooperation and exchange. This paper will explore Chinese women¡¦s NGOs¡¦ systematic management, diverse situation, and existing problems in the post-reform China, which had undergone multiple major impacts, including the Government Party¡¦s (PRC) loosened control over community organizations, dramatic changes in party relationship and official functionality, the awakening of women¡¦s self consciousness of their own rights as a result of international women¡¦s movements and UN World Conference on Women, and the raised socio-economic level over the country. This dissertation will focus on the development of women¡¦s NGOs in 1990s in China, and be supported by cases of the All-China Women¡¦s Federation (ACWF) and other kinds of female NGOs current situations. This paper will also discuss how the ACWF has been changed from a regular governmental organization into a significant NGO. With the spreading concept of civil society on the mainland, Chinese women¡¦s NGOs have also bloomed step by step into a more diversified entity, especially those build up from the community.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the Swedish political parties have been discussing gender politics since 1970 to nowadays, in order to see which problems and solutions that have been suggested by the parties to increase the representation of women and the equality between the sexes. The theoretical framework is constructed by theories of women´s representation, gender politics and women’s interest.</p><p>To describe how the discussions about gender politics have been between the different parties, the methodological foundation consists of an ideology critical textual analysis of the political programs from the Swedish parties.</p><p>The analysis confirms that the discussions about gender politics and the political representation of women increase over time. The most important issue of equality is the lack of women´s rights and possibilities in the labor market as a consequence of women´s responsibility of home and childcare. The analysis also shows that parties which discuss women as a category and the underrepresentation of women also point out the importance to increase equality between men and women.</p>

<p>Same, Same, but Different</p><p>-a Minor Field Study of the Future Red Cross Women’s Project,</p><p>Malindi Branch, Kenya.</p><p>In May 2005, we received a scholarship from the Swedish International Development Agency, SIDA, to conduct a Minor Field Study about the future women’s project at the Malindi Red Cross branch, Kenya. The branch has since May 2002 been involved in a Twinning cooperation with the Swedish Red Cross Southeast Region.</p><p>The aim of this thesis is by using the Logical Framework Approach and the Intersectional perspective, to examine the situation for women in Malindi and the work of the Red Cross branch, in order to propose guidelines for the future Red Cross women’s project. The questions asked were: How can the guidelines for the women’s project be formulated in order for the vision of the Red Cross to be reached? What changes within the individual, societal and political sphere have to be accomplished in order to meet the needs and interests of different women in Malindi?</p><p>The work of the Red Cross is in a political science perspective interesting as it through its role of a humanitarian organisation and NGO, plays an important role in the Kenyan civil society, performing activities and providing services that originally should be supplied by the government.</p><p>We have found that it is not possible to talk about the woman in Malindi, due to the fact that women’s backgrounds, problems, needs and interests are different. Therefore it is of great importance that the Red Cross in order to accomplish its vision, i.e. to reach the most vulnerable, includes a gender and an intersectional approach into its activities and outreaches. There is a desire in Kenya to politicize the gender issue, however the future will show the will to actually implement these laws and reforms needed for the empowerment of the women. Moreover, different gender structures can only be achieved through the questioning of the traditional gender roles from both men and women and in this process we have recognised the Red Cross as an important moulder of public opinion. Finally we also want to suggest an inclusion of the gender- and the intersectional perspective into the method of LFA, since the traditional model is not sufficient in considering the different needs of different people.</p>

