Background: The acronym LASA (look-alike sound-alike) denotes the problem of confusing similar- looking and/or sounding drugs accidentally. The most common causes of medication error jeopardizing patient safety are LASA as well as high workload. Case presentation: A critical incident report of medication errors of opioids for postoperative analgesia by lookalike packaging highlights the LASA aspects in everyday scenarios. A change to a generic brand of medication saved costs of up to 16% per annum. Consequently, confusion of medication incidents occurred due to the similar appearance of the newly introduced generic opioid. Due to consecutive underdosing no life-threatening situation arose out of this LASA based medication error. Conclusion: Current recommendations for the prevention of LASA are quite extensive; still, in a system with a lump sum payment per case not all of these security measures may be feasible. This issue remains to be approached on an individual basis, taking into consideration local set ups as well as financial issues.

For any business, surviving in a competitive market while maintaining all the operational performance indices up to mark is very crucial. There are several theories and techniques to improve the efficiency of the operational performances. Line balancing is one of those well practiced techniques used daily in most of the industries. Line balancing helps balance the assembly lines with regards to man, machine, takt times, etc. This thesis research was done with Electrolux laundry systems, Ljungby in Sweden. With the varying customer demands the case company was balancing its line manually using basic methods. As a part of lean development schemes, Electrolux Ljungby, wanted to transform the line balancing techniques from manual to a fully automated software. The purpose of this research is to determine the company-specific line balancing criteria which should be considered before performing line balancing. This research furthermore lays out a guideline to follow a smooth transition from the manual system of LB to an automated software by concluding the features the software must handle to perform the LB according to required objectives. A case study approach was utilized to collect all the required data to achieve the results. Using the data collection techniques such as interviews, observations and historical analysis we arrived at the data required to design the guidelines with regards to line balancing software features.  The findings suggest that the desired line balancing constraints which are very important in the multi model single sided straight-line balancing problems are flow of materials, assembly precedence, physical constraints, product demand, bill of materials, restricted processes, man power and desired line balancing objectives. Keeping these constraints into consideration the features which are desired in an onlooking line balancing software are the Integration of data and documents/ maximum control, mixed model and option intelligence and analysis, multiple resources, smart variant management, scenario management, yamazumi chart, constraints and reporting tabs. The findings of this thesis can be used as guidelines by any manufacturing industry while they consider buying a new software which can handle Line balancing problems. This research is one of its kind which talks purely about the constraints and desired features only in a specific line balancing scenario. Practitioners can use this as a base for conducting further research on constraints and features pertaining to it, for different line balancing scenarios.

Magister Commercii - MCom / In recent years, there has been a proliferation in research on work-family conflict which has become more prevalent in recent years due to the economic climate in which increasingly large numbers of women are entering or returning to the labour market. Finding equilibrium in work and family arenas has also become more important to South African employees. Traditional gender roles have evolved and the role of females as homemakers is no longer the norm. However, an alternative set of social standards have not yet been established as a substitute to new patterns of work and family life. As a result, it is important to focus on concerns relating to female experiences in the workplace to try and overcome the effects of work-family conflict on females.Job stress and role stress have increased dramatically in work and family life, as more women attempt to balance responsibilities at home whilst simultaneously trying to overcome challenges faced with at the office. Typically role ambiguity, role overload and role interference arises and ultimately produces two forms of conflict: time-based conflict and strain-based conflict. Self-efficacy and implementing coping strategies are means to overcome this.The objective of this study was to explore and add to existing research done on work-family conflict amongst females in the workplace. More specifically the study is to determine whether relationships exist between the variables: job stress, role stress, role overload, inter-role conflict, spousal support, coping behaviours; job, family and life satisfaction, emotional exhaustion; the nature of the relationships and the causal impacts between these variables.Two hundred questionnaires were administered and 150 were returned to women employed in a service oriented organisation in the Western Cape.The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was utilized to analyze and present data in this research with frequency tables and graphical illustrations to provide information on key demographic variables in this study. The results reveal that there are statistically significant relationships amongst work overload and work-family conflict (WFC). There was also a significant relationship between parental overload and WFC. Moreover, the strongest relationship emerged between WFC and family-to-work conflict (FWC). Females experiencing WFC showed a tendency to rely on problem-focused coping strategies. In addition, there was an inverse relationship between job satisfaction and WFC. There was a significant difference in WFC based on age, tenure, number of children, income and tenure. There was no significant difference in WFC on the basis of marital status. There were statistically significant differences in FWC based on some of the biographical characteristics of the respondents. There was a significant difference in FWC based on age, tenure, income and occupation.Approximately 35% of the variance in WFC can be explained by age, education, income, work overload, parental overload and spousal support. These variables account for 33.53% of the variance in WFC, and suggest that other unexplored variables could explain the variance in WFC levels experienced by respondents. Approximately 38% of the variance in role stressors can be attributed to age, education, income, work overload, parental overload and spousal support in relation to FWC. The results which emanated from the current study assist in furthering an understanding of WFC and FWC. Individual and organisational implications are discussed and recommendations are made to further enhance this study with additional research into this area being warranted.