This thesis involves a class-based literary criticism of working-class women s writing. I particularly focus on a selection of novels by three working-class women writers - Livi Michael, Caeia March and Joan Riley. Their work emerged in the 1980s, the era of Thatcherism, which is a definitive period in British history that spawned a renaissance of working-class literature. In my readings of the novels I look at three specific aspects of identity: gender, sexuality and race with the intersection of social class, to examine how issues of economic positioning impinge further on the experience of respectively being a woman, a lesbian and a black woman in contemporary British society. I also appropriate various feminist theories to argue for the continued relevance of social class in structuring women s lives in late capitalism. Working-class writing in general, and working-class women s writing in particular, has historically been under-represented in academic study, so that by highlighting the work of these three lesser known writers, and by indicating that they are worthy of study, this thesis is also complicit in an act of feminist historiography.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2460.pdf: 1025241 bytes, checksum: 42f35ea2300c47984ca1cd22f0a9e4bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The central objective of the research was to study the presence of women in legal careers working as a district chief of police, which is traditionally a male profession. For the development of this research were used two sources of analysis. The objective of the first was to examine women's participation of the profession through the statistics on this professional group. The objective of the second was to evaluate the Women s Police Stations to enable people to verify if the market reserve established by this institution contributed to a process of subordination of these professionals in comparison to their peers. The study made it possible to find out that, on one hand, the inauguration of the DDM's (Delegacias de Defesa da Mulher) channeled more women to work in these stations, on the other, contributed to an "imprisonment" of their career. This is because, for many chiefs of police, working in a DDM is considered an obstacle for the career. We also examined the social representations that the DDM developed at the corporation's police and within the profession of delegate of police, and what has changed in the structure and image of those police stations for the police profession. The study was conducted in São Paulo, where police districts were studied and DDM s. The study was conducted from 2007 until 2009. As a research methodology, interviews were done with chiefs of police from DDM s and police districts in order to establish a comparison between these organs. Altogether 12 interviews were conducted, and with 9 women and 3 with men. / O objetivo central da pesquisa foi estudar a presença feminina na carreira jurídica de delegado de polícia, que é uma profissão tradicionalmente masculina. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foram utilizados dois focos de análise. No primeiro buscouse analisar a participação feminina na profissão através de dados estatísticos sobre esse grupo profissional. E no segundo a Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher (DDM) foi avaliada para que se pudesse verificar se a reserva de mercado instaurada por esse órgão contribuiu para um processo de subalternização dessas profissionais perante os pares. O trabalho constatou que, se por um lado, a inauguração das DDM s canalizou mais as mulheres para trabalharem nesses órgãos, por outro, contribuiu para um aprisionamento da trajetória profissional delas. Isso porque, para muitas delegadas, o trabalho em uma DDM é considerado um atravancamento para a carreira. Foram também analisadas as representações sociais que as DDM s desenvolveram perante a corporação policial e no interior da profissão de delegado de polícia, e o que mudou na estrutura e na imagem dessas delegacias frente ao grupo profissional. A pesquisa foi realizada na cidade de São Paulo, onde foram estudados os Distritos Policiais e as Delegacias de Defesa da Mulher. O estudo foi realizado de 2007 até 2009. Utilizou-se como metodologia de pesquisa a realização de entrevistas com delegadas e delegados de Delegacias de Defesa da Mulher e de Distritos Policiais, com o intuito de estabelecer uma comparação entre esses órgãos. Ao todo foram realizadas 12 entrevistas, sendo 9 com delegadas e 3 com delegados.

O trabalho tem por objeto a construção de categorias jurídicas no âmbito da violência contra a mulher, especificamente quanto às concepções de violência sexual. Para tanto, está referenciado nas práticas policiais, nos registros daí decorrentes e em um processo de estupro – etapa posterior no sistema de justiça. A análise tem por universo empírico a cidade de Porto Alegre/RS, e se realizou, basicamente, na Delegacia da Mulher, no período entre 2004 a 2006, sendo os registros de ocorrência do ano de 2003 e o processo jurídico de 1998/99. O principal enfoque é para a dinâmica de definição dos tipos penais e para as concepções sobre as vítimas e acusados legítimos. Dentro disso, o processo de estupro aborda a dimensão da desigualdade racial no sistema de justiça criminal. / This study concerns the construction of juridical categories in the sphere of violence against women, specifically concerning sexual violence. It is based on the observation of police practices, the investigation of written registers established by these same agents, and – in a later phase of the judicial process –the analysis an archive concerning rape. This study takes as its empirical universe the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), centering on the Special Delegacy for Women. The fieldwork took place between 2004 and 2006; police bulletins covered the year 2003, and the juridical dossier was composed during the years 1998 and 1999. Our study´s major purpose is to examine the dynamics defining penal types as well as the conceptions concerning legitimate victims and accused parties. The rape dossier introduces the discussion of racial inequality into our analysis of the system of criminal justice.

Esta pesquisa teve como foco de investigação, o grupo de mulheres que formam a única equipe de rugby feminino do Rio Grande do Sul, vinculadas ao Charrua Rugby Clube da cidade de Porto Alegre. Ao eleger a prática deste esporte como objeto de estudo, considerei o mesmo um universo cultural permeado de símbolos e representações, historicamente construído tendo os homens e as masculinidades como referência normativa, a qual permanece nos dias atuais. Embasada por uma perspectiva feminista e pós-estruturalista dos estudos de gênero, lancei o olhar para as praticantes de rugby com o objetivo de: compreender as formas particulares como as mulheres vivenciam esse esporte dentro e fora do campo de jogo, tendo em vista as representações de corpo, gênero e sexualidade que as atravessam no contexto investigado. Para tanto, foi realizado um trabalho etnográfico, construído pela observação participante, e a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com mulheres intencionalmente escolhidas no grupo. As categorias de análise formuladas através da articulação com os dados empíricos e referenciais teóricos incidiram em três eixos temáticos: a construção de uma jogadora de rugby; as discussões referentes ao corpo, gênero e sexualidade; e a negociação de espaços no clube e permanência no esporte. Tais categorias possibilitaram a compreensão da multiplicidade de experiências e sentidos vivenciados pelas mulheres praticantes de rugby. Essas que, por vezes resistem, transgridem a determinados discursos que as interpelam desde o lugar onde se situam e, ao mesmo tempo, podem ser disciplinadas, docilizadas e assim, aceitar algumas das normatizações impostas ao se dedicarem à este esporte. / This research investigates a group of women that form the only female rugby team in the state of Rio Grande do sul, the Charrua Rugby Club, located in the capital city of Porto Alegre. Choosing the practice of rugby as the focus of this study, such practice is here defined as a cultural field (universe) composed by symbols and representations historically built, and which has men and masculinity as the normative reference in current time. Based upon a feminist and post-structural perspective of gender studies, the objective of the present study was to understand the peculiar ways in which these women experience this sport in and out of the matches, specially thinking about how bodily representations, gender and sexuality affect them in this context. Bearing in mind such goal, the field work made was ethnography, and consisted in participant approach and interviews with some chosen women in the group. The analytical categories were built through the articulation of the empirical data obtained and the theoretical approach chosen. Therefore, three categories were obtained: the making of a female rugby player; a discussion concerning the topics of body, gender and sexuality in the context of post-structuralism; the negotiation of space for the practice of rugby by women and the permanence of such practice in the club. Such categories allowed the understanding of the multiple experiences and meanings that are part of the life of these female players. As such, these are stories that entwine resistance and transgression , as well as subjection to the normative discourses to which these women are subject, considering the social place they occupy in society.

O trabalho tem por objeto a construção de categorias jurídicas no âmbito da violência contra a mulher, especificamente quanto às concepções de violência sexual. Para tanto, está referenciado nas práticas policiais, nos registros daí decorrentes e em um processo de estupro – etapa posterior no sistema de justiça. A análise tem por universo empírico a cidade de Porto Alegre/RS, e se realizou, basicamente, na Delegacia da Mulher, no período entre 2004 a 2006, sendo os registros de ocorrência do ano de 2003 e o processo jurídico de 1998/99. O principal enfoque é para a dinâmica de definição dos tipos penais e para as concepções sobre as vítimas e acusados legítimos. Dentro disso, o processo de estupro aborda a dimensão da desigualdade racial no sistema de justiça criminal. / This study concerns the construction of juridical categories in the sphere of violence against women, specifically concerning sexual violence. It is based on the observation of police practices, the investigation of written registers established by these same agents, and – in a later phase of the judicial process –the analysis an archive concerning rape. This study takes as its empirical universe the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), centering on the Special Delegacy for Women. The fieldwork took place between 2004 and 2006; police bulletins covered the year 2003, and the juridical dossier was composed during the years 1998 and 1999. Our study´s major purpose is to examine the dynamics defining penal types as well as the conceptions concerning legitimate victims and accused parties. The rape dossier introduces the discussion of racial inequality into our analysis of the system of criminal justice.