Background: The acronym LASA (look-alike sound-alike) denotes the problem of confusing similar- looking and/or sounding drugs accidentally. The most common causes of medication error jeopardizing patient safety are LASA as well as high workload. Case presentation: A critical incident report of medication errors of opioids for postoperative analgesia by lookalike packaging highlights the LASA aspects in everyday scenarios. A change to a generic brand of medication saved costs of up to 16% per annum. Consequently, confusion of medication incidents occurred due to the similar appearance of the newly introduced generic opioid. Due to consecutive underdosing no life-threatening situation arose out of this LASA based medication error. Conclusion: Current recommendations for the prevention of LASA are quite extensive; still, in a system with a lump sum payment per case not all of these security measures may be feasible. This issue remains to be approached on an individual basis, taking into consideration local set ups as well as financial issues.

Bei den langjährigen Ausgrabungen im Ringwall von Starigard/Oldenburg, der Hauptburg des westslawischen Stammes der Wagrier, wurde auch ein Gräberfeld freigelegt. Es datiert in das 10. Jh. und ist aufgrund der ausgesprochen reichen Beigaben als „fürstlicher“ Bestattungsplatz anzusprechen. Die Langknochen und Wirbel der 34 Erwachsenen des Fürstengräberfeldes von Starigard/Oldenburg wurden auf das Vorhandensein degenerativer Gelenkveränderungen nach den Vorschlägen von Schultz (1988) untersucht. Ausgewertet wurden die erhobenen Daten nach Kreutz (u.a. 1995). Die Auswertung der Arthrosebelastung der Toten aus dem sog. slawischen Fürstengräberfeld Starigard/ Oldenburg (10. Jh.) ergab, dass Männer und Frauen unterschiedlich starke Veränderungen im Bereich der Handgelenke aufwiesen. Dies lässt sich vermutlich mit verschiedenen Aufgabenbereichen beider Geschlechter in Verbindung bringen. Die stärkeren Veränderungen im Handgelenk könnten auf eine Tätigkeit der Frauen im Textilhandwerk deuten, eine Aufgabe, die v.a. sozial hochstehenden Frauen seit der Eisenzeit vorbehalten war. Die großen Körpergelenke waren recht ähnlich belastet, wobei Hüft- und Schultergelenke den größten Arthrosegrad aufwiesen. Dies entspricht den Verhältnissen, die - nach der Literatur - auf anderen slawischen Gräberfeldern herrschten. Die hohe degenerative Belastung von Hüft- und Schultergelenk ist typisch für präindustrielle, landwirtschaftlich orientierte Populationen. Die Bestattungen aus dem sog. Fürstengräberfeld von Starigard/ Oldenburg belegen, dass auch sozial hoch stehende Menschen starkem physischen Stress ausgesetzt waren. Aus archäologischer Sicht lassen sich bei ihnen die degenerativen Veränderungen eher mit Reiten und Fahren in Verbindung bringen. / Materials: From 1972 to 1986 the early medieval ringwall of Starigard/Oldenburg, main fortress of the western Slavic tribe wagrii was excavated. A cemetery of the 10th century AD belonging to the chiefs/kings of the wagrii was discoverd. The 34 adult skeletons were examined by macroscopic, radiological and scanning-electron microscopic techniques. The skeletons were well preserved. The degenerative joint diseases (DJD) and other pathological alterations were scored according to Schultz 1988, data analysis was carried out according to Kreutz (et al. 1995). Generally, a high degree of DJD was observed. Nearly all adult skeletons showed traces of DJD. The severity is clearly age dependent. Hip and shoulder joint were most affected. The other joints of the lower extremities were generally more affected than those of the upper extremity. 9 out of 34 adults (26.5%) showed also osteochondrosis dissecans on different joints. Inflammatory changes were rare: Prevalent chronic polyarthritis was recorded in one female skeleton (50+ years). Conclusions: The skeletons of the population of high social status showed clear evidence for heavy physical stress similar to patterns shown by agriculturalists. High rates of DJD in the lower extremities can further be interpreted as the result of riding and driving, both archaeologically documented by grave goods on the site. The results of this investigation was compared with other Slavic populations.

Schipperfrakturen finden sich nur selten im archäologischen Knochenmaterial. Dies verwundert, da in prähistorischer und historischer Zeit in Europa umfangreiche Erdbaumaßnahmen erfolgten. In dem Beitrag wird ein Fall aus dem sächsischen Gräberfeld um St. Kilian in Höxter (8. Jh.; Teegen/Schultz 2003) vorgestellt. Differentialdiagnosen werden diskutiert. / Clay-shoveller’s fractures are rarely known in the osteoarchaeological record. Due to large earth movements during prehistory, this type of fracture seems to be underrepresented. In this paper, a case from the Saxon cemetery around St. Kilian at Höxter (8. cent. AD; Teegen/Schultz 2003) will be presented. Differential diagnoses will be discussed.