Esta pesquisa teve como foco de investigação, o grupo de mulheres que formam a única equipe de rugby feminino do Rio Grande do Sul, vinculadas ao Charrua Rugby Clube da cidade de Porto Alegre. Ao eleger a prática deste esporte como objeto de estudo, considerei o mesmo um universo cultural permeado de símbolos e representações, historicamente construído tendo os homens e as masculinidades como referência normativa, a qual permanece nos dias atuais. Embasada por uma perspectiva feminista e pós-estruturalista dos estudos de gênero, lancei o olhar para as praticantes de rugby com o objetivo de: compreender as formas particulares como as mulheres vivenciam esse esporte dentro e fora do campo de jogo, tendo em vista as representações de corpo, gênero e sexualidade que as atravessam no contexto investigado. Para tanto, foi realizado um trabalho etnográfico, construído pela observação participante, e a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com mulheres intencionalmente escolhidas no grupo. As categorias de análise formuladas através da articulação com os dados empíricos e referenciais teóricos incidiram em três eixos temáticos: a construção de uma jogadora de rugby; as discussões referentes ao corpo, gênero e sexualidade; e a negociação de espaços no clube e permanência no esporte. Tais categorias possibilitaram a compreensão da multiplicidade de experiências e sentidos vivenciados pelas mulheres praticantes de rugby. Essas que, por vezes resistem, transgridem a determinados discursos que as interpelam desde o lugar onde se situam e, ao mesmo tempo, podem ser disciplinadas, docilizadas e assim, aceitar algumas das normatizações impostas ao se dedicarem à este esporte. / This research investigates a group of women that form the only female rugby team in the state of Rio Grande do sul, the Charrua Rugby Club, located in the capital city of Porto Alegre. Choosing the practice of rugby as the focus of this study, such practice is here defined as a cultural field (universe) composed by symbols and representations historically built, and which has men and masculinity as the normative reference in current time. Based upon a feminist and post-structural perspective of gender studies, the objective of the present study was to understand the peculiar ways in which these women experience this sport in and out of the matches, specially thinking about how bodily representations, gender and sexuality affect them in this context. Bearing in mind such goal, the field work made was ethnography, and consisted in participant approach and interviews with some chosen women in the group. The analytical categories were built through the articulation of the empirical data obtained and the theoretical approach chosen. Therefore, three categories were obtained: the making of a female rugby player; a discussion concerning the topics of body, gender and sexuality in the context of post-structuralism; the negotiation of space for the practice of rugby by women and the permanence of such practice in the club. Such categories allowed the understanding of the multiple experiences and meanings that are part of the life of these female players. As such, these are stories that entwine resistance and transgression , as well as subjection to the normative discourses to which these women are subject, considering the social place they occupy in society.

This study is designed to observe what 21st century women‟s body ideal is, to give an insight to the women‟s body image representation on Instagram and to find out if social media influencer Michelle Lewin complies with this sociocultural image. Although there is an extensive amount of research on the mass media‟s effect on defining and imposing the ideals on women‟s body image, few studies have explored and focused on the image-based social media platform, Instagram. Instagram is an important space for body image research, as its content is mainly visual and everybody has the ability to be both a consumer and an active producer of the content. Mass media have been frequently accused of imposing limited and unachievable representations of femininity and consequently causing perceived women dissatisfaction with their bodies. As Instagram is becoming increasingly popular, it is important to explore potential ramifications of this social paradigm for current and future generations. In this study, I conduct a qualitative content analysis of images of the top fitspo influencer Michelle Lewin specifically focused on women‟s body image. By analyzing latest content (posts of the year 2018) from her Instagram account, I seek to understand what is the relation between the most common types of posts and the ones that receive most engagement from her followers. Finally the research reveals: the most common theme of the images coded are those where Michelle Lewin appears posing in a sexually suggestive manner, unrelated to any fitness activity – those are the images that receive highest engagement from her followers. My hypothesis where I state that Michelle Lewin depicts 21st century woman‟s body ideal ultimately proves right by the results of this study. At the end of the day, her body is the image of body ideal that she represents and commercializes though Instagram.