Les troubles musculo-squelettiques liés au travail causent des maladies physiques et mentales chez les travailleurs, réduisent leur productivité et causent de grandes pertes aux industries et à la société. Cette thèse porte sur l'évaluation du risque physique de troubles musculo-squelettiques liés au travail, pour laquelle quatre points clés sont identifiés : la mesure de la charge de travail, l'évaluation de l'effet de l'accumulation de la charge de travail, la quantification des caractéristiques individuelles et l'intégration de l'évaluation des risques dans les outils de modélisation numérique humaine. Dans l'état de l'art, les études épidémiologiques des désordres musculo-squelettiques et les méthodes actuelles utilisées pour l'évaluation des risques physiques sont présentées, ainsi que les études concernant les quatre points clés. La deuxième partie présente une étude expérimentale portant sur 17 sujets afin d'explorer un nouvel indicateur de la fatigue musculaire avec EMG de surface. Dans la partie suivante, des développements sont faits pour intégrer un modèle de fatigue musculaire dans OpenSim, un logiciel de modélisation humaine numérique, avec lequel la diminution de capacité de chaque muscle est prévisible pour une tâche donnée. Les valeurs prévues peuvent s'appliquer à l'évaluation des risques physiques. La quatrième partie présente le travail de construction d'un modèle musculosquelettique à chaîne complète dans OpenSim, étant donné qu'aucun modèle actuel ne couvre les muscles du torse et tous les membres. Une attention particulière est portée à la méthode utilisée par OpenSim pour adapter les propriétés inertielles du modèle aux individus. Les erreurs de la méthode sont évaluées à l'aide des données de référence provenant du scanner 3D du corps entier. Dans la dernière partie, le nouveau modèle de la chaîne complète est appliqué à l'analyse de la posture d'une tâche de perçage en hauteur. L'activité musculaire varie en fonction des postures, ce qui est suggéré comme indicateur des charges posturales. / Work-related musculoskeletal disorders cause physical and mental illnesses in workers, reduce their productivity and cause great losses to industries and society. This thesis focuses on the assessment of the physical risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in industry, for which four key points are identified: measuring workloads, assessing the effect of workload accumulation, quantifying individual characteristics and integrating the risk assessment into digital human modeling tools. In the state of the art, the epidemiologic studies of musculoskeletal disoders and the current methods used for its physical risk assessment are reviewed, as well as the studies concerning the four key points. The second part presents an experimental study involving 17 subjects to explore a new indicator to muscle fatigue with surface EMG. In the next part, efforts are made to integrate a muscle fatigue model into OpenSim, a digital human modeling software, with which the capacity decrease of each muscle is predictable for a given task. The predicted values could be applicable to the physical risk assessment. The fourth part introduce the work to build up a Fullchain musculoskeletal model in OpenSim in view that no current model covers muscles of the torso and all the limbs. Special attention is paid to the method used by OpenSim to adapt the model inertial properties to individuals. Errors of the method is evaluated with reference data coming from the whole-body 3D scan. In the last part, the newly built Full-chain model is applied on the posture analysis of an overhead drilling task. The muscle activition varies as a function of postures, which is suggested as the indicator of posture loads.

Syftet med studien var att studera kontorspersonals upplevelser om psykosocial arbetsmiljö samt arbetsbelastning. Metoden som användes för insamling av data var semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna, som var åtta till antalet, analyserades sedan med hjälp av induktiv tematisk analys. Urvalet bestod av kontorspersonal från både offentliga och privata organisationer. Resultatet visade att upplevelserna kring psykosocial arbetsmiljö samt arbetsbelastning hade en betydelse för hur intervjupersonerna mådde på arbetet. Slutsatsen blir att kontorspersonal, för att ha en bra psykosocial arbetsmiljö, behöver rimliga krav och resurser för att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter samt få stöd från chefer och kollegor. Även en balans mellan arbete och fritid behövs för att och kunna må bra på arbetet. / The purpose of this study was to study office workers’ experiences of the psychosocial work environment and workload. The method used for data collection was semi-structured interviews. There were eight interviews conducted, which were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The sample consisted of office workers from both public and private sector organizations. The results showed that the experiences of the psychosocial work environment and workload were of importance on how the interviewees felt at work. The conclusion is that for office workers to have a good psychosocial work environment they need reasonable demands placed on them, resources to perform their tasks, and support from managers and colleagues. Also, a good work-life-balance is needed in order to feel good at work.

The purpose of this study is to see to what extent the factors of intelligence, socio-economic status, personality, condition of mental health, and manual work load have influence the grades received by forty-five freshmen at Southwestern Junior College.

Das vorliegende Buch entstand aus einer zweisemestrigen Vorlesung „Enterprise Computing“, die wir gemeinsam über viele Jahre als Teil des Bachelor- oder Master-Studienganges an der Universität Leipzig gehalten haben. Das Buch führt ein in die Welt des Mainframe und soll dem Leser einen einführenden Überblick geben. Band 1 ist der Einführung in z/OS gewidmet, während sich Band 2 mit der Internet Integration beschäftigt. Ergänzend werden in Band 3 praktische Übungen unter z/OS dargestellt.